A Single Dose of Microencapsulated Cocoa Supplementation Does Not Speed up Muscle Force Recovery after Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Nutritional Supplementation and Dietary Control
2.4. Exercise-Induce Muscle Damage Protocol
2.5. Maximal Voluntary Contraction Measurement
2.6. Blood Sample Analysis
2.7. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) Measurement
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Isometric Muscle Performance
3.2. Blood Markers
3.3. Muscle Soreness
4. Discussion
Experimental Considerations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CF | Cocoa Flavanol |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
DOMS | Delayed onset muscle soreness |
EIMD | Exercise-induced muscle damage |
GSH | Reduced glutathione |
HPLC | High-performance liquid chromatography |
Mb | Myoglobin |
MCO | Microencapsulated cocoa |
MDA | Malondialdehyde |
MVIC | Maximal voluntary isometric contractions |
PLA | Placebo |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
TBA | 2-Thiobarbituric |
VAS | Visual analogic scale |
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Characteristic | Male | Female |
---|---|---|
N Age (years) | 7 28 ± 5 | 7 27 ± 4 |
Body mass (kg) | 75.7 ± 8.3 | 58.6 ± 7.5 |
Height (m) | 1.72 ± 0.06 | 1.60 ± 0.06 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 2.8 | 22.6 ± 1.8 |
Resistance training experience (years) | 6 ± 2 | 3 ± 1 |
Nutrient | Value | %DR * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PLA | MCO | PLA | MCO | |
Energy content (Kcal/kJ) | 93/387 | 49/205 | 4.6 | 2.5 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 21 | 11 | 7.1 | 3.7 |
Proteins (g) | 1.0 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 3.3 |
Total fat (g) | 0 | 1.2 | 0 | 2.2 |
Dietary fiber (g) | 0.9 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 14 |
Sodium (mg) | 35 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 0.2 |
Total flavonoids | 8 | 75 | - | - |
Total polyphenols | 9 | 240 | - | - |
PLA | MCO | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-EIMD | 2 h | 24 h | 48 h | 72 h | Pre-EIMD | 2 h | 24 h | 48 h | 72 h | |
Blood markers | ||||||||||
C-reactive protein (mg·L−1) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 2.1 ± 1.3 * | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 1.6 * | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.5 | 1.2 ± 1.3 |
Malondialdehyde (µmol·L−1) | 23.1 ± 9.8 | 24.3 ± 16.9 | 19.5 ± 10.4 | 24.6 ± 17.0 | 26.1 ± 11.1 | 26.5 ± 12.8 | 27.2 ± 11.1 | 28.0 ± 19.1 | 20.4 ± 8.1 | 20.8 ± 7.9 |
Myoglobin (ng·mL−1) | 18.6 ± 3.3 | 36.4 ± 25.8 * | 28.6 ± 20.8 | 84.9 ± 119.1 * | 97.8 ± 130.8 * | 19.4 ± 5.2 | 32.0 ± 17.1 * | 29.1 ± 29.6 | 108.1 ± 129.1 * | 120.6 ± 156.7 * |
Reduced glutathione (µmol·L−1) | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 |
Isometric muscle performance | ||||||||||
MVIC (Nm) | 54.4 ± 24.7 | - | 45.9 ± 27.0 * | 45.9 ± 26.6 * | 48.6 ± 26.1 * | 53.4 ± 22.0 | - | 44.9 ± 24.8 * | 48.4 ± 28.5 * | 47.6 ± 29.0 * |
MVIC (% change) | 100 ± 0.0 | - | 82.2 ± 20.5 * | 80.3 ± 22.5 * | 87.9 ± 21.4 * | 100 ± 0.0 | - | 79.3 ± 17.7 * | 82.9 ± 23.9 * | 80.7 ± 22.7 * |
Muscle soreness | ||||||||||
DOMS (VAS) | 0 ± 0 | - | 2 ± 2 * | 3 ± 3 * | 3 ± 3 * | 0 ± 0 | - | 3 ± 2 * | 3 ± 3 * | 3 ± 3 * |
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Junior, O.J.F.R.; dos Santos, K.S.; Tavares, I.R.G.; de Oliveira, G.V.; Alvares, T.S. A Single Dose of Microencapsulated Cocoa Supplementation Does Not Speed up Muscle Force Recovery after Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. Appl. Biosci. 2024, 3, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci3010001
Junior OJFR, dos Santos KS, Tavares IRG, de Oliveira GV, Alvares TS. A Single Dose of Microencapsulated Cocoa Supplementation Does Not Speed up Muscle Force Recovery after Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. Applied Biosciences. 2024; 3(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci3010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunior, Olavo João Frederico Ramos, Karen Souza dos Santos, Isabela Ribeiro Grangeira Tavares, Gustavo Vieira de Oliveira, and Thiago Silveira Alvares. 2024. "A Single Dose of Microencapsulated Cocoa Supplementation Does Not Speed up Muscle Force Recovery after Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Crossover Study" Applied Biosciences 3, no. 1: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci3010001