Water Use Strategies and Shoot and Root Traits of High-Yielding Winter Wheat Cultivars under Different Water Supply Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design and Field Management
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Weather Conditions
2.3.2. Leaf Area Index
2.3.3. Canopy Temperature, Chlorophyll Relative Content and Relative Leaf Water Content
2.3.4. Root Sampling
2.3.5. Soil Water Depletion, Evapotranspiration and Water Productivity
2.3.6. Grain Yield and Above-Ground Biomass
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Weather Conditions during the 2020–2022 Winter Wheat Growing Seasons
3.2. Grain Yield and Water Productivity of Different Cultivars
3.3. Crop Water Use and Soil Water Depletion of Different Cultivars
3.4. Influences of Pre- and Post-Anthesis Water Consumption on Grain Yield and Water Productivity
3.5. Relationships between Root and Shoot Traits and Soil Water Use and Grain Yield
3.5.1. Root Traits
3.5.2. Shoot Traits
4. Discussion
4.1. Choosing Better Cultivars Was Necessary to Increase Grain Yield in the Broad Environment
4.2. Increasing Soil Water Use in Deep Soil Layers after Anthesis Contributed to High Grain Yield under Water Deficit Conditions
4.3. Root and Shoot Traits Contributing to High Grain Yield
4.3.1. Root Traits
4.3.2. Shoot Traits
4.3.3. Using Shoot Traits to Choose More RLD in Deep Soil Layers under Water Deficit Conditions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | Bulk Density (g/cm3) | Field Capacity (g/g) | Saturated Moisture (%) | Organic Matter (g/kg) | Ava. N (mg/kg) | Ava. P (mg/kg) | Ava. K (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site 1 | 1.49 | 0.261 | 43.77 | 17.3 | 80.5 | 18.6 | 197.1 |
Site 2 | 1.51 | 0.267 | 43.02 | 18.3 | 86.1 | 18.0 | 189.3 |
Seasons | From Sowing to Anthesis | From Anthesis to Maturity | From Sowing to Maturity | ET-Pre/ET | ET-Post/ET | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWD1 | SWD2 | SWD3 | SWD1 | SWD2 | SWD3 | SWD1 | SWD2 | SWD3 | |||||
2020– 2021 | I0 | Grain yield | − ** | NS | − * | * | ** | ** | NS | * | NS | − ** | ** |
WP | − ** | − * | − ** | * | * | ** | − * | NS | NS | − ** | ** | ||
I1 | Grain yield | NS | − * | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | |
WP | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||
I2 | Grain yield | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
WP | NS | NS | NS | − * | − ** | − ** | NS | − * | − ** | ** | − ** | ||
2021– 2022 | I0 | Grain yield | NS | − ** | − ** | NS | * | * | NS | NS | NS | − * | * |
WP | NS | − ** | − ** | NS | NS | NS | − * | NS | − * | − * | * | ||
I1 | Grain yield | NS | NS | NS | NS | * | * | NS | * | * | NS | NS | |
WP | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | ||
I2 | Grain yield | NS | * | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | |
WP | NS | NS | NS | − * | NS | − * | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
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Fang, Q.; Zhang, H.; He, J.; Li, H.; Wang, H.; Li, D.; Lv, X.; Li, R. Water Use Strategies and Shoot and Root Traits of High-Yielding Winter Wheat Cultivars under Different Water Supply Conditions. Agronomy 2024, 14, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040826
Fang Q, Zhang H, He J, Li H, Wang H, Li D, Lv X, Li R. Water Use Strategies and Shoot and Root Traits of High-Yielding Winter Wheat Cultivars under Different Water Supply Conditions. Agronomy. 2024; 14(4):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040826
Chicago/Turabian StyleFang, Qin, Hongyan Zhang, Jianning He, Haoran Li, Hongguang Wang, Dongxiao Li, Xiaokang Lv, and Ruiqi Li. 2024. "Water Use Strategies and Shoot and Root Traits of High-Yielding Winter Wheat Cultivars under Different Water Supply Conditions" Agronomy 14, no. 4: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040826