Journal Description
Minerals
Minerals
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of natural mineral systems, mineral resources, mining, and mineral processing. Minerals is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), GeoRef, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Mining & Mineral Processing) / CiteScore - Q2 (Geology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 18.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: Mining
Impact Factor:
2.5 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
Occurrence of Differences between Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals (AAEMs), Including Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium, in the Maceral Groups of the Xiheishan Coal, Zhundong Coalfield, Xinjiang, China
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050525 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the differences and correlation between the occurrence characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) among different maceral groups in high-alkali, high-inertinite coal, and provides scientific guidance for the co-separation of AAEMs and inertinite groups in Xinjiang coal. The total
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This study investigated the differences and correlation between the occurrence characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) among different maceral groups in high-alkali, high-inertinite coal, and provides scientific guidance for the co-separation of AAEMs and inertinite groups in Xinjiang coal. The total AAEMs of inertinite-enriched samples were significantly higher than those in raw coals and vitrinite-enriched samples. Five-step sequential extraction showed that Na mainly occurs as water-soluble sodium (Na-Water) in raw coal and inertinite-enriched samples, accounting for about 53% of the total content, while it exists as organic sodium (Na-NH4Cl and Na-EDTA) in vitrinite-enriched samples, accounting for about 52% of the total content. Ca and Mg are both mainly present in organic form (Ca/Mg-NH4Cl and Ca/Mg-EDTA) in all the samples, with slightly higher proportions present in vitrinite-enriched samples. The contents of K are low in all the samples, which exist in an insoluble state (K-I). Combined microscopy and SEM-EDS analyses have revealed that the localized enrichment of Na in raw coal and inertinite-enriched samples occurs in the inertinite cell cavity, which primarily exists as NaHCO3 combined with quartz crystals, with a maximum content of up to 5.85 wt%. In this study, although EDS spectra could not directly characterize organic Ca and Mg, dolomite and calcite minerals were repeatedly found in the inertinite cell cavity. Moreover, the contents of Ca and Mg in the vitrinite-enriched samples were significantly lower than those in the other samples, which suggests that Ca and Mg are enriched with the inertinite groups. The localized enrichment of AAEMs could not be detected in any of the vitrinite-enriched samples. In summary, though there are significant differences between the occurrence modes of AAEMs in different maceral groups of high-alkali coal, AAEMs have a strong affinity with inertinite, which may be due to the inertinite’s abundant pore structures.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Deposits)
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Tracing the Origin and Magmatic Evolution of the Rejuvenated Volcanism in Santa Clara Island, Juan Fernández Ridge, SE Pacific
by
Javier Reyes, Luis E. Lara, Vanessa Sutherland, Nicolás Aguirre, Carlos Orellana, Folkmar Hauff and Kaj Hoernle
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050524 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Oceanic intraplate volcanoes sometimes experience late-stage eruptive activity known as rejuvenated volcanism, and contrasting interpretations for its petrogenesis depend on the compositional characteristics. In the Juan Fernández Ridge (JFR), a volcanic chain approximately 800 km in length emplaced on the Nazca Plate, some
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Oceanic intraplate volcanoes sometimes experience late-stage eruptive activity known as rejuvenated volcanism, and contrasting interpretations for its petrogenesis depend on the compositional characteristics. In the Juan Fernández Ridge (JFR), a volcanic chain approximately 800 km in length emplaced on the Nazca Plate, some subaerial occurrences of rejuvenated volcanism have been recognized on the Robinson Crusoe and Santa Clara Islands, both part of the same deeply eroded shield volcano complex. This study aims to understand the origin and magmatic evolution of rejuvenated volcanism on Santa Clara Island, emplaced after ~2.15 Ma of quiescence above the shield sequence, mainly via the analysis of unpublished geochemical and isotopic data. Field reconnaissance identified two nearly coeval rejuvenated sequences on Santa Clara Island: Bahía W (BW) and Morro Spartan (MS), both formed by basanitic and picro-basaltic lava flows with brecciated levels and local intercalations of sedimentary and pyroclastic deposits. In comparison to the chemical signature of the preceding shield-building stage (comprised mainly of basalts and picrites), the two rejuvenated sequences exhibit a notable enrichment in incompatible elements, but the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes are very similar to the FOZO mantle endmember, with an apparent additional contribution of HIMU and EM1 components. The geochemistry of lavas revealed the involvement of various processes, including contamination by ultramafic xenoliths, high-pressure fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene, and potential partial assimilation of oceanic lithospheric components. While the oceanic lithosphere has been considered as a potential source, the isotopic data from Santa Clara lies outside of the mixing curve between depleted mantle (DM, here represented by the North Chile Rise and the East Pacific Rise) and the previous shield stage, suggesting that a lithospheric mantle is not the primary source for the rejuvenated stage volcanism. Therefore, we favor an origin of the rejuvenated volcanism from the mantle plume forming the JFR, supported by similarities in isotopic signatures with the shield stage and high values of 208Pb/204Pb (only comparable to San Félix—San Ambrosio in the vicinity of JFR), implying the presence of a regional source with radiogenic 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratios. In addition, isotopic variations are subparallel to the mixing line between HIMU and EM1 components, whose participation in different proportions might explain the observed trends. In conclusion, we propose that the source of the rejuvenated volcanism on Santa Clara Island is a heterogeneous mantle plume, the same one that fed the shield stage. The rejuvenated volcanism is derived from a secondary melting zone away from the main axis of the plume.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Geochemistry and Geochronology)
Open AccessArticle
Study on Sulfide Ore Dust Dispersion and Dust Reduction Measures Based on Simulation
by
Zijun Li, Pengyu Hu and Yuanyuan Xu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050523 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2024
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Sulfide ore dust is at risk of explosion. To analyze the concentration distribution of sulfide ore dust in the ore loading, transporting, and unloading operations, the migration and dispersion processes of sulfide ore dust were simulated by using FLUENT software and taking the
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Sulfide ore dust is at risk of explosion. To analyze the concentration distribution of sulfide ore dust in the ore loading, transporting, and unloading operations, the migration and dispersion processes of sulfide ore dust were simulated by using FLUENT software and taking the dust generation rate, roadway air velocity, and dust source position as variables. The concentration of sulfide ore dust was analyzed from the four-dimensional perspective of time and space. The results show that the maximum concentration of sulfide ore dust is determined by the dust generation rate. The roadway air velocity exhibits dual effects on the migration and deposition of sulfide ore dust. The ore loading position significantly impacts the distribution of sulfide ore dust, manifesting in varying degrees of superposition effects. Based on the results, this paper proposes a comprehensive dust reduction measure in the form of water curtain and dynamic ventilation, effectively minimizing the concentration of sulfide mine dust within the roadway.
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Open AccessArticle
Genesis of Rare Metal Granites in the Nubian Shield: Tectonic Control and Magmatic and Metasomatic Processes
by
Mohamed Zaki Khedr, Saif M. Abo Khashaba, Eiichi Takazawa, Safaa M. Hassan, Mokhles K. Azer, N. H. El-Shibiny, Kamal Abdelrahman and Yuji Ichiyama
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050522 - 17 May 2024
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The Igla Ahmr region in the Central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt comprises mainly syenogranites and alkali feldspar granites, with a few tonalite xenoliths. The mineral potential maps were presented in order to convert the concentrations of total rare earth elements (REEs) and
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The Igla Ahmr region in the Central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt comprises mainly syenogranites and alkali feldspar granites, with a few tonalite xenoliths. The mineral potential maps were presented in order to convert the concentrations of total rare earth elements (REEs) and associated elements such as Zr, Nb, Ga, Y, Sc, Ta, Mo, U, and Th into mappable exploration criteria based on the line density, five alteration indices, random forest (RF) machine learning, and the weighted sum model (WSM). According to petrography and geochemical analysis, random forest (RF) gives the best result and represents new locations for rare metal mineralization compared with the WSM. The studied tonalites resemble I-type granites and were crystallized from mantle-derived magmas that were contaminated by crustal materials via assimilation, while the alkali feldspar granites and syenogranites are peraluminous A-type granites. The tonalites are the old phase and are considered a transitional stage from I-type to A-type, whereas the A-type granites have evolved from the I-type ones. Their calculated zircon saturation temperature TZr ranges from 717 °C to 820 °C at pressure < 4 kbar and depth < 14 km in relatively oxidized conditions. The A-type granites have high SiO2 (71.46–77.22 wt.%), high total alkali (up to 9 wt.%), Zr (up to 482 ppm), FeOt/(FeOt + MgO) ratios > 0.86, A/CNK ratios > 1, Al2O3 + CaO < 15 wt.%, and high ΣREEs (230 ppm), but low CaO and MgO and negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.24–0.43). These chemical features resemble those of post-collisional rare metal A-type granites in the Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). The parent magma of these A-type granites was possibly derived from the partial melting of the I-type tonalitic protolith during lithospheric delamination, followed by severe fractional crystallization in the upper crust in the post-collisional setting. Their rare metal-bearing minerals, including zircon, apatite, titanite, and rutile, are of magmatic origin, while allanite, xenotime, parisite, and betafite are hydrothermal in origin. The rare metal mineralization in the Igla Ahmr granites is possibly attributed to: (1) essential components of both parental peraluminous melts and magmatic-emanated fluids that have caused metasomatism, leading to rare metal enrichment in the Igla Ahmr granites during the interaction between rocks and fluids, and (2) structural control of rare metals by the major NW–SE structures (Najd trend) and conjugate N–S and NE–SW faults, which all are channels for hydrothermal fluids that in turn have led to hydrothermal alteration. This explains why rare metal mineralization in granites is affected by hydrothermal alteration, including silicification, phyllic alteration, sericitization, kaolinitization, and chloritization.
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Open AccessArticle
Role of Calcium Chloride on the Eluting Process of Residual Ammonium from Weathered Crust Elution-Deposited Rare Earth Ore Tailings
by
Jian Feng, Xiaoyan Wu, Fang Zhou and Ruan Chi
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050521 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
A large amount of ammonium salt leaching agent will remain in the leaching site of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore (WREOs). The release of residual ammonium (RA) will seriously affect the water system ecology of the mining area, and it is urgent
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A large amount of ammonium salt leaching agent will remain in the leaching site of weathered crust elution-deposited rare earth ore (WREOs). The release of residual ammonium (RA) will seriously affect the water system ecology of the mining area, and it is urgent to control it. In this paper, column eluting was used to simulate the eluting process of RA in rare earth (RE) ore tailings, and the effects of calcium chloride concentration, eluting temperature, liquid-solid ratio, eluent pH and eluent flow rate on the eluting process of RA in rare earth ore tailings were discussed. It was found that calcium chloride could effectively elute the RA from ore tailings. Eluting agent pH almost had no effect on the eluting process of RA in the pH range of 4–6, and a greater impact on it at pH 8. The flow rate could effectively enhance the elution efficiency. The optimum conditions were calcium ion concentration of 0.1 mol/L, liquid-solid ratio of 2:1, pH 4–6, flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and elution at room temperature. At this time, the elution efficiency of RA was 91.85%. The eluting process of RA in ore tailings was controlled by the inner particle diffusing according to the kinetic analysis. The reaction order was 0.368, and the activation energy of the reaction is 12.450 kJ/mol. This will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient eluting process of residual ammonium in the leaching site of WREOs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Efficient Recovery/Extraction of Rare Earth Resources)
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Geochemistry and Geochronology of the Huangcha Pluton and Tectonic Significance
by
Shuping Cao, Lun Li, Chonghui Yang and Yongqiang Yang
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050520 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
The Zanhuang Complex is situated on the eastern margin of the Trans-North China Orogen, with the Huangcha Pluton being a constituent of this complex. To ascertain the nature of the approximately 2.5-billion-year-old Huangcha Pluton, crucial evidence for understanding its extensional setting was sought
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The Zanhuang Complex is situated on the eastern margin of the Trans-North China Orogen, with the Huangcha Pluton being a constituent of this complex. To ascertain the nature of the approximately 2.5-billion-year-old Huangcha Pluton, crucial evidence for understanding its extensional setting was sought through petrogenesis and dating investigations. LA-ICP-MS dating of zircon from the granite yielded an age of (2488 ± 6) Ma. Primarily composed of porphyritic monzonite with sporadic melanocratic enclaves, the Pluton’s phenocrysts are predominantly feldspar with minor quartz. The granite exhibits high SiO2 content (72.64%–74.16%) and alkali levels, with Na2O + K2O ranging from 7.59% to 9.07%, classifying it as a shoshonitic series with a slightly peraluminous feature. Enrichment in large-ion lithophile (LIL) elements (Rb, Th, and U) and depletion in Sr, V, Cr, Co, and Ni were observed, with high Rb/Sr and Ga/Al ratios ranging from 0.73 to 2.72 and 2.75 × 10−4 to 3.11 × 10−4, respectively. The rock exhibits high εNd(t) values, ranging from −0.06 to 0.88, with TDM2 ages falling between 2.79 and 2.87 billion years. Zircon grains display 176Hf/177Hf ratios ranging from 0.281266 to 0.281412 and εHf(t) values spanning from 0.96 to 6.18, calculated using the 207Pb/206Pb age. It is suggested that the Huangcha Pluton represents A-type granite formed via anatexis of the Neoarchean TTG in an extensional setting following orogenic processes. The formation of the Huangcha Pluton further corroborates the stabilization of the North China Craton towards the end of the Neoarchean. This finding supports the hypothesis that the North China Craton may belong to the Rae-family cratons, sharing similar magmatic and tectono-metamorphic records around ~2.5 billion years ago.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry and Geochronology of High-Grade Metamorphic Rocks)
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Vegetation Changes and Dynamics of the Climate Variables in Southern Thailand over the Past 1500 Years
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Jian Wang, Lijuan Sha, Jin He, Xinnan Zhao, Rui Zhang, Baojun Yang and Hai Cheng
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050519 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
The Indo-Pacific, a vast biogeographic of Earth, is influenced by both the Indian and East Asian monsoons. Despite its geographical importance, this region has been less studied compared to East Asia and India. Here, we present speleothem records from southern Thailand that cover
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The Indo-Pacific, a vast biogeographic of Earth, is influenced by both the Indian and East Asian monsoons. Despite its geographical importance, this region has been less studied compared to East Asia and India. Here, we present speleothem records from southern Thailand that cover the last 1500 years, including a hiatus during the Little Ice Age, providing insights into the interactions among climate dynamics, human influences, and ecological responses to climate change. Notably, our records lack the characteristic cold and warm periods observed in other regions, such as the Dark Ages Cold Period and Medieval Warm Period, which may reflect the complexity of the tropical climate system or the region’s unique topography. The analysis reveals a link between ENSO multi-decadal variability and hydroclimate conditions in southern Thailand, as evidenced by speleothem δ18O. Furthermore, a comparison between speleothem δ13C and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) indicates significant vegetation changes in the last three decades, corresponding with increased atmospheric CO2 levels and expansion of agricultural land due to human activities during the Current Warm Period. Additionally, our study suggests that an abrupt increase in sea surface temperatures may enhance vegetation growth in the Indo-Pacific by influencing atmospheric circulation and increasing precipitation.
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(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Mineralogy and Biogeochemistry)
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Selective Recovery of Gold from E-Waste Recycling Plants’ Waste Fractions: Waste-to-Resource Transition
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Svetlana Zueva, Nicolò Maria Ippolito, Marco Passadoro, Pietro Romano, Francesco Ferella and Francesco Vegliò
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050518 - 16 May 2024
Abstract
Electronic waste grows globally at a rate of 5% annually, which makes electronic waste recycling (WEEE recycling) an urgent task aimed at achieving (i) environmental protection and (ii) the preservation of mineral resources through the re-introduction of strategic metals into the market. As
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Electronic waste grows globally at a rate of 5% annually, which makes electronic waste recycling (WEEE recycling) an urgent task aimed at achieving (i) environmental protection and (ii) the preservation of mineral resources through the re-introduction of strategic metals into the market. As it turns out, WEEE recycling produces further waste, called WEEE secondary waste, which still contains valuable metals such as gold, silver, and copper. This study assessed the economic viability of recovering these metals and identified the most promising targets and approaches. WEEE secondary waste produced at a plant in southern Europe was sampled and examined for this purpose. The study methods included an ANOVA (analysis of variance) and an OCCP (orthogonal central composition plan). Over 90% gold, silver, and copper extraction was achieved with hydrochloric acid leaching in sodium hypochlorite with sodium chlorite as an oxidizing agent at 60 °C. The significance of the variation in the response for each factor, calculated using the Yates algorithm, demonstrates that by excluding sodium chloride and optimizing the doses of hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite, gold can be selectively recovered through the leaching process. The scenario of HCl (2.5M)/NaClO (5%) leaching results in the maximum extraction effect of Au (91.6%) at the lowest concentrations of Ag and Cu (37–44%).
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(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
Open AccessArticle
Genesis of the Baiyun Gold Deposit in Northeast Hubei Province, China: Insights from In Situ Trace Elements and S-Fe Isotopes of Sulfide
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Weifang Song, Jianzhong Liu, Yuanbing Zou, Xingping Liu, Taocheng Long, Jiandong Zhu, Shengbo Fu, Song Chen, Yangfu Xiong, Runjie Zhou, Jingjing You, Xinqi Zhou, Zaixi Yang and Jie Fang
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050517 - 16 May 2024
Abstract
The Baiyun gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit in northeastern Hubei around the southern margin of the Tongbai-Dabie metallogenic belt. However, its genesis has not been determined. The metallogenic process of the Baiyun gold deposit can be divided into three stages: quartz +
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The Baiyun gold deposit is a medium-sized deposit in northeastern Hubei around the southern margin of the Tongbai-Dabie metallogenic belt. However, its genesis has not been determined. The metallogenic process of the Baiyun gold deposit can be divided into three stages: quartz + feldspar, quartz + native gold + electrum + polymetallic sulfides, and quartz + pyrite + calcite + iron dolomite + illite. In this study, LA-ICP-MS was used for in situ trace element and isotope analyses in the main and late ore stage hydrothermal sulfides to evaluate the genesis and evolution of ore-forming fluids. Gold is positively correlated with Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Te and the Co/Ni ratio is greater than 1. The S isotope values of Py1 and Py2 are −0.23–3.04‰ and 1.27–6.09‰, respectively. As mineralization progressed, S isotope values increased. In situ S isotope values of the two types of galena symbiotic with pyrite in the main metallogenic stage are 2.97–3.47‰. In situ Fe isotopic values of pyrite are −0.05–0.82‰; values in the two stages are similar without significant fractionation. We inferred that the Baiyun gold deposit formed via magmatic mineralization related to the subduction of the Pacific Plate during the Yanshanian.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Low-Temperature Mineralogy and Geochemistry)
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Monitoring the Geopolymerization Reaction of Geopolymer Foams Using 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR
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Ghizlane Moutaoukil, Isabel Sobrados, Saliha Alehyen and M’hamed Taibi
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050516 - 16 May 2024
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the geopolymerization reaction of geopolymer foams produced with three different foaming agents: aluminum powder, zinc powder, and hydrogen peroxide. The geopolymerization reaction of geopolymer foam was monitored using the 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning (MAS)
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This study aims to investigate the geopolymerization reaction of geopolymer foams produced with three different foaming agents: aluminum powder, zinc powder, and hydrogen peroxide. The geopolymerization reaction of geopolymer foam was monitored using the 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy technique. 27Al MAS-NMR was used to monitor the reaction at an early stage, while 29Si and 27Al MAS-NMR analyses were employed at specific time intervals of 3, 6, 10, 15, and 28 days to examine the changes that occurred in the formed gel over time. We discussed in detail how the type of foaming agent used and the duration of the reaction both influence the quantity of gel formed and the amount of remnant fly ash. Our findings indicate that the type of foaming agent used affects the formation and structure of the gel, with aluminum powder leading to the highest gel formation. Additionally, the duration of the reaction plays a significant role in determining the quantity of remnant fly ash, with longer reaction times resulting in decreased fly ash content. This study sheds light on the relevance of understanding the role of foaming agents in the geopolymerization reactions of geopolymer foams and the influence of reaction time on the formed gel properties.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue NMR Spectroscopy in Mineralogy and Crystal Structures: 2nd Edition)
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New Rock Magnetism and Magnetic Fabrics Studies on the Late Triassic Volcanic Rocks from Qaidam Block, Northern Tibetan Plateau
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Ruiyang Chai, Yanan Zhou, Teng Wang, Xin Cheng, Bitian Wei, Nan Jiang, Dongmeng Zhang, Longyun Xing, Pengfei Wang, Dongwei Liu, Ziwei Bian and Hanning Wu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050515 - 15 May 2024
Abstract
The Qaidam Block, located at the northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is a pivotal area in unraveling the closure time of the Kunlun Ocean basin which might have recorded the transformation process between the Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys Ocean basins. However, the late Triassic position of
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The Qaidam Block, located at the northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is a pivotal area in unraveling the closure time of the Kunlun Ocean basin which might have recorded the transformation process between the Proto-Tethys and Paleo-Tethys Ocean basins. However, the late Triassic position of the Qaidam Block remains enigmatic, largely due to the scarcity of paleomagnetic data essential for quantitatively determining its paleolatitude. The widespread presence of the Elashan formation, particularly along the southern periphery of the Qaidam block, presents good material for conducting paleomagnetic work. Nevertheless, the primary magnetic carriers preserved within the Elashan formation might be influenced by multiple tectonic thermal events, particularly those associated with collisions between southern blocks and the Qaidam Block. Here we present rock magnetism and magnetic fabrics studies to identify the content and composition of magnetic minerals within the Elashan formation. The rock magnetic and petrologic results show that the magnetic carriers in the samples from the Elashan formation are dominated by magnetite with a small amount of goethite, pyrrhotite, and hematite. The results of Anisotropy in Magnetic Susceptibility indicate that the south of the Longwalangku section might not be obviously influenced by the tectonic events. Our results also provided guidance for future paleomagnetic research, emphasizing the importance of conducting further sampling away from adjacent faults, particularly in the southern Longwalangku area.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism in Geochronology)
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Source Analysis and Bioavailability of Soil Cadmium in Poyang Lake Plain of China Based on Principal Component Analysis and Positive Definite Matrix Factor
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Bangyong Wen, Hongyu Jiang, Yuan Gao, Qiangqiang Zhou and Haiman Qie
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050514 - 15 May 2024
Abstract
In order to identify the source and bioavailability of soil Cd in the alluvial geological high background area, 3799 topsoil samples and 140 root soil samples were collected from the Jiulong area on the south bank of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province. The results
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In order to identify the source and bioavailability of soil Cd in the alluvial geological high background area, 3799 topsoil samples and 140 root soil samples were collected from the Jiulong area on the south bank of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province. The results confidently indicate that the range of topsoil Cd content is 0.02~8.12 ppm, with an exceedance rate of 14.6%. It is noteworthy that exceedance points were mostly distributed in quaternary sediments. The geostatistical analysis clearly shows that the spatial distribution characteristic of topsoil Cd is higher in the north and lower in the south. The area with extremely high values (>90% quantile) is predominantly located in the tidal flat and low-lying areas of the mainstream of the Xinjiang River. The PCA analysis confirms that the main source of topsoil Cd is man-made activities related to industry and mining. Soil Cd is primarily derived from upstream industrial and mining discharge (58.5%), as revealed by the PMF model analysis. The active Cd content in root soil is 77 ppb, with higher levels observed in the north and lower levels in the south. These findings suggest a significant risk of Cd diffusion along the upstream stream and deposition in the low-lying parts of the north. It is worth noting that Cd’s bioavailability and active forms in paddy fields are the highest, which can have a detrimental effect on food security. The correlation analysis suggests that genetic sources primarily control the bioavailability of soil Cd, followed by soil physicochemical properties such as SOC, Fe-Al oxides, and soil texture. Preventing source pollution and cutting off water system transmission are effective methods for preventing and controlling soil Cd pollution. These methods ensure the safety of cultivated land in the lakeside area of Poyang Lake Plain.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal and Rare Earth Element Pollution in Soil and Water: Sources, Geochemical Behaviors and Ecological Effects)
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Preparation and Properties of Expansive Backfill Material Based on Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash and Coal Gangue
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Zhen Wang, Honglin Liu, Yuanxin Zhang, Zhiwen Chen, Rumeng Zhao, Yongyong Jia, Mingchao Yong and Guodong Li
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050513 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
To realize the large-scale utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in the field of building materials and to reduce the cost of coal mine backfill mining, the effects of the mixing ratio of cementitious materials, the particle size distribution of
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To realize the large-scale utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in the field of building materials and to reduce the cost of coal mine backfill mining, the effects of the mixing ratio of cementitious materials, the particle size distribution of aggregates, and the amount and mass concentration of cementitious materials on the properties of backfill materials were experimentally investigated, and the microstructure of the hydration products was analyzed. The results showed that as the mass ratio of MSWI fly ash to bottom ash increased, the rate of expansion of the cementitious system continued to increase, and the compressive strength of the cementitious system continued to decrease. The Al (aluminum) and AlN (aluminum nitride) in the fly ash reacted with water to generate gas, causing the expansion of the cementitious materials; NaOH increased the alkalinity of the solution, which promoted the formation of more bubbles, thereby improving the expansion performance of the cementitious material. When the content of NaOH was 0.9%, the sample rate of expansion could reach 15.9%. The addition of CaCl2 promoted the early hydration reaction of the cementitious material, forming a dense microstructure, thus improving the early strength and rate of expansion of the cementitious material. The compressive strength of the backfill body increased as the fractal dimension of the aggregate particles increased, and the particle grading scheme of group S1 was optimal. The 1-day, 3-day, and 28-day strengths of the backfill body of group S1 reached 0.72 MPa, 1.43 MPa, and 3.26 MPa, respectively. It is recommended to choose a backfill paste concentration ranging between 78.5% and 80% and a reasonable amount of cementitious material between 20% and 25%. After the MSWI fly ash was prepared as a backfill material, the leaching of potentially harmful elements in the fly ash was greatly reduced, and the concentration of dioxin was reduced to 13 ng TEQ/kg. This was attributed to the dilution of the cement, the physical encapsulation of gel products, and the isomorphous replacement of Ca2+ in calcium aluminate chloride hydrate.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)
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Characteristics and Genetic Mechanism of Granite Weathering Crust of Songnan Low Uplift, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
by
Zhiyu Li, Jianhua Guo and Shiqing Wu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050512 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
Recently, a large-scale gas reservoir was discovered in granitic buried hills of the Songnan Low Uplift in the Qiongdongnan Basin. However, the strong heterogeneity of granite reservoirs limits further exploration and evaluation. Based on observations of sixty core samples and sixty thin sections,
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Recently, a large-scale gas reservoir was discovered in granitic buried hills of the Songnan Low Uplift in the Qiongdongnan Basin. However, the strong heterogeneity of granite reservoirs limits further exploration and evaluation. Based on observations of sixty core samples and sixty thin sections, mineral composition, zircon dating, apatite fission tracks, physical properties, image logs, outcrop surveys and seismic interpretations, the characteristics of granite weathering crust of the Songnan Low Uplift are analyzed, and its controlling factors and evolution process are evaluated. The results show that weathered granite in the study area can be divided into several zones, from top to bottom: eluvium–slope zone, sandy zone, weathered fracture zone and horizontal undercurrent vuggy zone. The reservoirs in the eluvium–slope zone are dominated by microfissures and intergranular dissolution pores and have an average porosity of 4.68% and permeability of 2.34 md; the reservoirs in the sandy zone are composed of intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores and have an average porosity of 11.46% and permeability of 4.99 md; the reservoirs in the weathered fracture zone consist of various fractures and have an average porosity of 3.91% and permeability of 2.5 md; the reservoirs in the horizontal undercurrent vuggy zone are subhorizontal fractures and vugs and have an average porosity of 2.7% and permeability of 0.23 md. The development of granite reservoirs is jointly influenced by petrology and minerals, long-term exposure in a warm humid paleoclimate, faults, diverse topographies and shallow buried depth. Based on the above, our study establishes a development model of weathering crust and suggests that only the gentle slope and platform remain strongly weathered zones. After undergoing a complex evolution process of formation–destruction/denudation–regeneration–preservation, the current weathering crust of the Songnan Low Uplift is finally established. The results of this study have important theoretical and application value for the hydrocarbon exploration of buried hills in the Qiongdongnan Basin and provide a reference example for other granite reservoirs worldwide.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Deposits)
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Open AccessArticle
Agates of the Lece Volcanic Complex (Serbia): Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics
by
Zoran Miladinović, Vladimir Simić, Nenad Nikolić, Nataša Jović Orsini and Milena Rosić
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050511 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
Agate veins and nodules occur in the Lece Volcanic Complex (Oligocene-Miocene) situated in the south of Serbia and occupying an area of 700 km2. This volcanic complex is composed predominantly of andesites, with sporadic occurrences of andesite-basalts, dacites and latites, and
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Agate veins and nodules occur in the Lece Volcanic Complex (Oligocene-Miocene) situated in the south of Serbia and occupying an area of 700 km2. This volcanic complex is composed predominantly of andesites, with sporadic occurrences of andesite-basalts, dacites and latites, and features agate formations that have been very little investigated. This study focuses on five selected agate occurrences within the Lece Volcanic Complex, employing optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In three localities (Rasovača, Mehane, and Ždraljevići), agate mineralization is directly related to distinct fault zones with strong local brecciation. In the other two localities (Vlasovo and Sokolov Vis), the agate is found in nodular form and does not show any connection with fracture zones. The silica phases of the Lece volcanic agates consist of cristobalite and tridymite, length-fast chalcedony, quartzine (length-slow chalcedony), and macrocrystalline quartz. Vein agates show a frequent alternation between length-fast chalcedony and quartz bands. Nodular agates consist primarily of length-fast chalcedony, occasionally containing notable quantities of opal-CT, absent in vein agates. Microtextures present in vein agates include crustiform, colloform, comb, mosaic, flamboyant, and pseudo-bladed. Jigsaw puzzle quartz microtexture supports the recrystallization of previously deposited silica in the form of opal or chalcedony from hydrothermal fluids. Growth lines in euhedral quartz (Bambauer quartz) point to agate formations in varying physicochemical conditions. These features indicate epithermal conditions during the formation of hydrothermal vein agates. Due to intense hydrothermal activity, vein agate host rocks are intensively silicified. Vein agates are also enriched with typical ore metallic elements (especially Pb, Co, As, Sb, and W), indicating genetic relation with the formation of polymetallic ore deposits of the Lece Volcanic Complex. In contrast, nodular agates have a higher content of major elements of host rocks (Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, and K2O), most probably mobilized from volcanic host rocks. Organic matter, present in both vein and nodular agate with filamentous forms found only in nodular agate, suggests formation in near-surface conditions.
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(This article belongs to the Section Crystallography and Physical Chemistry of Minerals & Nanominerals)
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Open AccessArticle
Comparison of the Application of High-Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and Collision/Reaction Cell Technology of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-CCT-MS) in the Determination of Selenium in Coal-Bearing Strata
by
Shumao Zhao, Rongkun Jia, Qiuchan Han, Niande Shang, Kaiyan Teng and Jiawei Feng
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050510 - 13 May 2024
Abstract
Selenium, a trace element of significant importance for human health and the environment, can be introduced into the environment through coal combustion. Accurate determination of selenium in coal and coal-bearing strata is essential for implementing effective management strategies and control measures to minimize
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Selenium, a trace element of significant importance for human health and the environment, can be introduced into the environment through coal combustion. Accurate determination of selenium in coal and coal-bearing strata is essential for implementing effective management strategies and control measures to minimize potential risks to human health and the environment. This study introduces an improved approach for the determination of 77Se in the medium resolution mode using HR-ICP-MS, effectively separating interference from doubly charged ions and enabling precise determination of selenium in coal-bearing strata. The relative errors of the standard reference samples obtained by HR-ICP-MS are between 0.65% and 6.33%, comparing to that of ICP-CCT-MS (1.58%–17.27%), prove the reliability of this method. Additionally, the X (bar)—S control charts obtained from HR-ICP-MS compared to ICP-CCT-MS demonstrate the superior stability of HR-ICP-MS in continuous determination. Consequently, though ICP-CCT-MS has better instrumental stability reflected through the internal standard recovery (ICP-CCT-MS:104.81%; HR-ICP-MS:80.54%), HR-ICP-MS is recommended as the preferred method for selenium determination in coal-bearing strata because of its high accuracy and good stability.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selenium, Tellurium and Precious Metal Mineralogy)
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Open AccessArticle
Significance of Sonic Velocities in Limestones and Dolostones: A Comprehensive Study Revealing Limited Impact of Mineralogy
by
Ralf J. Weger, Gregor T. Baechle, Shouwen Shen and Gregor P. Eberli
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050509 (registering DOI) - 13 May 2024
Abstract
Seismic reflection data and implicitly sonic velocity are undoubtedly the most important source of information for large-scale subsurface characterization. Yet, deriving reservoir and fluid flow properties from acoustic data is still challenging in carbonates, which display large acoustic velocity variations that contest many
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Seismic reflection data and implicitly sonic velocity are undoubtedly the most important source of information for large-scale subsurface characterization. Yet, deriving reservoir and fluid flow properties from acoustic data is still challenging in carbonates, which display large acoustic velocity variations that contest many of the conventional assumptions regarding wave propagation in porous media. In this comprehensive study on 370 carbonate samples (247 limestones and 123 dolomites), we re-evaluate the impact of mineral velocity on bulk rock acoustic properties of dolomite and limestone by assessing the link between sonic velocity and the rock’s pore geometry. We quantify pore size and pore network complexity using parameters from both digital image analysis (DIA) and the extended Biot theory (EBT). We then compare DIA and EBT parameters to assess the impact of pore network geometry versus mineral velocity on the acoustic velocity of carbonate rocks. We explore the usefulness of EBT parameter γk in improving permeability estimates. Published values of velocity indicate that dolomites exhibit higher velocities than limestones at any given porosity. Our laboratory measurements of acoustic velocity, however, reveal that both dolomites and limestones show extreme variations in sonic velocities where samples with compressional velocity of ~5000 m/s may range in porosity from 5% to 25% and samples with porosity of ~20% may range in velocity from ~4000 m/s to 5700 m/s. Through the quantitative assessment of the pore network in our samples we document that pore network geometry has much more impact on the acoustic velocity of carbonates than variations in mineralogy, in this case dolomite and calcite. Most of the dolostone samples studied are dominated by small pores, resulting in relatively low velocities for their given porosity, while limestones with similar velocity–porosity values often possess simpler pore networks with larger pores. This pore size difference offsets the faster velocity of dolomite. The extended Biot theory parameter γk, captures this variation in pore size and internal geometry and exhibits a strong correlation to specific surface. Moreover, γk captures the impact of internal pore geometry on acoustic velocity, providing the basis for challenging existing assumptions regarding the importance of mineral velocity. By quantifying internal geometry, γk can improve permeability estimates in reservoir characterization and enhance evaluations of producibility and injectability. With that, it has direct implications on general geophysics, hydrocarbon exploration, and CCS initiatives.
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(This article belongs to the Section Crystallography and Physical Chemistry of Minerals & Nanominerals)
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Open AccessReview
Use of Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite in the Preparation of Photocatalysts and Its Role in Photocatalytic Activity
by
Jelena Pavlović and Nevenka Rajić
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050508 - 13 May 2024
Abstract
The use of natural zeolite clinoptilolite in preparing photocatalysts and its function in photocatalysis are discussed in this review. The importance of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the potential of heterogeneous photocatalysis in removing environmental pollutants are emphasized. The review focuses on the
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The use of natural zeolite clinoptilolite in preparing photocatalysts and its function in photocatalysis are discussed in this review. The importance of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and the potential of heterogeneous photocatalysis in removing environmental pollutants are emphasized. The review focuses on the synergistic effects of clinoptilolite with semiconductors (TiO2, ZnO, CuO, SnO2, and NiO) to prepare stable and active photocatalysts, highlighting recent advancements in this field. It explores clinoptilolite’s structural characteristics, highlighting its microporous nature, adaptable framework, and improved textural properties due to acid and alkali treatments. Particle size, crystal phase, and calcination temperature are three key synthesis parameters that affect photocatalytic activity and are highlighted in the discussion of these parameters and their methods. A discussion is held regarding the processes and mechanisms of photocatalytic degradation of different organic compounds under varying irradiation conditions, including UV, visible, and ambient sunlight. Clinoptilolite is vital in improving supported semiconductor oxides’ photocatalytic efficiencies, which aid in pollutant degradation and environmental remediation.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zeolite: From a Boiling Stone to the Applicable Minerals in Various Industrial Processes: 2nd Edition)
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Mineral Assemblages and Ore-Forming Physicochemical Conditions of the La’erma and Qiongmo Au–Se Deposits in the Western Qinling Orogen, Central China
by
Jiajun Liu, Guoming Weng, Emmanuel John M. Carranza, Degao Zhai, Yinhong Wang, Fangfang Zhang, Shen Gao and Lei Xu
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050507 - 13 May 2024
Abstract
The La’erma and Qiongmo Au–Se deposits are characterized by a paragenetic Au–Se association hosted in the siliceous formation of the Cambrian Taiyangding Group in the western Qinling Orogen, central China. The La’erma and Qiongmo Au–Se deposits, which are considered to be the Carlin
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The La’erma and Qiongmo Au–Se deposits are characterized by a paragenetic Au–Se association hosted in the siliceous formation of the Cambrian Taiyangding Group in the western Qinling Orogen, central China. The La’erma and Qiongmo Au–Se deposits, which are considered to be the Carlin gold deposits, comprise a variety of selenides, native gold, and stibnite coexisting with baryte. Four stages have been recognized: sage I comprises pyrite and quartz with minor stibnite; stage II is composed mainly of sulfides; stage III is composed mainly of selenides; and stage IV is dominated by quartz–baryte–dickite. Stages II and III are the main metallogenic stages. Based on changes in mineral assemblages, combined with fluid inclusions and thermodynamic data, we evaluated the physicochemical conditions of the main metallogenic stages. The logfS2 values of ore-forming fluids at stage II ranged between −10.44 and −14.60 with logfSe2 being less than −10.70. Comparably, during stage III, which is characterized by numerous selenides, the logfS2 and logfSe2 ranged from −7.13 to −12.20 and −13.98 to −8.82, respectively. The occurrence of baryte during the mineralization suggests a consistently oxidizing condition, which can effectively remove Au from fluids. More importantly, this study emphasizes that the oxidizing condition was only a fundamental prerequisite for the deposition of selenides, and a high ∑Se/S ratio of the fluid ultimately controlled the precipitation of selenides. In the La’erma and Qiongmo deposits, intense water–rock reactions occurred as ore-forming fluids flowed into the Se-rich siliceous formations, resulting in an increase in the ∑Se/S ratio of the fluid and in the precipitation of selenides.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selenium, Tellurium and Precious Metal Mineralogy)
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Source and Migration Pathways of Heavy Metals in Soils from an Iron Mine in Baotou City, China
by
Changyu Wang, Danhong Xu, Yongli Li, Wenhui Zhou, Peng Bian and Siyuan Zhang
Minerals 2024, 14(5), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14050506 - 12 May 2024
Abstract
The exploitation of iron ore could cause heavy metals pollution in the soils, which threatens the ecosystem and human health. In this study, soil, stream sediment, tailings, rock, and atmospheric deposition samples were collected from an iron mine in Baotou City. The concentrations
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The exploitation of iron ore could cause heavy metals pollution in the soils, which threatens the ecosystem and human health. In this study, soil, stream sediment, tailings, rock, and atmospheric deposition samples were collected from an iron mine in Baotou City. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, Al2O3, CaO, K2O, MgO, Na2O, SiO2, and Fe2O3, as well as the mineral composition and heavy metal speciation of the samples, were analyzed for pollution assessment and source identification of heavy metals. The results reveal that the concentration of Cu in the soils was significantly higher than the background value, and an unpolluted to moderately polluted state was the main pollution level. By analyzing the relationship between Cu/Al2O3 and CaO in different samples, as well as the characteristics of the chemical index of alteration (CIA), mineral composition, and the chemical speciation of Cu in soils and profiles, the results suggest that tailings were the source of Cu pollution in soils. The distribution characteristics of Cu and CaO in stream sediments indicated that hydraulic transport may be one of the main migration pathways. In addition, wind transport may also be a pathway of migration.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal and Rare Earth Element Pollution in Soil and Water: Sources, Geochemical Behaviors and Ecological Effects)
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