Solid-Phase Microextraction—Gas Chromatography Analytical Strategies for Pesticide Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Considerations
Matrix | SPME Coating Tested 1 | SPME Mode | GC Detector | LOD | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Samples | ||||||
Fruits and Vegetables | PA PDMS PDMS/DVB PDMS/CAR DVB/CAR/PDMS | DI | MS (SIM) | 1.00–10.00 | ppb | [36] |
C-(C3N4@MOF) | DI | MS (SIM) | 0.23–7.5 | ppb | [44] | |
PDMS/DVB | DI | MS (TIC)2 | 0.013–0.110 (for 2D) | ppt | [42] | |
PA | DI | MS (identification) FPD (quantification) | 0.01–0.14 | ppb | [45] | |
PDMS (modified) | DI | TOFMS | 1–50 | ppb | [46] | |
COF | DI | ECD | 0.04–0.25 | ppb | [47] | |
PDMS/DVB/PDMS | DI | MS (SIM) | 1.0–33.0 only LOQ reported | ppb | [48] | |
IL on silica | HS | FID | 0.01–0.93 | ppb | [49] | |
COF | HS | ECD | 0.0003–0.0023 | ppt | [50] | |
PDMS | HS | ECD | 0.01–1.0 | ppb | [51] | |
PDMS PDMS/DVB | HS | MS (TIC) MS (SIM) | 0.11–3.48 | ppb | [35] | |
Wine and Juice | PA | DI | MS (SIM) NPD FID | 0.01–15 10–6000 200–19000 | ppt | [52] |
PA | DI | MS (SIM) | 2–90 | ppb | [53] | |
PDMS PDMS/DVB | DI | MS/MS | 0.8–19.6 | ppb | [39] | |
PDMS/DVB | HS | MS (TIC) 2 | 0.062–33.515 (for 2D) | ppb | [41] | |
Milk | PDMS/DVB | DI | µECD | 0.003–0.56 | ppb | [54] |
PDMS PDMS/DVB | DI HS | MS/MS | 0.01–0.30 | ppb | [40] | |
PDMS/DVB | HS | MS (SIM) | 2.2–10.9 | ppb | [37] | |
Honey | PA PDMS | DI | MS/MS | 0.12–50.42 | ppb | [55] |
PDMS PA | DI | AED | 0.02–10.0 | ppb | [56] | |
Electrospun nanostructured PS | HS | MS (SIM) | 0.1–2 | ppb | [57] | |
Environmental samples | ||||||
Soil and sediment | PDMS | DI | MS (identification) ECD (quantification) | 0.6–30 | ppb | [58] |
PA | DI | MS (TIC) | 0.1–60 | ppb | [59] | |
PA | DI | MS (SIM) NPD FID | 0.01–15 10–6000 200–19000 | ppt | [52] | |
Water (including drinking water) | PDMS/DVB | DI | MS (TIC) ECD NPD | 4–32 | ppt | [60] |
PA | DI | MS (SIM) | 0.05–19 | ppb | [61] | |
PA | DI | MS (SIM) | 3–200 | ppt | [62] | |
PDMS/DVB | DI | MS (SIM) | 0.003–0.322 | ppb | [63] | |
PDMS/DVB | DI | MS/MS | 0.0002–0.04 | ppb | [64] | |
NU-1000 (MOF) | DI | MS (SIM) | 0.011–0.058 | ppt | [65] | |
DVB/CAR/PDMS | DI | ECD | 0.001–0.45 | ppt | [66] | |
DVB/CAR/PDMS | DI | ECD | 0.002–0.070 | ppb | [67] | |
PDMS/DVB | DI | ECD | 2.6–5.7 | ppt | [68] | |
PDMS | DI | MS 3 | 0.001–0.025 | ppb | [43] | |
Nafion on SBA-15 | HS | MS (TIC) | 0.01–0.09 | ppb | [69] | |
PDMS PDMS/DVB | HS | MS/MS | 0.9–26.3 | ppt | [70] | |
PA | HS | HRMS (magnetic sector) | 0.01–350 only LOQ reported | ppt | [71] | |
PDMS | HS | ECD | 0.034–0.301 | ppb | [72] |
3. Sample Matrices
3.1. Food Samples
3.2. Environmental Samples
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Aspromonte, J.; Lancioni, C.; Purcaro, G. Solid-Phase Microextraction—Gas Chromatography Analytical Strategies for Pesticide Analysis. Methods Protoc. 2022, 5, 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5050082
Aspromonte J, Lancioni C, Purcaro G. Solid-Phase Microextraction—Gas Chromatography Analytical Strategies for Pesticide Analysis. Methods and Protocols. 2022; 5(5):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5050082
Chicago/Turabian StyleAspromonte, Juan, Carlina Lancioni, and Giorgia Purcaro. 2022. "Solid-Phase Microextraction—Gas Chromatography Analytical Strategies for Pesticide Analysis" Methods and Protocols 5, no. 5: 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5050082