Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Feedstocks and Their Analysis
2.2. HTL Experiments
2.3. Analysis of HTL Products
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Feedstock Characterization
3.2. Yield of HTL Products
3.3. Quality of Bio-Crude
3.4. Compounds Composition of Bio-Crude
3.5. Analysis of Solid Residue
3.6. Analysis of Aqueous Phase
4. Conclusions
5. Challenges and Recommendations for Future Prospective of HTL
5.1. Temperature
5.2. Feedstock
5.3. Process Mode
5.4. HTL with Hydrotreatment (Taking as a Whole-Process Chain)
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Feedstocks | Moisture (%) | Ash a | VM a | FC a | C (%) b | H (%) b | N (%) b | O (%) b,d | H/C | HHV (MJ/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood Powder | 9.88 | 0.40 | 91.11 | 8.60 | 46.09 | 6.59 | 0.09 | 47.24 | 1.71 | 18.36 |
Algae Sp. | 5.87 | 8.92 | 72.23 | 19.08 | 45.80 | 6.83 | 10.66 | 36.72 | 1.79 | 18.50 |
Lignin | 4.41 | 0.20 | 60.45 | 39.80 | 61.85 | 6.08 | 0.63 | 31.45 | 1.18 | 24.72 |
Samples | C (%) a | H (%) a | N (%) a | O (%) a,b | H/C | HHV (MJ/kg) c | Ash (%) | Water Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood 350 | 77.76 | 7.45 | 0.72 | 14.07 | 1.15 | 33.43 | 2.22 | 5.93 |
Wood 400 | 82.50 | 7.97 | 0.75 | 8.79 | 1.16 | 36.15 | 1.21 | 4.21 |
Algae Sp. 350 | 77.16 | 10.01 | 6.06 | 6.78 | 1.56 | 36.26 | 1.15 | 4.59 |
Algae Sp. 400 | 77.77 | 9.76 | 6.45 | 6.03 | 1.51 | 36.22 | 0.13 | 6.11 |
Lignin 350 | 72.03 | 7.23 | 1.15 | 19.60 | 1.20 | 30.62 | 15.30 | 5.54 |
Lignin 400 | 79.96 | 7.91 | 1.07 | 11.07 | 1.19 | 34.95 | 12.65 | 6.54 |
Wood Cont. 350 | 73.23 | 7.26 | 0.44 | 19.08 | 1.19 | 31.19 | 0.75 | 9.44 |
Wood Cont. 400 | 77.69 | 7.81 | 0.65 | 13.87 | 1.21 | 33.83 | 1.16 | 8.51 |
Samples | C (%) a | H (%) a | N (%) a | O (%) a,b | H/C | O/C | HHV (MJ/kg) c | Ash (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood 350 | 77.15 | 4.11 | 0.18 | 18.58 | 0.64 | 0.18 | 29.08 | 20.12 |
Wood 400 | 83.95 | 4.01 | 0.14 | 11.90 | 0.57 | 0.11 | 31.97 | 11.27 |
Algae Sp 350 | 32.08 | 2.58 | 1.94 | 63.41 | 0.97 | 1.48 | 7.28 | 26.15 |
Algae Sp. 400 | 28.00 | 1.01 | 1.34 | 69.66 | 0.43 | 1.87 | 3.56 | 29.37 |
Lignin 350 | 71.76 | 2.92 | 1.34 | 23.99 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 25.24 | 22.76 |
Lignin 400 | 79.63 | 4.48 | 0.63 | 15.27 | 0.67 | 0.14 | 30.63 | 17.34 |
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Shah, A.A.; Sharma, K.; Seehar, T.H.; Toor, S.S.; Sandquist, J.; Saanum, I.; Pedersen, T.H. Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass. Fuels 2024, 5, 75-89. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010005
Shah AA, Sharma K, Seehar TH, Toor SS, Sandquist J, Saanum I, Pedersen TH. Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass. Fuels. 2024; 5(1):75-89. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Ayaz Ali, Kamaldeep Sharma, Tahir Hussain Seehar, Saqib Sohail Toor, Judit Sandquist, Inge Saanum, and Thomas Helmer Pedersen. 2024. "Sub-Supercritical Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulose and Protein-Containing Biomass" Fuels 5, no. 1: 75-89. https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels5010005