Wind-Induced Response Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of a Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Finite Element Modeling and Modal Analysis of the WindPACT-3MW Wind Turbine Tower
3. Analysis of the Static Mechanical Characteristics of a Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss
3.1. Design Parameters and Finite Element Model for the Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower
3.2. Analysis of the Static Bearing Capacity of the Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower
4. Static Optimization Analysis of the Hybrid Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss
4.1. Influence of the Web Member Type on the Static Bearing Capacity of the Hybrid Tower
4.2. Influence of the Tube-Height-to-Truss-Height Ratio on the Static Bearing Capacity of the Hybrid Tower
4.3. Influence of the Aspect Ratio on the Static Bearing Capacity of the Hybrid Tower
5. Wind-Induced Dynamic Response of the Hybrid Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss
5.1. Wind Load Simulation
5.2. Modal Analysis of the Hybrid Tower
5.3. Wind-Induced Vibration of the Tower
6. Fatigue Life Prediction of the Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss
6.1. Fatigue Life of the Hybrid Tower at the Rated Wind Speed
6.2. Fatigue Life of the Hybrid Tower under Various Wind Speeds Ranging from the Cut-In Wind Speed to the Cut-Out Wind Speed
7. Conclusions
- With the same design total height and same material, using a higher truss with subdivided truss webs and larger base dimensions can significantly increase the overall bending stiffness and static bearing capacity of the hybrid wind turbine tower.
- The fundamental natural frequency of the hybrid tower is far from the excitation frequencies caused by the rotor speed (1P) or 3P harmonics from the rotor, indicating that there will be no resonance when blades are running at the rated speed. During normal operation, the along-wind responses of the hybrid tower are significantly greater than the crosswind responses, indicating that the aerodynamic thrust generated by the blades is the main factor causing the wind-induced vibration of the tower.
- For the hybrid tower analyzed in this study, when only the action of the rated wind speed is considered, the annual fatigue cumulative damage factor is 0.021, and the fatigue life is 47.6 (years). When considering the wind load in the entire range from the cut-in wind speed to the cut-out wind speed, the annual fatigue cumulative damage factor is 0.026, and the fatigue life is 38.5 (years). Therefore, when predicting the fatigue life of a hybrid wind turbine tower, the wind loads of the tower should be fully considered.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Items | Value | Items | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Rated power | 3 MW | Mass of tower | 351,798 kg |
Rotor diameter | 99 m | Nacelle mass | 132,598 kg |
Number of blades | 3 | Rotor mass | 101,384 kg |
Hub height | 119 m | Hub diameter | 4.95 m |
Swept area | 7693.8 m2 | Steel mass density | 7850 kg/m3 |
Cut-in wind speed | 3 m/s | Steel elastic modulus | 200 GPa |
Rated speed | 14.469 rpm | Steel shear modulus | 76.0 GPa |
Rated wind speed | 12.9 m/s | Cut-out wind speed | 25 m/s |
Mode Order | Simulated Frequency in the Present Study (Hz) f0 | Frequency Results Given by Reference (Rinker J. M. et al.) [18] (Hz) f | Relative Deviation (%) |(f0 − f)/f0| |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.281 | 0.283 | 0.7 |
2 | 2.002 | 1.996 | 0.3 |
Items | Value | Items | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Rated power | 3 MW | Length of the upper tube | 60 m |
Diameter of the tube top | 3.9 m | Diameter of the tube bottom | 4.5 m |
Wall thickness at the top of the tube | 48 mm | Wall thickness at the bottom of the tube | 64 mm |
Truss height | 60 m | Width of the truss top | 6.5 m |
Width of the truss base | 15 m | Main material specification of the truss | 680 × 14 mm |
Diagonal member specifications of the truss | 272 × 6 mm | Web member specification of the truss | 272 × 6 mm |
Steel mass density | 7850 kg/m3 | Steel elastic modulus | 200 GPa |
Stress Range (MPa) | Actual Annual Number of Stress Cycles | Theoretical Annual Number of Stress Cycles | Annual Fatigue Damage Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|
4.91 | 33 | 1.07 × 1012 | 3.24 × 10−8 |
13.66 | 32 | 6.4 × 109 | 5.42 × 10−4 |
24.88 | 33 | 3.19 × 109 | 1.09 × 10−3 |
34.37 | 38 | 6.35 × 108 | 6.29 × 10−3 |
42.12 | 21 | 2.3 × 108 | 9.6 × 10−3 |
50.72 | 12 | 9.07 × 108 | 1.39 × 10−3 |
67.74 | 8 | 4.75 × 107 | 1.78 × 10−3 |
Annual fatigue cumulative damage coefficient: 0.021 |
Wind Speed (m/s) | Annual Lasting Hours (h) | Equivalent Stress Range (MPa) | Actual Annual Number of Stress Cycles | Theoretical Annual Number of Stress Cycles | Annual Fatigue Damage Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 529.3 | 1.023 | 1.3 × 106 | 2.72 × 1015 | 4.78 × 10−10 |
5 | 963.9 | 5.041 | 2.0 × 106 | 9.36 × 1012 | 2.14 × 10−7 |
7 | 1236.6 | 7.511 | 3.44 × 106 | 1.27 × 1012 | 2.71 × 10−6 |
9 | 1324.9 | 31.47 | 2.99 × 106 | 6.68 × 109 | 4.48 × 10−4 |
11 | 1250.1 | 55.25 | 2.63 × 106 | 2.97 × 109 | 8.86 × 10−4 |
13 | 1063.7 | 60.5 | 2.68 × 106 | 9.57 × 108 | 2.8 × 10−3 |
15 | 826.6 | 71.17 | 2.25 × 106 | 2.57 × 108 | 8.75 × 10−3 |
17 | 591.2 | 96.41 | 1.54 × 106 | 1.41 × 109 | 1.09 × 10−3 |
19 | 390.9 | 139.21 | 1.07 × 106 | 4.48 × 108 | 2.39 × 10−3 |
21 | 239.9 | 153.39 | 6.62 × 105 | 1.61 × 108 | 4.11 × 10−3 |
23 | 136.9 | 187.47 | 3.78 × 105 | 1.39 × 108 | 2.72 × 10−3 |
25 | 72.8 | 208.88 | 2 × 104 | 7.23 × 106 | 2.77 × 10−3 |
Annual fatigue cumulative damage coefficient: 0.026 |
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Zhang, M.; Xie, C.; Li, T.; Hossain, M.N.; Zhao, G. Wind-Induced Response Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of a Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss. Buildings 2024, 14, 1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051441
Zhang M, Xie C, Li T, Hossain MN, Zhao G. Wind-Induced Response Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of a Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss. Buildings. 2024; 14(5):1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051441
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Meng, Chenhao Xie, Tianxiang Li, Md Nayim Hossain, and Guifeng Zhao. 2024. "Wind-Induced Response Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of a Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower Combining an Upper Steel Tube with a Lower Steel Truss" Buildings 14, no. 5: 1441. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051441