Knowing Our Enemy in the Antimicrobial Resistance Era: Dissecting the Molecular Basis of Bacterial Defense Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Degradation of Phage Nucleic Acids
2.1. Restriction–Modification Systems
2.2. CRISPR–Cas Systems
2.3. Prokaryotic Argonautes (pAgo)
2.4. Gabija
2.5. Nucleic Acid Sequence-Independent Systems
3. Abortive Infection
3.1. Signaling-Based Defenses
3.2. Retron Systems
3.3. Several Toxin–Antitoxin (TA) Systems
3.4. Gasdermins
3.5. Lamassu
3.6. Non-Catalytic pAgos
3.7. Other Abi Systems
4. Inhibition of DNA and RNA Synthesis
4.1. Chemical Defense Systems
4.2. Depletion of DNA or RNA Nucleotides
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Martínez, M.; Rizzuto, I.; Molina, R. Knowing Our Enemy in the Antimicrobial Resistance Era: Dissecting the Molecular Basis of Bacterial Defense Systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094929
Martínez M, Rizzuto I, Molina R. Knowing Our Enemy in the Antimicrobial Resistance Era: Dissecting the Molecular Basis of Bacterial Defense Systems. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):4929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094929
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartínez, Mario, Irene Rizzuto, and Rafael Molina. 2024. "Knowing Our Enemy in the Antimicrobial Resistance Era: Dissecting the Molecular Basis of Bacterial Defense Systems" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 4929. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094929