MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

11 pages, 11260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Birds of Game Abundances in Evergreen Forests in Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico

by Héctor M. J. López-Castilla, Fernando M. Contreras-Moreno, Daniel Jesús-Espinosa, José M. Méndez-Tun, Khiavett Sánchez-Pinzón, Pedro Bautista-Ramírez, Lizardo Cruz-Romo and Sandra Petrone

Wild 2025, 2(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/wild2010003 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (CBR) is in the south of the Yucatán Peninsula and is known for its great biological diversity. However, despite the great diversity of species, they are under intense pressure from hunting activities, especially the larger ones that can be [...] Read more.

The Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (CBR) is in the south of the Yucatán Peninsula and is known for its great biological diversity. However, despite the great diversity of species, they are under intense pressure from hunting activities, especially the larger ones that can be used for human food. Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain knowledge about the hunting importance of populations of three species of birds (Crax rubra, Meleagris ocellata, and Penelope purpurascens) in the southern zone of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche. Sampling was conducted with transects where a total of 46 camera traps were installed from November 2021 to November 2022, distributed in two types of vegetation. Likewise, data on species presence were collected and analyzed with Principal Component Analysis and ANOSIM (ANOSIM; R = 0.10, p = 0.22) to relate abundances with vegetation types and seasons of the year. No significant differences were found between the two vegetation types. This study provides relevant information on the populations of game birds in the southern region of Calakmul, which is currently little explored, and constant monitoring of these species throughout the CBR is necessary. Full article

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11 pages, 627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incidence and 12-Month Outcomes of Fracture Types Associated with Abuse in Children Under Three Years Old Presenting to an Emergency Department

by Amy Lee, Lara Phillips and Viet Tran

Future 2025, 3(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/future3010003 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Child physical abuse is a significant contributor to overall pediatric mortality and morbidity and is associated with both short- and long-term effects on the physical, social and mental wellbeing of the child involved. Fractures are the second most common physical injury in [...] Read more.

Background: Child physical abuse is a significant contributor to overall pediatric mortality and morbidity and is associated with both short- and long-term effects on the physical, social and mental wellbeing of the child involved. Fractures are the second most common physical injury in children suffering from physical abuse and are present in up to 55% of cases of physically abused children. Specific fracture patterns may prompt suspicion for abuse, although none are specific. We aim to identify the incidence of fracture types associated with abuse in children under three years old presenting to the ED. Methods: This study was a retrospective descriptive study. The inclusion criteria consisted of (a) children less than three years of age, (b) presenting to the ED, (c) between 1 January 2020, and 31 December 2022, inclusive and (d) with a diagnosis consistent with a fracture type associated with abuse. Results: There were 214 patients diagnosed with fractures who were under 3 years of age. Of these, twenty-one patients fit the criteria for fracture suspcious for non-accidental injury (a rate of one per month if following a normal distribution). The diagnosis of NAI was considered in eight (38%) patients. NAI was not considered in 13 (62%) patients. A medical record review of these patients up to 12 months after initial ED presentation showed that five did not re-present to the ED, one was referred to CSS from outpatients and two re-presented within this period with minor head injuries. Conclusions: Presentations of fractures concerning NAI are rare but important not to miss. Automated systems and targeted education and action are critical to ensure that concerns for NAI are managed appropriately. Full article

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10 pages, 211 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Lymphangioma: A Synthesis of the Literature and Clinical Perspectives

by Nada Bochor and Parshotam Gera

Lymphatics 2025, 3(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/lymphatics3010004 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are benign, congenital vascular anomalies caused by abnormal lymphangiogenesis during embryology, often presenting as fluid-filled cystic lesions. Though LMs can affect any part of the body except the brain, they primarily manifest in the head and neck or axilla regions [...] Read more.

Lymphatic malformations (LMs) are benign, congenital vascular anomalies caused by abnormal lymphangiogenesis during embryology, often presenting as fluid-filled cystic lesions. Though LMs can affect any part of the body except the brain, they primarily manifest in the head and neck or axilla regions of children. With a prevalence of approximately 1 in 4000 births, LMs are commonly diagnosed by age two, with symptoms varying based on lesion location and size. This paper reviews the classification of LMs and discusses the de Serres staging system, which aids in assessing prognosis based on lesion site. Mutations in the (PIK3CA) gene are implicated in most cases, and LMs are also associated with syndromic conditions like Turner and Noonan syndromes. They are diagnosed by ultrasound (USS) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while a histologic analysis can confirm lymphatic origin. Treatment options range from conservative approaches, such as observation, to sclerotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and surgery. Sclerotherapy, particularly with agents like OK-432, bleomycin, and doxycycline, has shown significant efficacy in reducing LM size and symptoms with minimal side effects. Pharmacological therapies, such as sirolimus, that target the mTOR pathway are also increasingly being used, with a good effect on the burden of disease. While surgical excision remains a choice for symptomatic or large lesions, minimally invasive approaches are often preferred due to lower morbidity. Emerging techniques include gravity-dependent sclerotherapy, electrosclerotherapy, alpelisib, everolimus, and Wnt/β-catenin pathway stimulators (e.g., tankyrase inhibitors, porcupine inhibitors). Computational atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) and density functional tight binding (DFTB) techniques may offer an experimental approach to future therapeutic targets. This paper highlights a multidisciplinary approach to LM management, emphasising individualised treatment based on lesion characteristics and patient needs. Full article

31 pages, 4525 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Waste to Resource: Exploring the Current Challenges and Future Directions of Photovoltic Solar Cell Recycling

by Ghadeer Badran and Vlado K. Lazarov

Solar 2025, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar5010004 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells as a clean energy source has raised significant concerns regarding their end-of-life (EoL) management, particularly in terms of sustainability and waste reduction. This review comprehensively examines challenges, opportunities, and future directions in the recycling of [...] Read more.

The rapid proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells as a clean energy source has raised significant concerns regarding their end-of-life (EoL) management, particularly in terms of sustainability and waste reduction. This review comprehensively examines challenges, opportunities, and future directions in the recycling of PV solar cells, focusing on mechanical, thermal, and chemical recycling techniques. It also evaluates the scalability and practicality of these methods to different PV technologies, including crystalline silicon and thin-film modules. It explores the economic and environmental impacts of these processes, highlighting the necessity of developing robust recycling infrastructure and innovative technologies to address the anticipated surge in PV waste. Additionally, this review discusses the critical role of government policies and industry collaboration in overcoming the barriers to effective recycling. Furthermore, the importance of integrating design-for-recyclability principles into PV module development is emphasized, as it can significantly enhance material recovery and process efficiency. By advancing these strategies, the solar industry can achieve greater sustainability, reduce resource depletion, and mitigate environmental risks, thereby ensuring the long-term viability of solar energy as a key component of global renewable energy initiatives. Full article

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14 pages, 10819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation and Dynamics of Night-Time Cold Air Pools in Peri-Urban Topographic Basins: A Case Study of Coimbra, Portugal

by António Manuel Rochette Cordeiro

Meteorology 2025, 4(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/meteorology4010004 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the formation of cold air pools during calm, anticyclonic winter nights in a topographic basin bounded by a medium-sized mountain to the east and near-flat terrain elsewhere. The main objective is to understand how local topography drives unique topoclimatic conditions—specifically [...] Read more.

This study investigates the formation of cold air pools during calm, anticyclonic winter nights in a topographic basin bounded by a medium-sized mountain to the east and near-flat terrain elsewhere. The main objective is to understand how local topography drives unique topoclimatic conditions—specifically cold air lakes and an inversion layer at approximately 100/120 m altitude—in a peri-urban depression where a major cement factory and several residential areas are located. To achieve this, the research design combined surface measurements (collected at 10:00 p.m., 3:00 a.m., 7:00 a.m., and 3:00 p.m.) using a motorized vehicle, with vertical measurements (at 7:00 a.m.) collected via two unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), with the three vehicles equipped with Tinytag data loggers. The Empirical Bayesian Kriging tool in ArcGIS Pro was employed to generate the surface temperature cartograms. The results show that shortly after sunset, a cold air layer of approximately 100–120 m thickness forms, with nocturnal air temperature variations of up to 8 °C on the night measurements. An inversion layer was detected at around 120–130 m, while near-zero wind speeds in the basin’s core facilitate the retention of cold air. Surface spatialization confirms earlier findings of a cold air lake and thermal belts on the basin’s perimeter, forming in the early evening and dissipating by late morning. A 3D visualization underscores the influence of the mountain in directing cold air downslope, leading to stabilization and stratification within the lower atmospheric layers. These findings carry significant health implications: air pollutants released by the cement plant tend to accumulate within the cold air pool and beneath the inversion layer, posing potential risks to nearby populations. Full article

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37 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessReview

Blockchain-Assisted Self-Sovereign Identities on Education: A Survey

by Weilin Chan, Keke Gai, Jing Yu and Liehuang Zhu

Blockchains 2025, 3(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/blockchains3010003 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The education sector has witnessed a significant shift towards digitising student records, with relevant data now stored in centralized data repositories. While traditional identity management solutions in education are functional, they often face various challenges, including data privacy concerns, limited portability, and reliability [...] Read more.

The education sector has witnessed a significant shift towards digitising student records, with relevant data now stored in centralized data repositories. While traditional identity management solutions in education are functional, they often face various challenges, including data privacy concerns, limited portability, and reliability challenges. As the volume of student data continues to grow, inadequate data management practices have led to several problems. These include students losing control and empowerment over their educational information, increased vulnerability to potential data breaches and unauthorized access, a lack of transparency and accountability, data silos and inconsistencies, and administrative inefficiencies. To address these limitations, the implementation of a blockchain-assisted self-sovereign identity (Ba-SSI) concept in the education system presents a viable solution. Self-sovereign identity (SSI) represents a paradigm shift from traditional centralized identity systems, allowing individuals to maintain full control of their identity data without relying on centralized authorities. By leveraging the decentralized nature, SSI frameworks can ensure security, interoperability, and scalability, thereby improving user-centric identity management. This survey paper explores the potential of Ba-SSI within the context of education. It thoroughly reviews the current state of digital identity management in education, highlighting the limitations of conventional systems and the emerging role of blockchain technology in addressing these challenges. The paper discusses the fundamental principles of blockchain technology and how it can be utilized to enhance security, interoperability, and scalability in identity management. Additionally, it examines the insights and benefits of this approach for the education system. Finally, the paper concludes by addressing the issues, challenges, benefits, and future research directions in this domain, underscoring the potential of Ba-SSI solutions to revolutionize the management and empowerment of student data within the education sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Blockchains)

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14 pages, 483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Error Estimation in Fixed Item Parameter Calibration: Theory and Application in Large-Scale Assessment Studies

by Alexander Robitzsch

Foundations 2025, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations5010004 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

In fixed item parameter calibration (FIPC), an item response theory (IRT) model is estimated with item parameters fixed at reference values to estimate the distribution parameters within a specific group. The presence of random differential item functioning (DIF) within this group introduces additional [...] Read more.

In fixed item parameter calibration (FIPC), an item response theory (IRT) model is estimated with item parameters fixed at reference values to estimate the distribution parameters within a specific group. The presence of random differential item functioning (DIF) within this group introduces additional variability in the distribution parameter estimates, which is captured by the linking error (LE). Conventional LE estimates, based on item jackknife methods, are subject to positive bias due to sampling errors. To address this, this article introduces a bias-corrected LE estimate. Moreover, the use of statistical inference is examined using the newly proposed bias-corrected total error, which includes both the sampling error and LE. The proposed error estimates were evaluated through a simulation study, and their application is illustrated using PISA 2006 data for the reading domain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Sciences)

43 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling the Mechanism of Action, Binding Sites, and Therapeutic Advances of CFTR Modulators: A Narrative Review

by Debora Baroni

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47020119 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, a chloride and bicarbonate channel localized on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Over the last three decades, high-throughput screening assays have been [...] Read more.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, a chloride and bicarbonate channel localized on the plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Over the last three decades, high-throughput screening assays have been extensively employed in identifying drugs that target specific defects arising from CFTR mutations. The two main categories of such compounds are potentiators, which enhance CFTR gating by increasing the channel’s open probability, and correctors, which improve CFTR protein folding and trafficking to the plasma membrane. In addition to these, other investigational molecules include amplifiers and stabilizers, which enhance the levels and the stability of CFTR on the cell surface, and read-through agents that promote the insertion of correct amino acids at premature termination codons. Currently, four CFTR modulators are clinically approved: the potentiator ivacaftor (VX-770), either as monotherapy or in combination with the correctors lumacaftor (VX-809), tezacaftor (VX-661), and elexacaftor (VX-445). Among these, the triple combination VX-445/VX-661/VX-770 (marketed as Trikafta^® in the US and Kaftrio^® in Europe) has emerged as the most effective CFTR modulator therapy to date, demonstrating significant clinical benefits in phase III trials for patients with at least one F508del CFTR allele. Despite these advancements, the mechanisms of action and binding sites of these modulators on CFTR have only recently begun to be elucidated. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms could provide essential insights for developing more potent and effective modulators, particularly in combination therapies. This narrative review delves into the mechanism of action, binding sites, and combinatorial effects of approved and investigational CFTR modulators, highlighting ongoing efforts to broaden therapeutic options for individuals with CF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Molecular Mechanism of Monogenic Diseases: 3rd Edition)

10 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges of Constipation in People Suffering from Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review

by Takahiko Nagamine

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15020033 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are susceptible to constipation induced by antipsychotic medications. However, research investigating the prevalence of this adverse effect and its underlying mechanisms is limited. Methods: To address this knowledge gap, a narrative review was conducted on the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia are susceptible to constipation induced by antipsychotic medications. However, research investigating the prevalence of this adverse effect and its underlying mechanisms is limited. Methods: To address this knowledge gap, a narrative review was conducted on the subject of constipation in patients with schizophrenia. A comprehensive electronic search was conducted in the PubMed and J-Stage databases. Results: The prevalence of constipation in individuals with schizophrenia is high, ranging from 30% to 60%. The risk of constipation increases with high doses of antipsychotics and with the concomitant use of anticholinergics and mood stabilizers. The prevalence of constipation varies by sex, with women demonstrating a higher risk compared to men. Conclusions: Constipation is a prevalent complaint among individuals with schizophrenia, with women exhibiting a higher risk. The underlying pathophysiology of sex differences in constipation is attributed to variations in monoamines within the descending pain inhibitory pathway, which governs the neural circuitry associated with defecation. Constipation can lead to significant complications, underscoring the need for a multifaceted approach to treatment that considers the intestinal environment beyond the mere use of laxatives. Full article

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18 pages, 4940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Noah Kalicki, Kyle Ruhland, Fangzheng Chen, Dante G. Quirinale, Zengquan Wang, Douglas L. Abernathy, K. F. Kelton and Nicholas A. Mauro

Liquids 2025, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/liquids5010004 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

When examined at the nanometer length scale, metallic liquids exhibit extensive ordering. Bonding enthalpies are balanced against entropic tendencies resulting in a rich complicated behavior that leads to clustering that depends on temperature but evolves on picosecond time scales. The structural organization of [...] Read more.

When examined at the nanometer length scale, metallic liquids exhibit extensive ordering. Bonding enthalpies are balanced against entropic tendencies resulting in a rich complicated behavior that leads to clustering that depends on temperature but evolves on picosecond time scales. The structural organization of metallic liquids affects their thermophysical properties, such as viscosity and density, thus influencing the ability of a metallic liquid to form useful technological phases, such as metallic glasses. The time-dependent pair correlation function (the Van Hove function) was determined for metallic-glass forming Cu₄₉Zr₄₅Al₆ at 1060 °C from time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering measurements made using the Neutron Electrostatic Levitation facility at the Spallation Neutron Source. The time for changes in local atomic connectivity, which is the timescale of atomic ordering, was determined by examining the decay of the nearest neighbor peak. The results of rigorous statistical analyses were used to distinguish between competing models of ordering, suggesting that a stretched exponential model of coordination number change is valid for this system. Full article

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21 pages, 2121 KiB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Management of Ebola Virus: Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Pathways

by Martin Ndayambaje, Hicham Wahnou, Abdallah Naya and Mounia Oudghiri

BioChem 2025, 5(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/biochem5010003 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Ebola virus (EBOV), a highly lethal pathogen causing hemorrhagic fever, poses a persistent public health threat, with devastating multi-organ complications and high transmission potential through bodily fluids. EBOV’s pathogenesis is marked by severe oxidative stress and immune dysregulation, where increased reactive oxygen [...] Read more.

The Ebola virus (EBOV), a highly lethal pathogen causing hemorrhagic fever, poses a persistent public health threat, with devastating multi-organ complications and high transmission potential through bodily fluids. EBOV’s pathogenesis is marked by severe oxidative stress and immune dysregulation, where increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels foster cellular damage, hinder immune defenses, and facilitate viral replication. Through immune evasion and suppression of cellular stress responses, EBOV affects both innate and adaptive immunity, activating pyroptosis, PANoptosis, necroptosis, and lymphocyte apoptosis, thereby amplifying inflammation and disease severity. Recent research suggests that bioactive molecules, including quercetin, curcumin, eugenol, and p-anisaldehyde, may offer therapeutic potential due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. This review also underscores the potential of conventional treatments, including amiodarone, favipiravir, remdesivir, azithromycin, chloroquine, and nitazoxanide, as therapeutic agents against EBOV, thanks to their antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, although their efficacy varies across experimental models. These natural compounds could enhance immune resilience by scavenging ROS, modulating inflammation, and mitigating immune dysregulation, presenting promising adjunctive strategies to support conventional EBOV therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Emerging Mechanisms and Therapeutics)

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12 pages, 581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Large Language Models for High-Quality Lay Summaries: Efficacy of ChatGPT-4 with Custom Prompts in a Consecutive Series of Prostate Cancer Manuscripts

by Emily Rinderknecht, Anna Schmelzer, Anton Kravchuk, Christopher Goßler, Johannes Breyer, Christian Gilfrich, Maximilian Burger, Simon Engelmann, Veronika Saberi, Clemens Kirschner, Dominik von Winning, Roman Mayr, Christian Wülfing, Hendrik Borgmann, Stephan Buse, Maximilian Haas and Matthias May

Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32020102 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Clear and accessible lay summaries are essential for enhancing the public understanding of scientific knowledge. This study aimed to evaluate whether ChatGPT-4 can generate high-quality lay summaries that are both accurate and comprehensible for prostate cancer research in Current Oncology. To achieve [...] Read more.

Clear and accessible lay summaries are essential for enhancing the public understanding of scientific knowledge. This study aimed to evaluate whether ChatGPT-4 can generate high-quality lay summaries that are both accurate and comprehensible for prostate cancer research in Current Oncology. To achieve this, it systematically assessed ChatGPT-4’s ability to summarize 80 prostate cancer articles published in the journal between July 2022 and June 2024 using two distinct prompt designs: a basic “simple” prompt and an enhanced “extended” prompt. Readability was assessed using established metrics, including the Flesch–Kincaid Reading Ease (FKRE), while content quality was evaluated with a 5-point Likert scale for alignment with source material. The extended prompt demonstrated significantly higher readability (median FKRE: 40.9 vs. 29.1, p < 0.001), better alignment with quality thresholds (86.2% vs. 47.5%, p < 0.001), and reduced the required reading level, making content more accessible. Both prompt designs produced content with high comprehensiveness (median Likert score: 5). This study highlights the critical role of tailored prompt engineering in optimizing large language models (LLMs) for medical communication. Limitations include the exclusive focus on prostate cancer, the use of predefined prompts without iterative refinement, and the absence of a direct comparison with human-crafted summaries. These findings underscore the transformative potential of LLMs like ChatGPT-4 to streamline the creation of lay summaries, reduce researchers’ workload, and enhance public engagement. Future research should explore prompt variability, incorporate patient feedback, and extend applications across broader medical domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genitourinary Oncology)

13 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Solar Power Plants on the Electricity Grid: A Case Study of Albania

by Astrit Bardhi, Ajakida Eski, Bajram Leka and Klodian Dhoska

Eng 2025, 6(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6020035 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The demand for electricity in Albania has risen significantly in recent years, accompanied by a growing emphasis on sustainable and environmentally friendly development. As a result, the focus of electricity generation is increasingly shifting towards renewable sources, particularly solar energy. In recent years, [...] Read more.

The demand for electricity in Albania has risen significantly in recent years, accompanied by a growing emphasis on sustainable and environmentally friendly development. As a result, the focus of electricity generation is increasingly shifting towards renewable sources, particularly solar energy. In recent years, several large-scale solar plants have been installed across the country. This research examines four different scenarios and evaluates various technical parameters related to electrical power quality to assess the effects of integrating solar plants into the power system. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the active power losses and voltage fluctuations in the electrical distribution network following the connection of solar plants through the main distribution grid. Simulations were conducted using the Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software platform. The results suggest that a substantial penetration of solar energy into the grid may lead to increased losses in both active and reactive power. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical and Electronic Engineering)

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14 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coffee and Tea Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Australians

by Tommy Hon Ting Wong, George Burlutsky, Bamini Gopinath, Victoria M. Flood, Paul Mitchell and Jimmy Chun Yu Louie

Diabetology 2025, 6(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6020012 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: The prospective relationship between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is seldom assessed in older adults. This study investigated the association between coffee and tea consumption and the 10-year incidence of T2DM in older [...] Read more.

Background: The prospective relationship between coffee and tea consumption and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is seldom assessed in older adults. This study investigated the association between coffee and tea consumption and the 10-year incidence of T2DM in older Australian adults. Method: Data were collected from participants aged 49 years or above at baseline of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (n = 1668). Coffee and tea intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. T2DM was ascertained by the self-reported history, fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, or self-reported use of diabetes medication. Associations were assessed using discrete-time logistic regression, adjusting for lifestyle and demographic factors. Results: Compared to no consumption, coffee intake of 1 cup/day was associated with a lower risk of developing T2DM (multivariate-adjusted HR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.91) in the 10-year follow-up period. However, consumption of 2–3 cups/day (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.37, 1.18) or ≥4 cups/day (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.52, 2.08) showed no significant association. Tea consumption at any level was not significantly associated with T2DM incidence. Results were similar after excluding participants with implausible energy intake. Conclusions: In older adults, moderate coffee intake (1 cup/day) was associated with lower T2DM incidence, while higher coffee consumption and tea intake at any level were not. The lack of a dose-dependent effect in coffee consumption warrants further investigation. These findings should be verified in larger studies, considering different coffee and tea types and potential age-related and genetic factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes)

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17 pages, 15604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Lattice Structures in the Stress–Strain State for an Impeller Turbine

by Dmitry Evdokimov, Fidel Agustin Sangines Lezama, Evgeny Filinov and Pavel Chertykovtsev

Eng 2025, 6(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6020034 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The stress level of a rotating component is of vital importance in order to ensure its safe operation. The primary source of stress for this type of component is the induced centrifugal stress, which depends on the material, rotational speed, and the distribution [...] Read more.

The stress level of a rotating component is of vital importance in order to ensure its safe operation. The primary source of stress for this type of component is the induced centrifugal stress, which depends on the material, rotational speed, and the distribution of the mass. The reduction of stress has been a topic of study for some time; however, the advent of additive technologies has prompted a new wave of research into the design and manufacture of centrifugal impellers for gas turbine engines, incorporating internal lattice structures (LSs). These structures offer benefits in terms of material savings and load reduction by decreasing the centrifugal force. The present work analyzes the stress–strain state of a turbine centrifugal impeller for six different designs, distinguished by the presence or absence of LSs of various geometries, achievable only through additive technologies. The analysis was conducted on a turbine impeller, which serves as an example of a promising small-scale gas turbine engine (SSGTE). The effectiveness of LSs was assessed through their unloading effect; furthermore, an approach to identify their optimal location within the impeller was demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Engineering)

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14 pages, 596 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cutting-Edge Diagnostic Tools for Cardiac Amyloidosis Detection

by Zubair Bashir, Bilal Khan and Syed Bukhari

Hearts 2025, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/hearts6010004 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The prevalence of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), especially as a cause of heart failure, has significantly increased in recent years. Early detection and accurate assessment of the disease burden are crucial for initiating timely treatment and ensuring precise prognosis. CA primarily results from the [...] Read more.

The prevalence of cardiac amyloidosis (CA), especially as a cause of heart failure, has significantly increased in recent years. Early detection and accurate assessment of the disease burden are crucial for initiating timely treatment and ensuring precise prognosis. CA primarily results from the infiltration of the myocardium by either immunoglobulin light chain fibrils (AL) or transthyretin fibrils (ATTR), leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy and eventual death if untreated. Over the past decade, advancements in diagnostic imaging and heightened clinical awareness have revealed a substantial presence of CA, particularly ATTR, among the elderly. These diagnostic improvements encompass echocardiography, cardiac computerized tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, and radionuclide scintigraphy with bone-avid tracers. Concurrently, significant progress has been made in therapeutic options, with new disease-modifying treatments now available that can dramatically alter the disease trajectory and improve survival rates when administered early. However, despite these advancements, there remains an urgent need for the early and accurate detection of CA to ensure that patients can fully benefit from these emerging therapies. Full article

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10 pages, 2068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Outcomes of Sutureless Small Incision Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty: A Retrospective Study

by Le Xuan Cung, Luong Thi Anh Thu, Duong Mai Nga and Pham Ngoc Dong

Transplantology 2025, 6(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/transplantology6010004 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: This study evaluated the outcomes of sutureless small incision Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK-SI) for treating corneal endothelial decompensation. Methods and Analysis: This retrospective study reviewed patients with corneal endothelial decompensation who underwent DSAEK-SI between January 2018 and June 2021 at [...] Read more.

Background: This study evaluated the outcomes of sutureless small incision Descemet’s Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK-SI) for treating corneal endothelial decompensation. Methods and Analysis: This retrospective study reviewed patients with corneal endothelial decompensation who underwent DSAEK-SI between January 2018 and June 2021 at the Vietnam National Eye Hospital. All patients were followed for at least one year postoperatively. The endothelial graft was inserted into the anterior chamber through a 2.8 mm main corneal incision using a Busin glide. The normal pressure air tamponade of the anterior chamber was applied to attach the graft to the recipient bed. The small incision required no sutures, and no need to remove part of the air from the anterior chamber. This ensured that the surgery ended immediately after the air tamponade, without having to wait for 15 min like with regular DSAEK. The patients were instructed to lie supine for at least 6 h postoperatively. Patients with cataracts underwent combined phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation with DSAEK-SI. Results: Sixty eyes from sixty patients were enrolled. The success rate of the surgery was 93.3%. Postoperatively, the best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) improved from 20/3600 to 20/400 at discharge and reached 20/100 at 12 months. Mild astigmatism (0.5D to 2D) was observed in 91.8% of patients, with a mean cylinder of 0.9 ± 0.4D at 12 months. The endothelial cell loss rate after 12 months was 34.6 ± 16%. No graft dislocations or detachments were recorded. Conclusions: The sutureless DSAEK-SI technique with a 2.8 mm incision is a modified technique that achieves high success rates and potentially reduces surgical manipulation and complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Living Donors and Mini Invasive Surgery)

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3 pages, 187 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Updates on Caries Management in the Primary and Permanent Dentition

by Julian Schmoeckel

Medicina 2025, 61(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020316 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Caries is still one of the most prevalent diseases affecting children and adults worldwide [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Caries Management in the Primary and Permanent Dentition)

10 pages, 591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Neurosurgery Consultations in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Hakan Kina and Hakan Yavuzer

Medicina 2025, 61(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020315 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate neurosurgery consultations for elderly patients during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This study included patients aged 65 and older who were hospitalized in non-neurosurgery departments at Istinye University Gaziosmanpasa Medical [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate neurosurgery consultations for elderly patients during and following the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This study included patients aged 65 and older who were hospitalized in non-neurosurgery departments at Istinye University Gaziosmanpasa Medical Park Hospital and were referred for neurosurgery consultations between 1 April 2020 and 31 May 2024. Patients in the intensive care unit and emergency department were excluded. The period from 1 April 2020 to 30 April 2022 was defined as the pandemic period, and from 1 May 2022 to 31 May 2024 as the post-pandemic period. Results: A total of 123 patients were included in this study, with 57 from the pandemic period and 66 from the post-pandemic period. The average age during the pandemic period was 73.45 years (range: 65–93), compared to 71.09 years (range: 65–94) in the post-pandemic period. During the pandemic, 26.3% of patients were recommended for physical therapy and rehabilitation, 24.6% were advised to undergo surgery, 19.3% received neurology consultations, and 17.5% received medical treatment. In the post-pandemic period, 37.9% were recommended for surgery, 16.7% for neurology, 13.6% for physical therapy and rehabilitation, and 7.6% for medical treatment. Overall, 56.4% of patients accepted surgery. Conclusions: Despite the high prevalence of comorbidities in geriatric patients, appropriate neurosurgical referrals significantly improve treatment success, enhance quality of life and mobility, and reduce mortality. We therefore recommend earlier and more attentive referrals to neurosurgery for elderly patients with relevant symptoms to facilitate timely and effective interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgery)

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16 pages, 869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Echocardiographic Findings in Jordanian Atrial Fibrillation Patients: Analysis from Jo-Fib Study

by Zaid A. Abdulelah, Kais Al Balbissi, Mohammad Al-Dqour, Ayman Hammoudeh and Ahmed A. Abdulelah

Medicina 2025, 61(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020314 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) carries a huge socioeconomic burden as it is the most encountered cardiac arrhythmia with a significant morbidity. Echocardiographic (Echo) imaging is of monumental value in providing insight into assessing the cardiac function and anatomy, etiology, and risk [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Atrial fibrillation (AF) carries a huge socioeconomic burden as it is the most encountered cardiac arrhythmia with a significant morbidity. Echocardiographic (Echo) imaging is of monumental value in providing insight into assessing the cardiac function and anatomy, etiology, and risk stratification of AF patients, which will ultimately lead to the best management plan. Materials and Methods: A total of 2160 adult patients diagnosed with AF in 18 hospitals and 30 out-patient cardiology clinics in Jordan and 1 hospital in the Palestinian Territories were enrolled in this study from May 2019 to January 2021. Ultimately, 1776 patients were included in the analysis after going through the exclusion criteria. Results: The majority of our participants were found to have normal EF at the time of enrollment, with only 31.6% exhibiting a decreased EF. Only 40% of overall patients had Echo evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). These patients were older (70.27 ± 10.1 vs. 66.0 ± 14.3, p < 0.001), more obese (45.2% vs. 37.3%, p-value < 0.001), and had a more frequent occurrence of HTN (89.0% vs. 65.6%, p < 0.001) and DM (49.2% vs. 40.1%, p < 0.001) when compared to patients without LVH. A proportion of 84.2% of female patients had abnormal left atrial (LA) size (>3.8 cm), in contrast to only 53.4% of males (LA > 4.2 cm). Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was only observed in 27.9% of our patients, and when comparing patients with PH vs. patients without PH, decreased EF (<50%) (36.9% vs. 20.6%, p = 0.001), a higher prevalence of OSA (6.7% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.009), female predominance (60.3% vs. 39.7%, p < 0.001), and older age (70.2 ± 10.7 vs. 66.7 ± 13.6, p < 0.001) were observed in patients with PH. Conclusion: This study provides the first reported insights on the atrial fibrillation-related echocardiographic findings in a Middle Eastern population. Notably, our study demonstrates that the majority of the studied population have no evidence of LVH and have preserved EF on baseline. However, LA enlargement was extremely frequent among females but not in males, warranting further evaluation to determine the factors contributing to such a difference. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Cardiology in a New Era: Navigating Challenges and Embracing Opportunities)

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11 pages, 4559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Standard to Handheld: A New Wave in Thoracic Ultrasound and Patient Care—A Direct Comparison of Portable Handheld Against Standard in Thoracic Ultrasound

by Dzufar Halim, Alan Kelly, James Hayes, Kathleen Bennett, Argyrios Tzouvelekis, Dimitrios Ampazis and Fotios Sampsonas

Medicina 2025, 61(2), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020313 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Ultrasound has become more popular and useful over the last few years in improving healthcare. While handheld devices offer portability and convenience, their diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility require further scrutiny. This study attempted to evaluate the non-inferiority of handheld portable ultrasound [...] Read more.

Background: Ultrasound has become more popular and useful over the last few years in improving healthcare. While handheld devices offer portability and convenience, their diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility require further scrutiny. This study attempted to evaluate the non-inferiority of handheld portable ultrasound devices compared to standard ultrasound devices for common lung pathologies. Methods: Videos of various common lung pathologies from 20 patients were recorded by a single operator using both portable handheld and standard ultrasound devices in a single setting. These videos were then assessed via online questionnaires by clinicians of various levels of experience from respiratory and non-respiratory departments. A Likert scale was used, ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree (ranging from 1 to 5) in terms of overall image quality, clear anatomical visualization, similar clinical interpretations/decisions, and the perception of non-inferiority. Median values with interquartile ranges were reported; a rating of 3 or above was defined as indicating non-inferiority. Results: Thirty participants completed the questionnaires, of which the majority were at trainee level (n = 20, 73%) and from a respiratory department (n = 20, 67%). The participants had mixed levels of experience in terms of the years and frequency of use of the ultrasound. Overall median ratings were 4.0 for overall image quality, clear anatomical visualization, and similar clinical interpretations/decisions, with slight variations in interquartile ranges. No significant differences were observed between subgroups. The portable ultrasound device was rated similarly for the overall perception of non-inferiority, but clinicians from respiratory departments and clinicians with less experience showed statistically significant variability in their assessments. Conclusions: The portable handheld device demonstrated potential as a reliable alternative to standard models in standard clinical settings without compromising clinical decision. Further evaluation is needed that includes a direct comparison of various types of handheld ultrasound devices, across different operators’ levels of experience, to further solidify their suitability in patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pulmonology)

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17 pages, 599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coping Strategies Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Emotional Responses, Challenges, and Adaptive Practices

by Aida Puia, Sorina Rodica Pop, Bianca Olivia Cojan Manzat, Sebastian Pintea, Ion Cosmin Puia and Mihaela Fadgyas-Stanculete

Medicina 2025, 61(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020311 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to healthcare workers, leading to significant psychological distress, altered health-related behaviors, and reliance on various coping mechanisms. Understanding these impacts is critical for developing targeted interventions to support healthcare professionals. This study [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to healthcare workers, leading to significant psychological distress, altered health-related behaviors, and reliance on various coping mechanisms. Understanding these impacts is critical for developing targeted interventions to support healthcare professionals. This study aimed to evaluate the psychological stressors, emotional responses, changes in healthy behaviors, and coping mechanisms employed by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study further examined differences across demographic and professional groups and explored correlations between stressors, coping strategies, and emotional outcomes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 338 healthcare workers, including physicians and nurses, in urban and rural healthcare settings during the pandemic. Data were collected using validated instruments to measure emotional responses (anxiety and anger), lifestyle behaviors (dietary habits, sleep patterns, physical activity, and smoking), and coping strategies. Statistical analyses included descriptive, inferential, and correlation techniques to assess relationships between variables. Results: Fear of infecting family members (M = 3.36, SD = 0.86) and concerns about inadequate protective equipment (M = 2.80, SD = 0.95) were the most significant stressors, strongly associated with heightened anxiety and anger. Changes in healthy behaviors were observed: 69.2% maintained a healthy meal schedule, 56.5% reported disrupted sleep patterns, and only 39.6% engaged in regular physical activity. Among smokers (27.5%), 31.1% increased smoking as a maladaptive coping strategy, while 21.1% reduced smoking. Nurses predominantly relied on emotion-focused strategies, such as religious coping and venting, whereas physicians favored problem-focused strategies like planning and active coping. Social support emerged as a protective factor, mitigating stress and facilitating adaptive coping. Conclusions: The study revealed significant psychological and behavioral impacts on healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Key stressors included the fear of infecting family members, concerns about inadequate protective measures, and the prolonged uncertainty of the pandemic, which contributed to heightened levels of anxiety and anger. Changes in healthy behaviors, such as disrupted sleep patterns, decreased physical activity, and increased reliance on maladaptive coping mechanisms, further underscored the multifaceted challenges faced by healthcare professionals. Although the acute phase of the pandemic has passed, the long-term consequences on the mental health and well-being of healthcare workers remain critical concerns. Further research is essential to develop effective strategies for monitoring, preventing, and addressing psychological distress among healthcare professionals, ensuring their preparedness for future public health crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact on Human Health, Lifestyle and Quality of Care After COVID-19, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 3257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Body Position and Support Surface on the Postural Control Challenge During the Pallof Press Exercise: A Smartphone Accelerometer-Based Study

by Casto Juan-Recio, Amaya Prat-Luri, Heidy Rondón-Espinosa, David Barbado and Francisco J. Vera-Garcia

Medicina 2025, 61(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61020312 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background and objectives: Although different variations of the Pallof press exercise are commonly performed in sports and fitness settings to increase core stability, the intensity/difficulty of these variations is unknown and therefore it is difficult to control the training load and establish [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: Although different variations of the Pallof press exercise are commonly performed in sports and fitness settings to increase core stability, the intensity/difficulty of these variations is unknown and therefore it is difficult to control the training load and establish exercise progressions. This study aimed to compare and rank the postural control challenge imposed by five different isometric variations of the Pallof press exercise through a smartphone accelerometer placed on the participants’ pelvis and to explore sex differences in the lumbopelvic postural control during the exercise performance. Materials and Methods: Twelve physically active participants completed two testing sessions in which they performed two sets of five different isometric variations of the Pallof press exercise (changing the body position and/or the support surface: kneeling on a foam pad, feet together standing on the floor, tandem stance on the floor, feet together standing on a hemisphere ball, and tandem stance on a hemisphere ball). After confirming the acceleration data reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥ 0.72 and typical errors ≤ 17%), a repeated measure ANOVA was carried out to classify the Pallof press variations according to the postural control challenge imposed on the participants and to analyze sex differences on postural control. Results: Significant effects were found for the within-subject factor exercise variations but not for the between-subject factor sex. Pairwise comparisons showed that the exercise variations performed on the hemisphere ball (feet together standing: 0.55 m/s²; tandem stance: 0.61 m/s²) imposed higher postural control demands than those performed on the other surfaces (kneeling on a foam pad: 0.17 m/s²; feet together standing on the floor: 0.22 m/s²; tandem stance on the floor: 0.31 m/s²). In addition, the tandem stance on the floor produced higher lumbopelvic accelerations than the Pallof press kneeling variation. Conclusions: The Pallof press performance in standing rather than kneeling (i.e., reducing the base of support and raising the center of gravity and the height of the lateral force applied by the elastic band) and on a hemisphere ball increased the exercise difficulty compared to more stable surfaces. This information could help to modulate the difficulty and establish progressions for this exercise in physically active young males and females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Objective Measures in Physiotherapy for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Orthopedics, and Sports Medicine)

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21 pages, 8043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI Agent-Based Intelligent Urban Digital Twin (I-UDT): Concept, Methodology, and Case Studies

by Sebin Choi and Sungmin Yoon

Smart Cities 2025, 8(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8010028 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

The concept of digital twins (DTs) has expanded to encompass buildings and cities, with urban building energy modeling (UBEM) playing a crucial role in predicting urban-scale energy consumption via modeling individual energy use and interactions. As a virtual model within urban digital twins [...] Read more.

The concept of digital twins (DTs) has expanded to encompass buildings and cities, with urban building energy modeling (UBEM) playing a crucial role in predicting urban-scale energy consumption via modeling individual energy use and interactions. As a virtual model within urban digital twins (UDTs), UBEM offers the potential for managing energy in sustainable cities. However, UDTs face challenges with regard to integrating large-scale data and relying on bottom-up UBEM approaches. In this study, we propose an AI agent-based intelligent urban digital twin (I-UDT) to enhance DTs’ technical realization and UBEM’s service functionality. Integrating GPT within the UDT enabled the efficient integration of fragmented city-scale data and the extraction of building features, addressing the limitations of the service realization of traditional UBEM. This framework ensures continuous updates of the virtual urban model and the streamlined provision of updated information to users in future studies. This research establishes the concept of an I-UDT and lays a foundation for future implementations. The case studies include (1) data analysis, (2) prediction, (3) feature engineering, and (4) information services for 3500 buildings in Seoul. Through these case studies, the I-UDT was integrated and analyzed scattered data, predicted energy consumption, derived conditioned areas, and evaluated buildings on benchmark. Full article

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14 pages, 4304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Basal Cut Prediction of a Sugarcane Culm via Numerical Simulations

by Alexandre Assis Rezende Santos, Andre Luiz Gonçalves Costa, Ednilton Tavares de Andrade, Fabio Lucio Santos and Ricardo Rodrigues Magalhães

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7020042 - 11 Feb 2025

Abstract

Brazil is the world’s largest sugarcane producer, with 45.71 million tons of sugar and 29.7 billion liters of ethanol in 2023. To meet growing demand while addressing environmental concerns, sugarcane mechanical harvesting demands new research in the area. This work took into account [...] Read more.

Brazil is the world’s largest sugarcane producer, with 45.71 million tons of sugar and 29.7 billion liters of ethanol in 2023. To meet growing demand while addressing environmental concerns, sugarcane mechanical harvesting demands new research in the area. This work took into account the anisotropy and heterogeneity of sugarcane stems. Base cutting was simulated using the finite element method. For this, mechanical properties were obtained by using sugarcane common grade RB966928. The simulation was based on a rotational speed of 640 rpm and a cutting angle of 18° of the cutting blade. The results demonstrate that the cutting angle has a significant contribution to the stress level. Results found a maximum stress in the sugarcane skin around 18.2 MPa and 14.1 MPa in the sugarcane pulp. Compared to other results in the literature, the stress value difference was around 12%. Based on that, this work highlights the importance of sugarcane mechanization based on finite element analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Mechanization and Machinery)

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