Biochar Reduces the Adverse Effect of Saline Water on Soil Properties and Wheat Production Profitability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Saline Water and Irrigation System
2.2. Biochar Synthesis
2.3. Experiment Design
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of Biochar
3.2. Effect of Saline Water and Biochar on Wheat Production
3.3. Effect of Saline Water and Biochar on Soil Properties
3.4. Water Productivity
3.5. Economic Impact Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Maximum Temperature (°C) | Minimum Temperature (°C) | Wind Speed (m/s) | Precipitation (mm) | Relative Humidity (%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019/2020 | 2020/2021 | 2019/2020 | 2020/2021 | 2019/2020 | 2020/2021 | 2019/2020 | 2020/2021 | 2019/2020 | 2020/2021 | |
November | 29.7 | 25.1 | 15.7 | 14.0 | 11.9 | 14.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 35.9 | 48.9 |
December | 23.0 | 24.5 | 9.3 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 47.2 | 41.2 |
January | 18.8 | 23.0 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 13.8 | 12.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 50.4 | 40.4 |
February | 22.7 | 24.3 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 15.1 | 15.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 43.6 | 38.1 |
March | 28.7 | 29.5 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 17.5 | 18.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 31.2 | 26.8 |
April | 32.5 | 34.2 | 17.4 | 20.6 | 17.6 | 16.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 24.7 | 17.6 |
pH | C% | H% | S% | O% | N% | K% | P% | WHC (g/g) | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCB | 8.1 | 60.3 | 4.5 | - | 30.4 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 1.67 | 29.6 |
Samples | Plant Height (cm) | No. of Spikes/m2 | No. of Grains/Spike | 1000-Grain Weight (g) | Grain Yield (ton/ha) | Biological Yield (ton/ha) | Leaf Area Index | Relative Water Content (%) | Membrane Stability Index (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Season 2019/2020 | FW-biochar | 93.3 a | 241.0 b | 53.0 b | 45.0 b | 3.8 b | 7.1 a | 3.4 b | 83.9 a | 77.2 a |
FW+biochar | 95.0 a | 282.0 a | 58.4 a | 52.0 a | 4.1 a | 7.3 a | 4.2 a | 84.6 a | 78.8 a | |
SW-biochar | 86.0 b | 225.0 b | 45.2 c | 36.8 c | 3.1 d | 6.5 b | 2.7 c | 77.9 b | 74.0 b | |
SW+biochar | 92.3 a | 270.0 a | 52.0 b | 43.1 b | 3.5 b,c | 7.1 a | 3.7 b | 83.4 a | 75.8 b | |
Mean | 91.7 | 255 | 52.2 | 44.2 | 3.6 | 7 | 3.5 | 82.4 | 76.5 | |
F test 0.05 | 6.03 | 24.53 | 3.89 | 2.79 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.46 | 2.6 | 2.43 | |
LSD 0.05 | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | * | |
Season 2020/2021 | FW-biochar | 92.7 b | 228.0 b | 56.0 b | 49.9 a | 3.4 b | 7.3 a | 3.9 a,b | 83.4 a | 76.8 a |
FW+biochar | 99.0 a | 262.0 a | 60.0 a | 53.1 a | 3.9 a | 7.8 a | 4.2 a | 84.2 a | 78.8 a | |
SW-biochar | 85.0 c | 210.0 c | 43.0 c | 34.7 b | 2.8 c | 6.5 b | 2.5 c | 77.1 b | 73.8 b | |
SW+biochar | 91.0 b | 234.0 b | 53.0 b | 44.6 a | 3.3 b | 7.8 a | 3.4 b | 82.8 a | 73.5 b | |
Mean | 91.9 | 233.5 | 53 | 45.58 | 3.4 | 7.3 | 3.5 | 81.9 | 75.7 | |
F test 0.05 | 5.25 | 17.23 | 3.46 | 7.11 | 0.33 | 0.6 | 0.59 | 4.76 | 2.77 | |
LSD 0.05 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | |
Combined | FW-biochar | 93.0 b | 234.7 c | 54.5 b | 47.5 b | 3.6 b | 7.2 b | 3.7 b | 83.6 a | 77.0 b |
FW+biochar | 97.0 a | 272.3 a | 59.2 a | 52.6 a | 4.0 a | 7.6 a | 4.2 a | 84.4 a | 78.8 a | |
SW-biochar | 85.5 c | 217.7 d | 44.1 c | 35.8 d | 2.9 d | 6.5 c | 2.5 c | 77.5 b | 73.8 c | |
SW+biochar | 91.7 b | 252.3 b | 52.5 b | 43.9 c | 3.4 c | 7.4 a,b | 3.6 b | 83.1 a | 74.7 c | |
LSD 0.05 | 3.55 | 13.29 | 2.31 | 3.39 | 0.19 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 2.4 | 1.63 | |
Anova | Seasons | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Treatments | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
S × T | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Treatment | Saturation Point (SP) | pH | EC ds/m | meq/L | P g/kg | K g/kg | N g/kg | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | HCO3− | Cl− | SO42− | ||||||||
Season 2019/2020 | FW-biochar | 19.30 b | 7.70 c | 1.40 c | 2.10 b | 0.60 c | 10.30 b | 1.40 c | 4.00 a | 8.03 c | 2.50 d | 6.00 d | 18.50 c | 14.80 b |
FW+biochar | 20.10 a | 7.90 b | 1.50 b,c | 2.20 b | 0.60 c | 11.20 b | 1.41 c | 3.50 b | 7.00 d | 3.40 c | 8.00 b | 25.20 b | 18.30 a | |
SW-biochar | 19.50 b | 8.10 a | 1.80 a | 3.50 a | 2.65 a | 16.50 a | 2.22 b | 4.00 a | 11.67 a | 4.70 a | 6.48 c | 14.00 d | 12.60 c | |
SW+biochar | 20.40 a | 7.83 b,c | 1.70 ab | 3.15 a | 2.00 b | 16.20 a | 2.35 a | 3.43 b | 11.00 b | 4.00 b | 9.00 a | 27.90 a | 15.10 b | |
Mean | 19.8 | 7.9 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 13.6 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 7.4 | 21.4 | 15.1 | |
F test 0.05 | * | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
LSD 0.05 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.13 | 1.17 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.45 | 0.19 | 0.42 | 0.85 | 1.52 | |
Season 2020/2021 | FW-biochar | 19.4 | 7.8 | 1.30 c | 1.50 c | 0.70 c | 9.90 d | 1.30 b | 3.80 a,b | 7.70 c | 2.20 d | 6.00 c | 18.50 c | 16.10 b |
FW+biochar | 20.2 | 7.95 | 1.40 b,c | 2.10 b | 0.80 c | 10.80 c | 1.21 b | 3.40 b | 7.10 c | 3.10 c | 8.00 b | 25.20 b | 19.20 a | |
SW-biochar | 19.8 | 8.1 | 1.90 a | 3.70 a | 2.75 a | 16.90 a | 2.42 a | 4.10 a | 11.77 a | 4.80 a | 6.48 c | 14.00 d | 11.80 d | |
SW+biochar | 20.5 | 8 | 1.75 a,b | 3.15 a | 2.00 b | 16.10 b | 2.45 a | 3.53 b | 10.10 b | 3.90 b | 9.00 a | 27.90 a | 14.60 c | |
Mean | 20 | 8 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 13.4 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 9.2 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 21.4 | 15.4 | |
F test 0.05 | ns | ns | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
LSD 0.05 | --- | --- | 0.4 | 0.55 | 0.31 | 0.75 | 0.24 | 0.4 | 1.28 | 0.59 | 0.73 | 1.57 | 1.15 | |
Combined | FW-biochar | 19.4 c | 7.8 | 1.4 c | 1.8 d | 0.7 c | 10.1 c | 1.4 c | 3.9 a | 7.9 c | 2.4 d | 6.0 d | 18.5 c | 15.5 b |
FW+biochar | 20.2 a,b | 7.9 | 1.5 b,c | 2.2 c | 0.7 c | 11.0 b | 1.3 d | 3.5 b | 7.1 d | 3.3 c | 8.0 b | 25.2 b | 18.6 a | |
SW-biochar | 19.7 b,c | 8.1 | 1.9 a | 3.6 a | 2.7 a | 16.7 a | 2.3 b | 4.1 a | 11.7 a | 4.8 a | 6.5 c | 14.0 d | 12.2 c | |
SW+biochar | 20.5 a | 7.9 | 1.7 a,b | 3.2 b | 2.0 b | 16.2 a | 2.4 a | 3.5 b | 10.6 b | 4.0 b | 9.0 a | 27.9 a | 14.9 b | |
LSD 0.05 | 0.75 | --- | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.15 | 0.62 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.6 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.79 | 0.85 | |
Anova | Seasons | Ns | ns | ns | ns | * | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns |
Treatments | * | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
S × T | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ** | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | * |
Treatment | pH (1:2.5) | OM% | EC ds/m | meq/L | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | Mg2+ | Na+ | K+ | HCO3− | Cl− | SO42− | |||||
Season 2019/2020 | FW-biochar | 7.7 | 0.20 c | 1.40 b | 2.10 c | 1.01 c | 10.20 c | 2.30 c | 3.30 d | 8.00 c | 2.50 c |
FW+biochar | 7.77 | 1.30 a | 1.50 b | 2.00 c | 1.10 c | 10.90 c | 3.70 a | 3.50 c | 8.60 c | 2.90 b | |
SW-biochar | 7.88 | 0.20 c | 1.70 a | 2.60 a | 2.67 b | 18.50 a | 2.30 c | 3.97 a | 13.50 a | 3.20 b | |
SW+biochar | 7.8 | 1.24 b | 1.60 a | 2.30 b | 3.00 a | 16.70 b | 3.33 b | 3.80 b | 12.60 b | 4.20 a | |
Mean | 7.8 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 14.1 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 10.7 | 3.2 | |
F test 0.05 | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
LSD 0.05 | --- | 0.07 | 0.19 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.97 | 0.1 | 0.12 | 0.72 | 0.37 | |
Season 2020/2021 | FW-biochar | 7.75 | 0.40 b | 1.36 c | 2.00 b,c | 0.95 b | 9.90 c | 2.10 c | 3.10 b | 7.90 b | 2.30 c |
FW+biochar | 7.8 | 1.40 a | 1.46 b,c | 1.90 c | 1.02 b | 10.30 c | 2.90 a,b | 3.20 b | 8.20 b | 2.70 c | |
SW-biochar | 7.92 | 0.36 b | 1.82 a | 2.80 a | 2.52 a | 17.60 a | 2.20 b,c | 3.70 a | 13.90 a | 3.50 b | |
SW+biochar | 7.9 | 1.30 a | 1.62 a,b | 2.40 a,b | 2.75 a | 16.20 b | 3.00 a | 3.65 a | 12.50 b | 4.00 a | |
Mean | 7.8 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 13.5 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 10.6 | 3.1 | |
F test 0.05 | ns | ** | * | ** | ** | ** | * | * | ** | ** | |
LSD 0.05 | --- | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.57 | 0.74 | 0.4 | 1.17 | 0.4 | |
Combined | FW-biochar | 7.7 | 0.3 b | 1.4 c | 2.1 c | 1.0 c | 10.1 c | 2.2 b | 3.2 c | 8.0 c | 2.4 d |
FW+biochar | 7.8 | 1.4 a | 1.5 b,c | 2.0 c | 1.1 c | 10.6 c | 3.3 a | 3.4 b | 8.4 c | 2.8 c | |
SW-biochar | 7.9 | 0.3 b | 1.8 a | 2.7 a | 2.6 b | 18.1 a | 2.3 b | 3.8 a | 13.7 a | 3.4 b | |
SW+biochar | 7.9 | 1.3 a | 1.6 b | 2.4 b | 2.9 a | 16.5 b | 3.2 a | 3.7 a | 12.6 b | 4.1 a | |
LSD 0.05 | --- | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.5 | 0.33 | 0.18 | 0.61 | 0.24 | |
Anova | Seasons | ns | ** | ns | ns | ** | * | ** | ** | ns | ns |
Treatments | ns | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | |
S × T | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
Treatments | Water Productivity (kg/m3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2019/2020 | 2020/2021 | Combined | ||
FW-biochar | 1.61 a,b | 1.58 a,b | 1.59 a | |
FW+biochar | 1.75 a | 1.68 a | 1.72 a | |
SW-biochar | 1.32 b | 1.28 c | 1.30 c | |
SW+biochar | 1.48 b | 1.45 b,c | 1.47 b | |
Mean | 1.54 | 1.50 | ||
F test 0.05 | * | * | ** | |
LSD 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.14 | |
Anova | Seasons | ns | ||
Treatments | ** | |||
S × T | ns |
Treatment | FW-Biochar | FW+Biochar | SW-Biochar | SW+Biochar |
---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated Grain Yield (Tons) | 3.75 | 4.07 | 3.07 | 3.47 |
Price (EGP/Kg) | 4.57 | 4.57 | 4.57 | 4.57 |
Total Revenue (EGP/ha) | 27,828 | 30,825 | 20,345 | 27,013 |
Total Cost (EGP/ha) | 21,896 | 24,395 | 21,896 | 24,395 |
Net Profit (EGP/ha) | 5932 | 6430 | −1551 | 2618 |
Low Price | Average Price | High Price | |
---|---|---|---|
Yield (Tons/Ha) | 3.47 | 3.47 | 3.47 |
Import Price ($/ton) | 240 | 260 * | 280 |
Additional Area (Hectares) | 5000 | 5000 | 5000 |
Import Value (000 $) | 4.164 | 4.511 | 4.858 |
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El-sayed, M.E.A.; Hazman, M.; Abd El-Rady, A.G.; Almas, L.; McFarland, M.; Shams El Din, A.; Burian, S. Biochar Reduces the Adverse Effect of Saline Water on Soil Properties and Wheat Production Profitability. Agriculture 2021, 11, 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111112
El-sayed MEA, Hazman M, Abd El-Rady AG, Almas L, McFarland M, Shams El Din A, Burian S. Biochar Reduces the Adverse Effect of Saline Water on Soil Properties and Wheat Production Profitability. Agriculture. 2021; 11(11):1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111112
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-sayed, Mohamed E. A., Mohamed Hazman, Ayman Gamal Abd El-Rady, Lal Almas, Mike McFarland, Ali Shams El Din, and Steve Burian. 2021. "Biochar Reduces the Adverse Effect of Saline Water on Soil Properties and Wheat Production Profitability" Agriculture 11, no. 11: 1112. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11111112