Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.Z. (Jianjiang Zeng) and M.T.; methodology, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang) and J.Z. (Jie Zheng); software, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang); validation, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang) and J.Z. (Jie Zheng); formal analysis, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang), G.Y. and J.Z. (Jie Zheng); investigation, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang); resources, J.Z. (Jianjiang Zeng); data curation, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang); writing—original draft preparation, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang); writing—review and editing, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang), J.Z. (Jie Zheng) and G.Y.; visualization, J.Z. (Junhua Zhang); supervision, J.Z. (Jianjiang Zeng); project administration, M.T.; funding acquisition, J.Z. (Jianjiang Zeng). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
The butt joint specimen of hybrid panel structure in the center wing.
Figure 1.
The butt joint specimen of hybrid panel structure in the center wing.
Figure 2.
General assembly diagram of hybrid panel structure (unit: mm).
Figure 2.
General assembly diagram of hybrid panel structure (unit: mm).
Figure 3.
The shapes and dimensions of (a) the upper splice, (b) the lower splice, (c) the stringer, and (d) the skin (unit: mm).
Figure 3.
The shapes and dimensions of (a) the upper splice, (b) the lower splice, (c) the stringer, and (d) the skin (unit: mm).
Figure 4.
Mechanical and temperature loads of hybrid panel structure.
Figure 4.
Mechanical and temperature loads of hybrid panel structure.
Figure 5.
Finite element model of the hybrid panel structure.
Figure 5.
Finite element model of the hybrid panel structure.
Figure 6.
(a) Upper part of temperature-controlled chamber; (b) lower part of temperature-controlled chamber; (c) photograph of temperature-controlled chamber.
Figure 6.
(a) Upper part of temperature-controlled chamber; (b) lower part of temperature-controlled chamber; (c) photograph of temperature-controlled chamber.
Figure 7.
Distribution of thermocouple and strain gage in hybrid panel.
Figure 7.
Distribution of thermocouple and strain gage in hybrid panel.
Figure 8.
(a) Schematic diagram of the test setup; (b) photograph of the test setup.
Figure 8.
(a) Schematic diagram of the test setup; (b) photograph of the test setup.
Figure 9.
Diagram of bolt number and bolt-load direction.
Figure 9.
Diagram of bolt number and bolt-load direction.
Figure 10.
Strain gages in the quarter of the structure.
Figure 10.
Strain gages in the quarter of the structure.
Figure 11.
Test values of strain gages in (a) front side of far-field region, (b) reverse side of far-field region, (c) R1 of upper splice, (d) R1 of lower splice, (e) R2 of upper splice, (f) R2 of lower splice, (g) R3 of upper splice, (h) R3 of lower splice, (i) R4 of upper splice, and (j) R4 of lower splice.
Figure 11.
Test values of strain gages in (a) front side of far-field region, (b) reverse side of far-field region, (c) R1 of upper splice, (d) R1 of lower splice, (e) R2 of upper splice, (f) R2 of lower splice, (g) R3 of upper splice, (h) R3 of lower splice, (i) R4 of upper splice, and (j) R4 of lower splice.
Figure 12.
Test value and simulation result of strain gages (241, 242 and 243) in upper splice, lower splice and composite laminates at different temperatures.
Figure 12.
Test value and simulation result of strain gages (241, 242 and 243) in upper splice, lower splice and composite laminates at different temperatures.
Figure 13.
Comparison between simulation and test values of strain gages in (a) front side of upper splice, (b) reverse side of lower splice, and (c) front and reverse side of far-field region. All the simulation and experimental temperatures are at a working temperature of −54 °C.
Figure 13.
Comparison between simulation and test values of strain gages in (a) front side of upper splice, (b) reverse side of lower splice, and (c) front and reverse side of far-field region. All the simulation and experimental temperatures are at a working temperature of −54 °C.
Figure 14.
Damage morphology of the test piece at −54 °C.
Figure 14.
Damage morphology of the test piece at −54 °C.
Figure 15.
Strain–load curves of strain gages in (a) upper splice and (b) lower splice at −54 °C; (c) comparison between simulation and test strain–load curves of strain gages 58 and 165.
Figure 15.
Strain–load curves of strain gages in (a) upper splice and (b) lower splice at −54 °C; (c) comparison between simulation and test strain–load curves of strain gages 58 and 165.
Figure 16.
Computed stress distribution of (a) upper splice and (b) lower splice, when the mechanical load is 4214 kN at −54 °C.
Figure 16.
Computed stress distribution of (a) upper splice and (b) lower splice, when the mechanical load is 4214 kN at −54 °C.
Figure 17.
(a) Load on bolts in C1 at 10 °C; (b) load on bolts in C1 at −54 °C.
Figure 17.
(a) Load on bolts in C1 at 10 °C; (b) load on bolts in C1 at −54 °C.
Figure 18.
(a) Load on bolts in the Y direction at 10 °C and −54 °C; (b) load distribution of bolts in the Y direction at 10 °C and −54 °C; (c) load on bolts with temperature included load in the Y direction from 10 °C to −54 °C.
Figure 18.
(a) Load on bolts in the Y direction at 10 °C and −54 °C; (b) load distribution of bolts in the Y direction at 10 °C and −54 °C; (c) load on bolts with temperature included load in the Y direction from 10 °C to −54 °C.
Figure 19.
(a) Load on bolts in the X direction at 10 °C and −54 °C; (b) load on bolts with temperature included load in the X direction from 10 °C to −54 °C.
Figure 19.
(a) Load on bolts in the X direction at 10 °C and −54 °C; (b) load on bolts with temperature included load in the X direction from 10 °C to −54 °C.
Figure 20.
(a) Load on bolts in the Y direction at different temperatures; (b) load distribution of bolts in the Y direction at different temperatures; (c) load on bolts in the X direction at different temperatures.
Figure 20.
(a) Load on bolts in the Y direction at different temperatures; (b) load distribution of bolts in the Y direction at different temperatures; (c) load on bolts in the X direction at different temperatures.
Figure 21.
(a) Load distribution of bolts in the Y direction as mechanical load increasing at −54 °C; (b) load on bolts in the X direction as mechanical load increasing at −54 °C.
Figure 21.
(a) Load distribution of bolts in the Y direction as mechanical load increasing at −54 °C; (b) load on bolts in the X direction as mechanical load increasing at −54 °C.
Table 1.
Information of composite laminates.
Table 1.
Information of composite laminates.
Part | Thickness of Region/mm | Ply Information |
---|
Skin | 12.21 | [45/90/−45/90/−45/0/45/0/−45/0/45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/0/0/45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/0/0/−45/−45/0/0/45]s |
7.03 | [45/90/−45/90/−45/0/0/45/0/0/45/0/0/−45/0/0/−45/0/45]s |
10.73 | [45/90/−45/90/−45/0/45/0/−45/0/45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/0/0/45/0/0/−45/0/0/−45/0/0/45]s |
Stringer | 10.36 | [45/90/−45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/90/45/0/0/−45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/0/45/0/−45/0/−45/0/45]s |
8.88 | [45/90/−45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/90/45/0/0/−45/0/0/−45/0/45/0/0/−45/0/45]s |
7.4 | [45/90/−45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/0/0/−45/0/45]s |
8.14 | [45/90/−45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/90/45/0/0/−45/0/0/45/0/0/−45/0/45]s |
Table 2.
Material properties of T800.
Table 2.
Material properties of T800.
/MPa | /MPa | | /MPa | /() | /() | /() |
---|
163,500 | 9000 | 0.319 | 4140 | 3.5 | 32 | 32 |
Table 3.
Material properties of 2024-T351, Ti-6Al-4V and 4130.
Table 3.
Material properties of 2024-T351, Ti-6Al-4V and 4130.
Part | Material | /MPa | /MPa | /MPa | /% | | ) |
---|
Splice | 2024-T351 | 73,777 | 344.7 | 475.2 | 12 | 0.33 | 22 |
Bolt | Ti-6Al-4V | 116,521 | 820.5 | 951.5 | 10 | 0.31 | 8.8 |
Fixture | 4130 | 199,810 | 985.9 | 1031.8 | 12 | 0.32 | 11 |
Table 4.
The value and the angle of bolt load in hybrid panel structure at 10 °C.
Table 4.
The value and the angle of bolt load in hybrid panel structure at 10 °C.
Row Number | | Column Number |
---|
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 | C12 |
---|
R1 | load/kN | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.1 |
/° | 13.5 | −0.5 | 4.9 | −5.3 | 9.1 | −1.9 | 1.9 | −9.1 | 5.3 | −4.9 | 0.5 | −13.5 |
R2 | load/kN | 11.4 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 11.4 |
/° | 7.9 | 2.8 | 4.7 | 2.5 | 1.0 | −1.2 | 1.2 | −1.0 | −2.5 | −4.7 | −2.8 | −7.9 |
R3 | load/kN | 12.1 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 12.9 | 12.1 |
/° | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | −0.6 | −0.3 | −1.0 | −0.5 | −1.2 | −0.3 |
R4 | load/kN | 19.7 | 20.2 | 19.8 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 19.8 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 20.2 | 19.7 |
/° | −6.2 | −1.6 | −1.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | −0.7 | −0.1 | −0.1 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 6.2 |
R5 | load/kN | 19.7 | 20.2 | 19.8 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 19.8 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 20.2 | 19.7 |
/° | −173.8 | −178.4 | −179.0 | 179.9 | 179.9 | 179.3 | −179.3 | −179.9 | −179.9 | 179.0 | 178.4 | 173.8 |
R6 | load/kN | 12.1 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 12.8 | 12.8 | 11.6 | 11.5 | 12.7 | 12.9 | 12.1 |
/° | 179.7 | 178.8 | 179.5 | 179.0 | 179.7 | 179.4 | −179.4 | −179.7 | −179.0 | −179.5 | −178.8 | −179.7 |
R7 | load/kN | 11.4 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 11.4 |
/° | 172.1 | 177.2 | 175.3 | 177.5 | 179.0 | −178.8 | 178.8 | −179.0 | −177.5 | −175.3 | −177.2 | −172.1 |
R8 | load/kN | 4.1 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.1 |
/° | 166.5 | −179.5 | 175.1 | −174.7 | 170.9 | −178.1 | 178.1 | −170.9 | 174.7 | −175.1 | 179.5 | −166.5 |
Table 5.
The value and the angle of bolt load in hybrid panel structure at −54 °C.
Table 5.
The value and the angle of bolt load in hybrid panel structure at −54 °C.
Row Number | | Column Number |
---|
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | C7 | C8 | C9 | C10 | C11 | C12 |
---|
R1 | load/kN | 12.4 | 12.7 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 12.4 |
/° | −10.4 | 8.1 | −16.6 | −3.7 | −1.4 | 11.6 | −11.6 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 16.6 | −8.1 | 10.4 |
R2 | load/kN | 31.2 | 29.0 | 32.6 | 32.1 | 32.2 | 32.8 | 32.8 | 32.2 | 32.1 | 32.6 | 29.0 | 31.2 |
/° | −33.3 | −10.4 | −14.1 | −2.6 | −3.9 | 5.7 | −5.7 | 3.8 | 2.6 | 14.0 | 10.4 | 33.3 |
R3 | load/kN | 22.2 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.1 | 13.7 | 14.5 | 14.6 | 22.2 |
/° | −64.6 | −37.9 | −17.0 | −1.3 | −9.9 | 0.3 | −0.3 | 9.9 | 1.3 | 17.0 | 37.9 | 64.6 |
R4 | load/kN | 25.2 | 14.1 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 14.1 | 25.2 |
/° | −117.0 | −129.0 | −152.7 | 177.5 | −152.7 | −169.7 | 170.0 | 152.9 | −177.2 | 152.9 | 129.1 | 117.0 |
R5 | load/kN | 25.2 | 14.1 | 7.6 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 14.1 | 25.2 |
/° | −63.0 | −51.0 | −27.3 | 2.5 | −27.3 | −10.3 | 10.0 | 27.1 | −2.8 | 27.1 | 50.9 | 63.0 |
R6 | load/kN | 22.2 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.1 | 13.7 | 14.5 | 14.6 | 22.2 |
/° | −115.4 | −142.1 | −163.0 | −178.7 | −170.1 | 179.7 | −179.7 | 170.1 | 178.7 | 163.0 | 142.1 | 115.4 |
R7 | load/kN | 31.2 | 29.0 | 32.6 | 32.1 | 32.2 | 32.8 | 32.8 | 32.2 | 32.1 | 32.6 | 29.0 | 31.2 |
/° | −146.7 | −169.6 | −165.9 | −177.4 | −176.1 | 174.3 | −174.3 | 176.2 | 177.4 | 166.0 | 169.6 | 146.7 |
R8 | load/kN | 12.4 | 12.7 | 14.7 | 14.0 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 14.2 | 13.8 | 14.0 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 12.4 |
/° | −169.6 | 171.9 | −163.4 | −176.3 | −178.6 | 168.4 | −168.4 | 178.5 | 176.3 | 163.4 | −171.9 | 169.6 |