L-Tryptophan Mitigates Cannibalism and Improves Growth of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer Reared in a RAS System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Fish
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Experimental Feeds
2.4. Feeding Trial
2.5. Estimation of Growth Parameters and Cannibalism
2.6. Biochemical Analysis of Fish Samples
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Growth Parameters
3.2. Cannibalism, Mortality, and Survival
3.3. Biochemical Composition of Fish
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stocking Density | Doses of Dietary TRP (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Control (Diet) | Diet-1 (1.00%) | Diet-2 (1.50%) | |
0.5 ind./L | 0.41 * + 0 | 0.41 + 0.59 | 0.41 + 1.09 |
1.5 ind./L | 0.41 * + 0 | 0.41 + 0.59 | 0.41 + 1.09 |
Parameter | Mean ± SE | Interaction Effects (Two-Way Factorial p-Value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental Diet | Stocking Density | |||||
Control | Diet-1 | Diet-2 | 0.5 ind./L | 1.5 ind./L | ||
Temperature (°C) | 29.10 ± 0.00 | 29.10 ± 0.00 | 29.10 ± 0.00 | 29.10 ± 0.00 | 29.10 ± 0.00 | 0.300 |
DO (mg/L) | 6.78 ± 0.06 b | 6.69 ± 0.06 a | 6.73 ± 0.05 ab | 6.86 ± 0.02 B | 6.61 ± 0.02 A | 0.120 |
pH | 7.55 ± 0.00 | 7.55 ± 0.00 | 7.55 ± 0.00 | 7.55 ± 0.00 B | 7.54 ± 0.00 A | 0.397 |
NH3 (mg/L) | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.00 A | 0.07 ± 0.00 B | 0.178 |
NO2 (mg/L) | 0.55 ± 0.03 | 0.56 ± 0.03 | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.01 A | 0.60 ± 0.01 B | 0.451 |
Dependent Variable | Experimental Diet | Stocking Density | Interaction Effects (Two-Way Factorial p-Value) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Diet-1 | Diet-2 | 0.5 ind./L | 1.5 ind./L | ||
Final body length (TLf, cm) | 10.43 ± 0.16 a | 10.68 ± 0.26 a | 11.64 ± 0.35 b | 10.48 ± 0.25 A | 11.35 ± 0.22 B | 0.708 |
Final body weight (BWf, g) | 16.61 ± 1.96 a | 18.35 ± 2.67 a | 22.93 ± 2.67 b | 14.21 ± 1.10 A | 24.38 ± 1.28 B | 0.432 |
Weight gain (WG, g) | 16.32 ± 1.96 a | 18.06 ± 2.67 a | 22.64 ± 2.67 b | 13.92 ± 1.10 A | 24.09 ± 1.28 B | 0.432 |
Specific growth rate (SGR, % day−1) | 8.91 ± 0.27 a | 9.09 ± 0.34 a | 9.63 ± 0.27 b | 8.60 ± 0.26 A | 9.82 ± 0.11 B | 0.371 |
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) | 0.94 ± 0.04 b | 0.81 ± 0.04 a | 0.87 ± 0.07 ab | 0.96 ± 0.03 B | 0.79 ± 0.03 A | 0.163 |
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) | 2.55 ± 0.10 a | 2.98 ± 0.16 b | 2.82 ± 0.20 ab | 2.50 ± 0.07 A | 3.07 ± 0.12 B | 0.086 |
Yield (g) | 4245 ± 1069 a | 5862 ± 1715 b | 5481 ± 1462 b | 2069 ± 99 A | 8322 ± 508 B | 0.003 |
Cannibalism (%) | 26.36 ± 5.18 b | 17.03 ± 3.35 a | 35.00 ± 2.34 c | 18.28 ± 3.11 A | 33.98 ± 2.56 B | 0.001 |
Mortality (%) | 7.17 ± 0.53 | 6.86 ± 0.76 | 5.83 ± 0.78 | 5.44 ± 0.50 A | 7.80 ± 0.32 B | 0.363 |
Survival rate (SR, %) | 66.47 ± 5.52 b | 76.11 ± 3.90 c | 59.17 ± 3.01 a | 76.28 ± 2.88 B | 58.22 ± 2.49 A | 0.006 |
CV for length (TLf, %) | 16.14 ± 3.84 | 21.51 ± 3.51 | 21.61 ± 1.93 | 14.14 ± 2.06 A | 25.37 ± 1.53 B | 0.397 |
CV for weight (BWf, %) | 46.88 ± 13.23 a | 74.88 ± 7.44 b | 67.04 ± 7.67 b | 42.78 ± 6.74 A | 82.69 ± 3.02 B | 0.050 |
Component (%) | Mean ± SE | Interaction Effects (Two-Way Factorial p-Value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental Diet | Stocking Density | |||||
Control | Diet-1 | Diet-2 | 0.5 ind./L | 1.5 ind./L | ||
Moisture | 77.88 ± 0.25 | 77.82 ± 0.39 | 77.02 ± 0.26 | 77.36 ± 0.30 | 77.79 ± 0.23 | 0.164 |
Ash | 1.28 ± 0.01 | 1.30 ± 0.03 | 1.33 ± 0.01 | 1.32 ± 0.02 | 1.29 ± 0.01 | 0.050 |
Lipid | 0.44 ± 0.06 a | 0.41 ± 0.05 a | 0.57 ± 0.09 b | 0.40 ± 0.04 A | 0.54 ± 0.07 B | <0.001 |
Protein | 18.13 ± 0.26 | 18.33 ± 0.29 | 18.59 ± 0.23 | 18.53 ± 0.26 | 18.17 ± 0.15 | 0.510 |
Fiber | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.294 |
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Khan, M.S.K.; Salin, K.R.; Yakupitiyage, A.; Tsusaka, T.W.; Nguyen, L.T.; Siddique, M.A.M. L-Tryptophan Mitigates Cannibalism and Improves Growth of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer Reared in a RAS System. Aquac. J. 2023, 3, 168-180. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj3030014
Khan MSK, Salin KR, Yakupitiyage A, Tsusaka TW, Nguyen LT, Siddique MAM. L-Tryptophan Mitigates Cannibalism and Improves Growth of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer Reared in a RAS System. Aquaculture Journal. 2023; 3(3):168-180. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj3030014
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Md. Shahzad Kuli, Krishna R. Salin, Amararatne Yakupitiyage, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Loc Thai Nguyen, and Mohammad Abdul Momin Siddique. 2023. "L-Tryptophan Mitigates Cannibalism and Improves Growth of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer Reared in a RAS System" Aquaculture Journal 3, no. 3: 168-180. https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj3030014