Efficient (Bio)emulsification/Degradation of Crude Oil Using Cellulose Nanocrystals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Emulsion Preparation
2.3. Rheological Behavior of Emulsions
2.4. Acid–Base Properties of o/w Emulsion
2.5. Optical Light Microscopy
2.6. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.7. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
2.8. Biodegradability of Crude Oil and co/w Emulsions
2.9. Microbial Inoculums Preparation
2.10. Assessment of Residual Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Content
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Conditions for Formation and Stability of Emulsions
3.2. Study of Acid–Base Properties of Emulsions
3.3. Rheological Properties of CNC-Stabilized o/w Emulsions
3.4. Biodegradation of CNC-Stabilized o/w Emulsions
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Density at 20 °C (kg/m3) | 877.5 |
Water (wt.%) | 0.09 |
Mass concentrations of chloride salts (mg/dm3) | 22.1 |
Sulfur (wt.%) | 1.24 |
Mechanical impurities (wt.%) | 0.0092 |
Paraffin (wt.%) | 7.2 |
Resins (wt.%) | 15.66 |
Asphaltenes (wt.%) | 3.81 |
Crystallization temperature (°C) | +7 |
Mass fraction of organic chlorides (ppm) | <1 |
Mass fraction of hydrogen sulfide (ppm) | 9.7 |
Mass fraction of methyl-ethyl mercaptan (ppm) | 6.2 |
Sample | C (NaCl), M | pKi, Δ ± 0.15 | qi, mmol/g, Δ ± 0.005 | NS, pcs/nm2 Δ ± 0.003 |
---|---|---|---|---|
CNC | 0.001 | pKCOOH = 3.95 | qCOOH = 0.245 | 0.354 |
pKOH = 6.35 | qOH = 0.035 | 0.051 | ||
0.1 | pKCOOH = 3.95 | qCOOH = 0.060 | 0.087 | |
pKOH = 6.50 | qOH = 0.030 | 0.043 | ||
CNC–liquid paraffin | 0.001 | pKCOOH = 4.85 | qCOOH = 0.095 | 0.137 |
pKOH = 6.50 | qOH = 0.030 | 0.043 | ||
0.1 | pKCOOH = 4.85 | qCOOH = 0.105 | 0.152 | |
pKOH = 6.50 | qOH = 0.035 | 0.051 | ||
CNC–crude oil | 0.001 | pKCOOH = 5.60 | qCOOH = 0.057 | 0.082 |
pKOH = 6.65 | qOH = 0.032 | 0.046 | ||
0.1 | pKCOOH = 5.60 | qCOOH = 0.053 | 0.077 | |
pKOH = 6.55 | qOH = 0.045 | 0.065 |
CNC, mg/mL | C(NaCl), M | Bingham Law | Power Law | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
τ0, mPa | μp, mPa·s | r2 | (50 s−1) | K | n | (50 s−1) | r2 | ||
7 | 0 | 2.267 | 0.038 | 0.987 | 0.082 | 0.697 | 0.493 | 0.096 | 0.985 |
0.01 | 3.625 | 0.038 | 0.991 | 0.111 | 1.220 | 0.413 | 0.123 | 0.978 | |
0.05 | 4.002 | 0.050 | 0.987 | 0.130 | 1.378 | 0.432 | 0.149 | 0.978 | |
0.51 | 4.686 | 0.044 | 0.983 | 0.138 | 1.827 | 0.373 | 0.152 | 0.974 | |
14 | 0 | 13.797 | 0.061 | 0.980 | 0.337 | 7.527 | 0.229 | 0.369 | 0.948 |
0.01 | 15.581 | 0.065 | 0.978 | 0.377 | 8.719 | 0.220 | 0.412 | 0.945 | |
0.05 | 26.145 | 0.070 | 0.978 | 0.593 | 15.152 | 0.181 | 0.615 | 0.963 | |
0.51 | 27.660 | 0.058 | 0.977 | 0.612 | 17.595 | 0.150 | 0.633 | 0.960 |
Description | Control, Crude Oil | Rhodococcus egui | Emulsion | Rhodococcus egui and Emulsion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Residual content of mineral oils, % | 97 ± 20 | 72 ± 16 | 74 ± 17 | 31 ± 8 |
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Sitnikov, P.; Legki, P.; Torlopov, M.; Druz, Y.; Mikhaylov, V.; Tarabukin, D.; Vaseneva, I.; Markarova, M.; Ushakov, N.; Udoratina, E. Efficient (Bio)emulsification/Degradation of Crude Oil Using Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polysaccharides 2023, 4, 402-420. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides4040024
Sitnikov P, Legki P, Torlopov M, Druz Y, Mikhaylov V, Tarabukin D, Vaseneva I, Markarova M, Ushakov N, Udoratina E. Efficient (Bio)emulsification/Degradation of Crude Oil Using Cellulose Nanocrystals. Polysaccharides. 2023; 4(4):402-420. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides4040024
Chicago/Turabian StyleSitnikov, Petr, Philipp Legki, Mikhail Torlopov, Yulia Druz, Vasily Mikhaylov, Dmitriy Tarabukin, Irina Vaseneva, Maria Markarova, Nikita Ushakov, and Elena Udoratina. 2023. "Efficient (Bio)emulsification/Degradation of Crude Oil Using Cellulose Nanocrystals" Polysaccharides 4, no. 4: 402-420. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides4040024