Evolutionary Adaptation of an RNA Bacteriophage to Repeated Freezing and Thawing Cycles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Viruses and Bacteria
2.2. Replication Assays in Liquid Medium
2.3. Evolution Experiment
2.4. Resistance to Freezing and Thawing
2.5. Determination of the Replicative Capacity
2.6. Site-Directed Mutagenesis
2.7. Isolation of Biological Clones
2.8. RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis, PCR Amplification and Nucleotide Sequencing
2.9. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Sensitivity of Bacteriophage Qβ to Freezing at −20 °C Followed by Thawing at 4 °C
3.2. Evolution Experiment and Characterization of the Evolved Populations
3.3. Effect of Single Mutations in the Resistance to Freezing–Thawing Cycles
3.4. Resistance to F/T of Biological Clones Isolated from Evolved Populations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus Line or Clones | Normalized Survival Rate 1 | Virus Line or Clones | Normalized Survival Rate 1 | Virus Line or Clones | Normalized Survival Rate 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 19.3 | L2 | 21.0 | L3 | 6.0 |
L1C1 | 1.0 | L2C1 | 7.4 | L3C1 | 2.3 |
L1C2 | 8.2 | L2C2 | 8.1 | L3C2 | 3.1 |
L1C3 | 9.4 | L2C3 | 5.5 | L3C3 | 7.1 |
L1C4 | 5.3 | L2C4 | 1.1 | L3C4 | 5.3 |
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Laguna-Castro, M.; Rodríguez-Moreno, A.; Lázaro, E. Evolutionary Adaptation of an RNA Bacteriophage to Repeated Freezing and Thawing Cycles. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094863
Laguna-Castro M, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Lázaro E. Evolutionary Adaptation of an RNA Bacteriophage to Repeated Freezing and Thawing Cycles. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):4863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094863
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaguna-Castro, Mara, Alicia Rodríguez-Moreno, and Ester Lázaro. 2024. "Evolutionary Adaptation of an RNA Bacteriophage to Repeated Freezing and Thawing Cycles" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 4863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094863