Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Biomechanical Modelling
2.4. OMC-Based Joint Angles
2.5. IMU-Based Joint Angles
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Data Collection and Running Speeds
3.2. Continuous Measurements of the Lower-Limb Joints
3.3. Discrete Measurements of the Lower-Limb Joints
3.4. Continuous Measurements of the Pelvic Orientation
3.5. Discrete Measurements of the Pelvic Orientation
3.6. Effects of Running Speed on IMU Accuracy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Relative Target Speed | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joint Angle | Variable | 70% (N = 19) | 80% (N = 19) | 90% (N = 18) | 100% (N = 19) |
Hip flexion | RMSE (°) | 6.76 ± 3.18 | 6.95 ± 3.33 | 7.31 ± 3.03 | 7.83 ± 3.43 |
nRMSE (%) | 7.72 ± 3.24 | 7.54 ± 3.34 | 7.64 ± 3.00 | 8.18 ± 3.50 | |
r | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | |
Knee flexion | RMSE (°) | 6.20 ± 2.10 | 5.96 ± 1.82 | 6.30 ± 1.85 | 6.02 ± 1.68 |
nRMSE (%) | 5.69 ± 1.95 | 5.38 ± 1.65 | 5.56 ± 1.66 | 5.27 ± 1.51 | |
r | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.00 | 0.99 ± 0.00 | 0.99 ± 0.00 | |
Ankle flexion | RMSE (°) | 4.44 ± 1.89 | 4.64 ± 2.28 | 5.33 ± 2.33 | 5.33 ± 2.37 |
nRMSE (%) | 8.45 ± 3.87 | 8.45 ± 3.79 | 9.72 ± 4.09 | 10.37 ± 4.83 | |
r | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.03 | 0.96 ± 0.03 |
Relative Target Speed | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joint Angle | Variable | 70% (N = 19) | 80% (N = 19) | 90% (N = 18) | 100% (N = 19) |
Pelvic tilt | RMSE (°) | 4.31 ± 2.50 | 4.32 ± 2.75 | 4.59 ± 2.51 | 4.55 ± 2.93 |
nRMSE (%) | 56.10 ± 33.95 | 55.15 ± 38.50 | 58.30 ± 39.96 | 55.97 ± 46.44 | |
r | 0.55 ± 0.38 | 0.49 ± 0.43 | 0.44 ± 0.49 | 0.54 ± 0.38 | |
Pelvic obliquity | RMSE (°) | 4.29 ± 1.30 | 4.45 ± 1.50 | 4.75 ± 1.60 | 4.62 ± 1.38 |
nRMSE (%) | 28.43 ± 8.44 | 29.33 ± 10.39 | 30.86 ± 10.67 | 31.34 ± 10.88 | |
r | 0.83 ± 0.26 | 0.81 ± 0.30 | 0.75 ± 0.33 | 0.67 ± 0.35 | |
Pelvic rotation | RMSE (°) | 6.84 ± 4.09 | 7.37 ± 4.37 | 7.77 ± 4.64 | 6.47 ± 2.93 |
nRMSE (%) | 39.46 ± 31.10 | 38.41 ± 37.77 | 34.16 ± 34.34 | 28.20 ± 23.97 | |
r | 0.79 ± 0.33 | 0.80 ± 0.30 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 0.89 ± 0.13 |
95% Confidence Interval | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Term | Estimate | p-Value | Lower | Upper |
RMSE Hip | Intercept | 3.63 | <0.001 | 1.66 | 5.6 |
Peak Speed | 0.56 | <0.001 | 0.32 | 0.79 | |
RMSE Knee | Intercept | 7.34 | <0.001 | 5.27 | 8.98 |
Peak Speed | −0.19 | 0.11 | −0.42 | 0.04 | |
RMSE Ankle | Intercept | 1.85 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 3.27 |
Peak Speed | 0.46 | <0.001 | 0.27 | 0.66 |
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Lin, Y.-C.; Price, K.; Carmichael, D.S.; Maniar, N.; Hickey, J.T.; Timmins, R.G.; Heiderscheit, B.C.; Blemker, S.S.; Opar, D.A. Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds. Sensors 2023, 23, 9599. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239599
Lin Y-C, Price K, Carmichael DS, Maniar N, Hickey JT, Timmins RG, Heiderscheit BC, Blemker SS, Opar DA. Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds. Sensors. 2023; 23(23):9599. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239599
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Yi-Chung, Kara Price, Declan S. Carmichael, Nirav Maniar, Jack T. Hickey, Ryan G. Timmins, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, Silvia S. Blemker, and David A. Opar. 2023. "Validity of Inertial Measurement Units to Measure Lower-Limb Kinematics and Pelvic Orientation at Submaximal and Maximal Effort Running Speeds" Sensors 23, no. 23: 9599. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23239599