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23 pages, 7205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of the Molecular Mechanism Potential of Grafting—Enhancing the Ability of Oriental Melon to Tolerate Low-Nitrogen Stress

by Yulei Zhu, Ziqing Sun, Hongxi Wu, Caifeng Cui, Sida Meng and Chuanqiang Xu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(15), 8227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158227 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Nitrogen is the primary nutrient for plants. Low nitrogen generally affects plant growth and fruit quality. Melon, as an economic crop, is highly dependent on nitrogen. However, the response mechanism of its self-rooted and grafted seedlings to low-nitrogen stress has not been reported [...] Read more.

Nitrogen is the primary nutrient for plants. Low nitrogen generally affects plant growth and fruit quality. Melon, as an economic crop, is highly dependent on nitrogen. However, the response mechanism of its self-rooted and grafted seedlings to low-nitrogen stress has not been reported previously. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the transcriptional differences between self-rooted and grafted seedlings under low-nitrogen stress using fluorescence characterization and RNA-Seq analysis. It was shown that low-nitrogen stress significantly inhibited the fluorescence characteristics of melon self-rooted seedlings. Analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that the synthesis of genes related to hormone signaling, such as auxin and brassinolide, was delayed under low-nitrogen stress. Oxidative stress response, involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and secondary metabolite-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly down-regulated. It can be seen that low-nitrogen stress causes changes in many hormonal signals in plants, and grafting can alleviate the damage caused by low-nitrogen stress on plants, ameliorate the adverse effects of nitrogen stress on plants, and help them better cope with environmental stresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Root Development)

23 pages, 1984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Solution of the Newtonian Plane Couette Flow with Linear Dynamic Wall Slip

by Muner M. Abou Hasan, Ethar A. A. Ahmed, Ahmed F. Ghaleb, Moustafa S. Abou-Dina and Georgios C. Georgiou

Fluids 2024, 9(8), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9080172 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

An efficient numerical approach based on weighted-average finite differences is used to solve the Newtonian plane Couette flow with wall slip, obeying a dynamic slip law that generalizes the Navier slip law with the inclusion of a relaxation term. Slip is exhibited only [...] Read more.

An efficient numerical approach based on weighted-average finite differences is used to solve the Newtonian plane Couette flow with wall slip, obeying a dynamic slip law that generalizes the Navier slip law with the inclusion of a relaxation term. Slip is exhibited only along the fixed lower plate, and the motion is triggered by the motion of the upper plate. Three different cases are considered for the motion of the moving plate, i.e., constant speed, oscillating speed, and a single-period sinusoidal speed. The velocity and the volumetric flow rate are calculated in all cases and comparisons are made with the results of other methods and available results in the literature. The numerical outcomes confirm the damping with time and the lagging effects arising from the Navier and dynamic wall slip conditions and demonstrate the hysteretic behavior of the slip velocity in following the harmonic boundary motion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Fluid Mechanics, 2nd Edition)

9 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ab Initio Investigation of Oxygen Ion Diffusion in the Layered Perovskite System YSr₂Cu₂FeO_7+δ (0 < δ < 1)

by Marianela Gómez-Toledo and Elena M. Arroyo-de Dompablo

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6586; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156586 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Extensive research on transition metal perovskite oxides as electrodes in solid oxide cells (SOC) has highlighted the potential ability of Fe-based perovskite oxides to catalyze oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER). The layered perovskite-type system YSr₂Cu₂FeO_7+δ has been reported to [...] Read more.

Extensive research on transition metal perovskite oxides as electrodes in solid oxide cells (SOC) has highlighted the potential ability of Fe-based perovskite oxides to catalyze oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER). The layered perovskite-type system YSr₂Cu₂FeO_7+δ has been reported to possess attractive electrocatalytic properties. This work applies density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate oxygen ion diffusion in the YSr₂Cu₂FeO_7+δ system. For δ = 0.5, it is found that in the most stable configuration, the oxygen vacancies in the FeO_1+δ plane are arranged to form Fe ions in tetrahedral, square pyramid, and octahedral coordination. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations for YSr₂Cu₂FeO_7.5 (δ = 0.5) yield an oxygen ion diffusion coefficient of 1.28 × 10⁻⁷ cm²/s at 500 °C (Ea = 0.37 eV). Complementary results for YSr₂Cu₂FeO_7.2 (δ = 0.2) and YSr₂Cu₂FeO_7.75 (δ = 0.75) indicate that the oxygen diffusion occurs in the FeO_1+δ plane, and depends on the oxygen vacancies distribution around the Fe centers. Full article

30 pages, 8084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Biodegradability, Water Solubility, and Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Through Natural Polymer Blending: An Approach Toward Sustainable Polymer Applications

by Abdallah S. Elgharbawy, Abdel-Ghaffar M. El Demerdash, Wagih A. Sadik, Mosaad A. Kasaby, Ahmed H. Lotfy and Ahmed I. Osman

Polymers 2024, 16(15), 2141; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152141 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The escalating environmental crisis posed by single-use plastics underscores the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study provides an approach to introduce biodegradable polymer blends by blending synthetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with natural polymers—corn starch (CS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)—to address this challenge. [...] Read more.

The escalating environmental crisis posed by single-use plastics underscores the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. This study provides an approach to introduce biodegradable polymer blends by blending synthetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with natural polymers—corn starch (CS) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)—to address this challenge. Through a comprehensive analysis, including of the structure, mechanical strength, water solubility, biodegradability, and thermal properties, we investigated the enhanced performance of PVA-CS and PVA-HPMC blends over conventional polymers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) findings of pure PVA and its blends were studied, and we found a complete homogeneity between the PVA and both types of natural polymers in the case of a high concentration of PVA, whereas at lower concentration of PVA, some granules of CS and HMPC appear in the SEM. Blending corn starch (CS) with PVA significantly boosts its biodegradability in soil environments, since adding starch of 50 w/w duplicates the rate of PVA biodegradation. Incorporating hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) with PVA not only improves water solubility but also enhances biodegradation rates, as the addition of HPMC increases the biodegradation of pure PVA from 10 to 100% and raises the water solubility from 80 to 100%, highlighting the significant acceleration of the biodegradation process and water solubility caused by HPMC addition, making these blends suitable for a wide range of applications, from packaging and agricultural films to biomedical engineering. The thermal properties of pure PVA and its blends with natural were studied using diffraction scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is found that the glass transition temperature (Tg) increases after adding natural polymers to PVA, referring to an improvement in the molecular weight and intermolecular interactions between blend molecules. Moreover, the amorphous structure of natural polymers makes the melting temperature ™ lessen after adding natural polymer, so the blends require lower temperature to remelt and be recycled again. For the mechanical properties, both types of natural polymer decrease the tensile strength and elongation at break, which overall weakens the mechanical properties of PVA. Our findings offer a promising pathway for the development of environmentally friendly polymers that do not compromise on performance, marking a significant step forward in polymer science’s contribution to sustainability. This work presents detailed experimental and theoretical insights into novel polymerization methods and the utilization of biological strategies for advanced material design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomacromolecules, Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

19 pages, 1205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Production of Forage Sorghum for Grain and Silage Production with Moisture-Retaining Polymers That Mitigate Water Stress

by Daniele de Jesus Ferreira, Clotilde de Morais Costa Neta, Anderson de Moura Zanine, Francisco Naysson de Sousa Santos, Danillo Marte Pereira, Fleming Sena Campos, Henrique Nunes Parente, Michelle de Oliveira Maia Parente, Rosane Claudia Rodrigues, Edson Mauro Santos, Francisca Cláudia da Silva de Sousa and Guilherme Ribeiro Alves

Agronomy 2024, 14(8), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14081653 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The objective was to evaluate the agronomic and production characteristics and the quality of forage sorghum for silage production, using a moisture-retaining polymer (MRP) in the soil during the agricultural off-season. To assess the agronomic characteristics of the forage sorghum, four treatments were [...] Read more.

The objective was to evaluate the agronomic and production characteristics and the quality of forage sorghum for silage production, using a moisture-retaining polymer (MRP) in the soil during the agricultural off-season. To assess the agronomic characteristics of the forage sorghum, four treatments were used, represented by the MRP hydration intervals (Control, 0, 5, and 10 days) and four replications. The qualitative characteristics of the silage were evaluated in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, and the same MRP hydration intervals were used for the agronomic assessment, with and without the concentrate mixture at the time of ensiling, both in a randomized block design. There were differences (p < 0.05) for all morphological variables, agronomic variables, and weight constituents of forage sorghum. There was an interaction effect (p < 0.05) between the MRP hydration intervals and the concentrate mixture at the time of ensiling for gas losses, silage dry matter recovery, and ether extract. There was an effect (p < 0.05) due to the addition of the concentrate mixture at the time of ensiling for in vitro dry matter digestibility and total digestible nutrients. When using MRP at planting and the concentrate mixture at the time of forage sorghum ensiling, a hydration interval of every 5 days is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Sustainable Biomass Crop Production)

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14 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) in Gingival Crevicular Fluid After Minimally Invasive Periodontal Surgery With or Without Er:YAG and Nd:YAG Laser Application

by Ewa Dolińska, Anna Skurska, Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska, Robert Milewski and Małgorzata Pietruska

Antibiotics 2024, 13(8), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13080704 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to evaluate alterations in the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) within gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) extracted from the intrabony periodontal defect site before and after minimally invasive regenerative surgery, with or without supplemental laser application. The [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate alterations in the concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) within gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) extracted from the intrabony periodontal defect site before and after minimally invasive regenerative surgery, with or without supplemental laser application. The surgical procedure was performed using the modified minimally invasive surgical technique (M-MIST). Methods: Thirty-eight patients, each presenting with a single vertical defect, were randomly assigned to either the test (M-MIST + Er:YAG + Nd:YAG) or the control group (M-MIST). IL-8 and MMP-9 levels (primary outcomes of the study) were assessed prior to therapy, after 2 and 4 weeks, and 6 months following the surgical procedure by means of dedicated ELISA kits. Results: Both procedures were clinically effective as evidenced by probing depth (PD) reduction and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain at the 6-month follow-up. No statistical differences were observed in the levels of MMP-9 and IL-8 between the groups at any time point assessed. The changes in the level of MMP-9 and IL-8 over time were not statistically significant in any group. IL-8 was positively correlated with MMP-9 in the control group throughout the study and in the test group 2 weeks and 6 months post-op. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the additional application of Er:YAG + Nd:YAG lasers alongside the M-MIST procedure did not enhance the clinical and biochemical treatment outcomes compared to M-MIST alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Treatment in Periodontal and Endodontic Therapy, 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Executive Social Connection, Regional Digital Economy Development, and Enterprise Digital Transformation

by Jie Liang and Mengfan Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6445; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156445 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Aiming at the research limitation concerning the insufficient exploration of executive social connections in enterprise digital transformation, our research objective is to investigate the influence of executive social connections, namely political and business connections, on enterprise digital transformation. Furthermore, it assesses the moderating [...] Read more.

Aiming at the research limitation concerning the insufficient exploration of executive social connections in enterprise digital transformation, our research objective is to investigate the influence of executive social connections, namely political and business connections, on enterprise digital transformation. Furthermore, it assesses the moderating effects of regional digital economy development on these relationships. An empirical analysis, encompassing 5407 observations from 868 listed firms between 2012 and 2021 in China, demonstrates that executive political and business connections significantly contribute to enterprise digital transformation both individually and synergistically. Specifically, political connections are found to be more relevant to enhancing enterprise digital transformation in regions with higher levels of digital economy development, while business connections exhibit a stronger correlation in regions with lower levels of digital economy development. Additionally, it is revealed that the synergistic effect of political and business connections is more relevant to enterprise digital transformation in regions with lower levels of digital economy development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation and Innovation for a Sustainable Future)

10 pages, 262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Intensity GPS-Derived Parameters in Semi-Professional Soccer: Home vs. Away Roles of the Team and Their Relationship with the Match’s Final Score

by Jorge Carlos-Vivas, Juan Manuel Franco-García, David Manuel Mendoza-Muñoz, Santiago Gómez-Pomares and Jorge Pérez-Gómez

Sensors 2024, 24(15), 4891; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154891 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

High-intensity activities are related to success in football. We looked at whether high-intensity activity differed between home and away matches and its impact on the final score. Thirty football players (20.3 ± 0.8 years) were recruited from a Spanish semi-professional team. Footballers wore [...] Read more.

High-intensity activities are related to success in football. We looked at whether high-intensity activity differed between home and away matches and its impact on the final score. Thirty football players (20.3 ± 0.8 years) were recruited from a Spanish semi-professional team. Footballers wore a GPS device to monitor high-intensity parameters from competition matches. The final score of every match was also recorded. Playing at home showed greater total distance (TD) > 24 km/h, >27 km/h, >85% Vmax, and the number of sprints > 24 km/h (all p < 0.05) than playing away. Positive correlations were also found between the match score and high-speed running (HSR) distance covered by the team per minute (r = 0.401), TD > 21 km/h (r = 0.417), TD > 24 km/h (r = 0.343), number of sprints > 24 km/h (r = 0.337), and HSR per minute (r = 0.459) (all p < 0.05). The results suggest that playing at home is associated with greater high-intensity effort than playing away. Moreover, the volume of high-intensity effort influences the final score. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Body Worn Sensors and Wearables)

23 pages, 13298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Packaging Using Microbial Cellulose and Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) Bagasse

by Cláudio José Galdino da Silva Junior, Alexandre D’Lamare Maia de Medeiros, Anantcha Karla Lafaiete de Holanda Cavalcanti, Julia Didier Pedrosa de Amorim, Italo José Batista Durval, Yasmim de Farias Cavalcanti, Attilio Converti, Andréa Fernanda de Santana Costa and Leonie Asfora Sarubbo

Materials 2024, 17(15), 3732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153732 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The high consumption of packaging has led to a massive production of waste, especially in the form of nonbiodegradable polymers that are difficult to recycle. Microbial cellulose is considered a biodegradable, low-cost, useful, ecologically correct polymer that may be joined with other biomaterials [...] Read more.

The high consumption of packaging has led to a massive production of waste, especially in the form of nonbiodegradable polymers that are difficult to recycle. Microbial cellulose is considered a biodegradable, low-cost, useful, ecologically correct polymer that may be joined with other biomaterials to obtain novel characteristics and can, therefore, be used as a raw material to produce packaging. Bagasse, a waste rich in plant cellulose, can be reprocessed and used to produce and reinforce other materials. Based on these concepts, the aim of the current research was to design sustainable packaging material composed of bacterial cellulose (BC) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB), employing an innovative shredding and reconstitution method able to avoid biomass waste. This method enabled creating a uniform structure with a 0.10-cm constant thickness, classified as having high grammage. The developed materials, particularly the 0.7 BC/0.3 SCB [70% (w/w) BC plus 30% (w/w) SCB] composite, had considerable tensile strength (up to 46.22 MPa), which was nearly thrice that of SCB alone (17.43 MPa). Additionally, the sorption index of the 0.7 BC/0.3 SCB composite (235.85 ± 31.29 s) was approximately 300-times higher than that of SCB (0.78 ± 0.09 s). The packaging material was also submitted to other analytical tests to determine its physical and chemical characteristics, which indicated that it has excellent flexibility and can be folded 100 times without tearing. Its surface was explored via scanning electron microscopy, which revealed the presence of fibers measuring 83.18 nm in diameter (BC). Greater adherence after the reconstitution process and even a uniform distribution of SCB fibers in the BC matrix were observed, resulting in greater tear resistance than SCB in its pure form. The results demonstrated that the composite formed by BC and SCB is promising as a raw material for sustainable packaging, due to its resistance and uniformity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Cellulosic Materials)

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12 pages, 3211 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Vehicle Monocular Ranging Method Based on Camera Attitude Estimation and Distance Estimation Networks

by Jun Liu and Duo Xu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080339 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

A monocular ranging method for forward vehicles in intelligent driving is proposed. This method measures vehicle distance more accurately under the condition of a single camera and can estimate camera attitude in real-time. For the estimation of camera pitch and yaw angles, it [...] Read more.

A monocular ranging method for forward vehicles in intelligent driving is proposed. This method measures vehicle distance more accurately under the condition of a single camera and can estimate camera attitude in real-time. For the estimation of camera pitch and yaw angles, it is achieved using road vanishing points. The images collected by the camera are sequentially processed through the Roberts operator amplitude calculation, feature point extraction, feature line segment generation, road vanishing point voting, and estimation of camera attitude to obtain pitch and yaw angles. A distance estimation network was designed, which is divided into multiple levels based on image size and incorporates image feature, integrating vehicle grounding point, and vehicle width information, effectively improving ranging accuracy. Finally, validation was conducted on KITTI data, with a relative error (AbsRel) of 8.3%. Additionally, the TuSimple dataset and continuous driving scenarios were also validated, resulting in improved performance compared to previous algorithms. Full article

27 pages, 3676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Cost Redundant Attitude System for Small Satellites, Based on Strap-Down Inertial Techniques and Gyro Sensors Linear Clustering

by Mircea Ștefan Mustață and Teodor Lucian Grigorie

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6585; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156585 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The significant technological changes related to the manufacturing of the miniaturized sensors produced a higher impact at the level of the detection units equipping the strap-down inertial navigation systems (INSs). Together with miniaturization, many more advantages are brought by these technologies, related to [...] Read more.

The significant technological changes related to the manufacturing of the miniaturized sensors produced a higher impact at the level of the detection units equipping the strap-down inertial navigation systems (INSs). Together with miniaturization, many more advantages are brought by these technologies, related to low costs, low necessary energy, high robustness and high potential for adapting the design solutions. However, reducing the dimensions and weight of the sensors is reflected by a decrease in their performance in terms of sensitivity, noise and the possibility of controlling sensitive elements. On the other hand, there is a permanent increase in the need to have in-space applications of miniaturized systems with a high degree of redundancy and to equip miniaturized satellites, miniaturized space robots or space rovers. The paper proposes a new methodology to increase the quality of the signals received from the miniaturized inertial measurement units (IMUs), but also to increase the degree of redundancy, by using low-cost sensors arranged in redundant linear configurations. The presentation is focused on the development of an attitude system based on strap-down inertial techniques which uses a redundant IMU equipped with three linear clusters of miniaturized gyros. For each of the three clusters, a data fusion mechanism based on the maximal ratio combining method is applied. This fusion mechanism reduces the noise power and bias of the signal delivered to the navigation processor. Shown are the theory, software modeling and experimentation results for the attitude algorithm, for the data fusion method, and for the integrated system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Spacecraft Attitude and Orbital Dynamics, Control, Trajectory Planning and Navigation)

18 pages, 24065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Evaluation of Land Resources in the Yangtze River Delta Region by Remote Sensing Observation

by Yanlong Guo, Peiyu He, Pengyu Chen and Linfu Zhang

Land 2024, 13(8), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13081155 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The evaluation of land ecological security (LES) evaluates how human activity and land use affect land ecosystems. Its ultimate objective is to provide guidance and assistance for decision making in order to preserve and restore the efficacy and health of terrestrial ecosystems. The [...] Read more.

The evaluation of land ecological security (LES) evaluates how human activity and land use affect land ecosystems. Its ultimate objective is to provide guidance and assistance for decision making in order to preserve and restore the efficacy and health of terrestrial ecosystems. The assessment model presented in this article is comprehensive and integrates the advantages of both subjective and objective weighting techniques. This study extends the “Pressure–State–Response” (PSR) model to “Driver–Pressure–State-Impact–Response” (DPSIR) and combines it with TOPSISI to determine the weights of each contributing component. Furthermore, the geographical and temporal distribution patterns of regional land ecological security levels were investigated using GIS geostatistical approaches. According to this study, (1) the Yangtze River Delta region’s LES index, with a mean value in the fairly safe range, is generally safe. The year 2019 marks an inflection point for the index, with the highest level of ecological safety on land. The primary element is the modification of environmental policies that are enacted by the government. (2) The LES status is divided into two stages during the course of this study. The Yangtze River Delta region’s LES quickly develops throughout the first stage (2012–2019), which sees a shift in the safety rating from IV to II. The second stage (2019–2023) sees a progressive improvement in the LES index and a shift in the safety category from Class II to Class I. (3) Important variables influencing the geographical distribution of LES in the Yangtze River Delta region include barrier elements, including soil and water erosion areas, flood disaster areas, grain planting areas, urban green covering areas, and effective irrigation areas of farmland. Full article

26 pages, 3584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vehicle Turning Carbon Emissions and Highway Planar Alignment Design Indicators

by Yaping Dong, Tong Li, Jinliang Xu and Bin Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6442; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156442 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The carbon emitted by vehicles traveling on curved roads is greatly affected by the alignment of the route, yet the mechanism behind this is not yet clear, leading to current horizontal alignment designs being unable to avoid this problem. To clarify the principles [...] Read more.

The carbon emitted by vehicles traveling on curved roads is greatly affected by the alignment of the route, yet the mechanism behind this is not yet clear, leading to current horizontal alignment designs being unable to avoid this problem. To clarify the principles and indicator thresholds of low-carbon design for planar geometry, this study takes the carbon emission of traveling on curved routes as the research object, and establishes a relationship model between carbon emissions and design indicators based on the principles of vehicle dynamics and kinematics. Field tests were conducted to validate the quantitative relationship model. The model shows that both radius and superelevation are negatively correlated with carbon emissions, while the lateral force coefficient is positively correlated with carbon emissions. The contribution of radius to carbon emissions is greater than that of superelevation. This study clarifies the recommended values of low-carbon design indicators by assessing carbon emissions according to the current route design specification, outlines the principles of superelevation settings, and proposes a methodology to deal with the relationship between superelevation and the lateral friction coefficient. The research findings promote the quantification and standardization of low-carbon highway design, contributing to the early mitigation of high-carbon emissions from curved traffic during the design phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Innovation and Supply Chain Development)

13 pages, 3603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Super-Resolution and 3D Reconstruction Method Based on OmDF Endoscopic Images

by Fujia Sun and Wenxuan Song

Sensors 2024, 24(15), 4890; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154890 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

In the field of endoscopic imaging, challenges such as low resolution, complex textures, and blurred edges often degrade the quality of 3D reconstructed models. To address these issues, this study introduces an innovative endoscopic image super-resolution and 3D reconstruction technique named Omni-Directional Focus [...] Read more.

In the field of endoscopic imaging, challenges such as low resolution, complex textures, and blurred edges often degrade the quality of 3D reconstructed models. To address these issues, this study introduces an innovative endoscopic image super-resolution and 3D reconstruction technique named Omni-Directional Focus and Scale Resolution (OmDF-SR). This method integrates an Omnidirectional Self-Attention (OSA) mechanism, an Omnidirectional Scale Aggregation Group (OSAG), a Dual-stream Adaptive Focus Mechanism (DAFM), and a Dynamic Edge Adjustment Framework (DEAF) to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of super-resolution processing. Additionally, it employs Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi-View Stereo (MVS) technologies to achieve high-precision medical 3D models. Experimental results indicate significant improvements in image processing with a PSNR of 38.2902 dB and an SSIM of 0.9746 at a magnification factor of ×2, and a PSNR of 32.1723 dB and an SSIM of 0.9489 at ×4. Furthermore, the method excels in reconstructing detailed 3D models, enhancing point cloud density, mesh quality, and texture mapping richness, thus providing substantial support for clinical diagnosis and surgical planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)

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19 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Estrogen Hormones’ Implications on the Physiopathology of Temporomandibular Dysfunction

by Daniel-Corneliu Leucuța, Damaris Anton and Oana Almășan

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4406; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154406 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome consists of several disorders of the masticatory system, namely those of the muscles, the joint itself, as well as the dental and periodontal system. This syndrome is often characterized by pain and an inability to perform functions within the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Temporomandibular dysfunction syndrome consists of several disorders of the masticatory system, namely those of the muscles, the joint itself, as well as the dental and periodontal system. This syndrome is often characterized by pain and an inability to perform functions within the dental–maxillary apparatus, which creates a certain degree of disability in patients. Women are more susceptible to this syndrome than men and hormonal factors, particularly estrogen, are central to its etiology and physiopathology. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases regarding articles published from January 2008 to December 2023. Two authors conducted searches in the mentioned databases based on a pre-established search strategy using agreed-upon keywords. Additionally, each review author performed the selection process of eligible studies based on established inclusion criteria. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale and Risk of Bias tool 2 were used to assess each article for its methodological quality. Results: Of the 1030 records found in the four bibliographic databases, 22 studies were included in this review. Polymorphism in the alpha estrogen receptor appears to be significantly more prevalent in women with temporomandibular dysfunction, suggesting a genetic predisposition. There is a significant role of estrogen in the physiopathology of TMD-related pain. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have a significantly higher incidence of TMD, accompanied by elevated inflammatory factors and decreased progesterone levels. In premenopausal women, there is scientific relevance to the association between beta-estradiol levels and TMD development and progression. The effects of estrogen hormones on temporomandibular dysfunction remain highly debated and challenging. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of considering hormonal factors, genetic predisposition, and reproductive life stages in understanding and managing temporomandibular dysfunction. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying these associations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Approach on the Oral Cavity Management Due to Musculoskeletal Conditions)

15 pages, 720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Neural Efficiency in Unconscious Perceptual Processing Among Table Tennis Athletes: An Event-Related Potential Study

by Jilong Shi, Haojie Huang, Fatima A. Nasrallah and Anmin Li

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(8), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080756 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background: Neural efficiency refers to the brain’s ability to function with reduced resource expenditure while maintaining high performance levels. Previous research has demonstrated that table tennis athletes have greater neural efficiency at the conscious level. However, it is unknown whether they exhibit greater [...] Read more.

Background: Neural efficiency refers to the brain’s ability to function with reduced resource expenditure while maintaining high performance levels. Previous research has demonstrated that table tennis athletes have greater neural efficiency at the conscious level. However, it is unknown whether they exhibit greater neural efficiency at the unconscious level. Therefore, this study aims to investigate unconscious perceptual processing and neural efficiency in elite table tennis athletes through tasks involving the judgment of spin serves. Methods: Fifty healthy, right-handed individuals participated in this study, including 25 elite table tennis athletes and 25 control participants without professional training experience. To evaluate the unconscious perceptual characteristics of both groups, we used a combination of masked priming paradigm and event-related potential techniques. Results: The behavioral results reveal that, compared to the control group, the table tennis athletes displayed reduced reaction times (p < 0.001) and increased priming effects (p < 0.001) under unconscious conditions. The electrophysiological findings indicated that both groups elicited N1, N2, and P2 components. Notably, compared to the control group, the table tennis athletes exhibited significantly lower amplitude responses at the occipital lobe electrodes PO3, POz, PO4, O1, Oz, and O2 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These results further support the neural efficiency hypothesis, indicating that prolonged professional training enhances athletes’ capacities for specialized unconscious cognitive processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Assessment and Training of Perceptual-Motor Performance)

16 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Future of Undergraduate Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Impact of Perceived Flexibility and Attitudes on Self-Regulated Online Learning

by Kadir Demir

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6444; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156444 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of online learning, particularly in higher education institutions. This shift underscores the importance of sustainable education practices aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 4 emphasizes inclusive and equitable quality education, highlighting how online [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of online learning, particularly in higher education institutions. This shift underscores the importance of sustainable education practices aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 4 emphasizes inclusive and equitable quality education, highlighting how online learning environments can enhance accessibility and flexibility for students worldwide. SDG 9 underscores the role of technological advancements in education. SDG 10 focuses on reducing inequality within and among countries, and online education can bridge educational disparities by offering flexible learning options to diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. SDG 17 emphasizes the importance of partnerships, which have been crucial in developing effective online learning solutions. This study investigates the relationship between undergraduate students’ self-regulated online learning, perceived flexibility, and attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments at a state university in İzmir, Türkiye. Utilizing a survey-type correlational research model, data were collected from 300 undergraduate students. The results indicate that undergraduate students exhibit high-level self-regulation, perceive moderate flexibility, and hold positive attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments. The analysis showed that self-regulated online learning is moderately correlated with perceived flexibility and strongly correlated with attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments. These findings suggest that both perceived flexibility and positive attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments play important roles in predicting self-regulated online learning. This research provides valuable insights for educators and institutions aiming to enhance the online learning experience by promoting self-regulated learning behaviors and flexible learning environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education for Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities of Transformative Learning and Teaching)

18 pages, 14309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An OVR-FWP-RF Machine Learning Algorithm for Identification of Abandoned Farmland in Hilly Areas Using Multispectral Remote Sensing Data

by Liangsong Wang, Qian Li, Youhan Wang, Kun Zeng and Haiying Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6443; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156443 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Serious farmland abandonment in hilly areas, and the resolution of commonly used satellite-borne remote sensing images are insufficient to meet the needs of identifying abandoned farmland in such regions. Furthermore, addressing the problem of identifying abandoned farmland in hilly areas with a certain [...] Read more.

Serious farmland abandonment in hilly areas, and the resolution of commonly used satellite-borne remote sensing images are insufficient to meet the needs of identifying abandoned farmland in such regions. Furthermore, addressing the problem of identifying abandoned farmland in hilly areas with a certain level of accuracy is a crucial issue in the research of extracting information on abandoned farmland patches from remote sensing images. Taking a typical hilly village as an example, this study utilizes airborne multispectral remote sensing images, incorporating various feature factors such as spectral characteristics and texture features. Aiming at the issue of identifying abandoned farmland in hilly areas, a method for extracting abandoned farmland based on the OVR-FWP-RF algorithm is proposed. Furthermore, two machine learning algorithms, Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost, are also utilized for comparison. The results indicate that the overall accuracy (OA) of the OVR-FWP-RF, Random Forest, and XGboost classification algorithms have reached 92.66%, 90.55%, and 90.75%, respectively, with corresponding Kappa coefficients of 0.9064, 0.8796, and 0.8824. Therefore, by combining spectral features, texture features, and vegetation factors, the use of machine learning methods can improve the accuracy of identifying ground objects. Moreover, the OVR-FWP-RF algorithm outperforms the Random Forest and XGboost. Specifically, when using the OVR-FWP-RF algorithm to identify abandoned farmland, its producer accuracy (PA) is 3.22% and 0.71% higher than Random Forest and XGboost, respectively, while the user accuracy (UA) is also 5.27% and 6.68% higher, respectively. Therefore, OVR-FWP-RF can significantly improve the accuracy of abandoned farmland identification and other land use type recognition in hilly areas, providing a new method for abandoned farmland identification and other land type classification in hilly areas, as well as a useful reference for abandoned farmland identification research in other similar areas. Full article

19 pages, 3515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Carbonated Pyrolysis Oil Recycled from Scrap Tires on Metallurgical Efficiency of Coal Flotation

by Iman Hasanizadeh, Hamid Khoshdast, Mehdi Safari, Kaveh Asgari and Ahmad Rahmanian

Minerals 2024, 14(8), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080765 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

This research assesses the effect of carbonated pyrolysis oil (CPO) derived from scrap car tires on the metallurgical efficiency of coal flotation as a flotation additive. Using a statistical experimental design, the influence of various operational variables, including solid percent of feed pulp [...] Read more.

This research assesses the effect of carbonated pyrolysis oil (CPO) derived from scrap car tires on the metallurgical efficiency of coal flotation as a flotation additive. Using a statistical experimental design, the influence of various operational variables, including solid percent of feed pulp and dosages of reagents, i.e., CPO as an additive, diesel oil as a collector, and pine oil as a frother, on the ash content and yield of the final concentrate were investigated. Experimental data vary significantly based on operational conditions, ranging from 6.6% ash content with a 15% yield to 19.1% ash content with a 76.8% yield. The composition of the pyrolysis oil was identified by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of experimental results demonstrated that almost all variables had a substantial effect on the flotation responses, positive or negative, depending on the variable or variable interaction. It was discovered that the usage of CPO intensified the total yield and ash content of concentrate in a nonlinear fashion in a range of 15% and 4%, respectively. The results revealed a non-selective interaction effect between CPO and pine oil, as well as competitive adsorption between diesel oil and CPO, which contributed to the curved behavior of flotation measurements. The detrimental effect of CPO on the flotation response of the studied coal sample was also related to the interaction of the hydrophilic groups in the CPO structure and the oxide groups of ash material in coal particles. This work shows the potential of carbonated pyrolysis oil to enhance coal flotation performance and sheds light on the underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)

19 pages, 5426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing HMI for Intelligent Electric Vehicles Using BCI and Deep Neural Networks with Genetic Algorithms

by Xinmin Jin, Jian Teng and Shaw-mung Lee

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080338 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

This study utilizes a brain—computer interface (BCI)—based deep neural network (DNN) and genetic algorithm (GA) method. This research explores the interaction design of the main control human-machine interaction interfaces (HMIs) for intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) by integrating neural network predictions with genetic algorithm [...] Read more.

This study utilizes a brain—computer interface (BCI)—based deep neural network (DNN) and genetic algorithm (GA) method. This research explores the interaction design of the main control human-machine interaction interfaces (HMIs) for intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) by integrating neural network predictions with genetic algorithm optimizations. Augmented reality (AR) was incorporated into the experimental setup to simulate real driving conditions, providing participants with an immersive and realistic experience. A comparative analysis of several models including the support vector machines-genetic algorithm (SVMs-GA), decision trees-genetic algorithm (DT-GA), particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (PSO-GA), and deep neural network-genetic algorithm (DNN-GA) was conducted. The results indicate that the DNN-GA model exhibited superior prediction accuracy with the lowest mean squared error (MSE) of 0.22 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.31. Additionally, the DNN-GA model demonstrated the shortest training time of 69.93 s, making it 4.5% more efficient than the PSO-GA model and 51.8% more efficient compared to the SVMs-GA model. This research focuses on promoting an innovative and efficient machine learning hybrid model with the goal of improving the efficiency of the human-machine interaction interfaces (HMIs) interface of intelligent electric vehicles. By optimizing the accuracy and response speed, the aim is to enhance the control interface and significantly improve user experience and usability. Full article

10 pages, 446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aloe vera Cuticle: A Promising Organic Water-Retaining Agent for Agricultural Use

by Wilmer E. Luligo-Montealegre, Santiago Prado-Alzate, Alfredo Ayala-Aponte, Diego F. Tirado and Liliana Serna-Cock

Horticulturae 2024, 10(8), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080797 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Water is an important resource for both human and environmental survival. However, due to current human practices, we are facing a serious crisis in accessing water. Thus, solutions must be explored to optimize the use of this resource. In the search for an [...] Read more.

Water is an important resource for both human and environmental survival. However, due to current human practices, we are facing a serious crisis in accessing water. Thus, solutions must be explored to optimize the use of this resource. In the search for an organic water-retaining agent for agricultural use, the techno-functional properties of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) cuticle, an agro-industrial residue generated after gel extraction, were evaluated. The residue was dried and ground. The effects of particle size (180 µm and 250 µm), temperature (10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C), and pH (4.5, 6.0, and 7.0) on the solubility and water-holding capacity (WHC) of the obtained product (i.e., hydrogel) were then evaluated. The treatment with the highest WHC was selected and compared with the WHC of a commercial synthetic polyacrylamide gel widely used in agriculture. The effects of KNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂ at different concentrations (10 g L⁻¹, 20 g L⁻¹, 30 g L⁻¹, and 40 g L⁻¹) on the WHC of the gels were assessed. Particle size, temperature, and pH interactions had statistically significant effects on solubility, while the WHC was affected by particle size × temperature and pH × temperature interactions. The highest product solubility (75%) was obtained at the smallest particle size (i.e., 180 µm), pH 4.5, and 20 °C. Meanwhile, the highest WHC (18 g g⁻¹) was obtained at the largest particle size (i.e., 250 µm), pH 6.0, and 20 °C. This optimized gel kept its WHC across both salts and their concentrations. In contrast, the commercial gel significantly decreased its WHC with salt concentration. The product elaborated with A. vera cuticle could have bioeconomic potential as a water-retention agent for agricultural use, with the advantage that it is not affected by the addition of salts used for plant fertilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought Stress and Crop Water Management in Sustainable Horticultural Production)

25 pages, 5779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collembola Diversity across Vegetation Types of a Neotropical Island in a River Delta

by Maria Geovana de Mesquita Lima, Bruna Maria da Silva, Rudy Camilo Nunes, Alexandre de Oliveira Marques, Gleyce da Silva Medeiros, Fúlvio Aurélio de Morais Freire, Clécio Danilo Dias da Silva, Bruna Winck and Bruno Cavalcante Bellini

Diversity 2024, 16(8), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080445 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Springtails, vital for ecosystem assessment, are often overshadowed by taxonomy-focused research, which mostly neglects their ecology and distribution, particularly in the Neotropical Region. The objective of this study was to identify how environmental factors, especially vegetation types, affect the availability of food resources [...] Read more.

Springtails, vital for ecosystem assessment, are often overshadowed by taxonomy-focused research, which mostly neglects their ecology and distribution, particularly in the Neotropical Region. The objective of this study was to identify how environmental factors, especially vegetation types, affect the availability of food resources for epiedaphic Collembola and influence their diversity patterns in three vegetation types (riparian forest, mangrove, and restinga) in the Canárias Island, in Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, Brazil (APADP). We collected samples along 200 m transects in each vegetation type during the dry and rainy seasons. After, specimens were sorted, counted and identified. Alpha (species richness, Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou indices) and beta diversity (Whittaker index) were analyzed, along with environmental factors’ influence through Redundancy Analysis (RDA). We sampled a total of 5346 specimens, belonging to three orders, eight families, 23 genera, 31 morphospecies, and one nominal species. Species abundance was positively influenced by soil moisture, plant richness, and leaf litter. The riparian forest sheltered a higher species richness and diversity, and its biotic and abiotic factors likely enhanced the food resource availability, including vegetal organic matter, fungi, and bacteria. These results provide the first taxonomic and ecological data on the Collembola fauna in the APADP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

16 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of Green Poverty Reduction Strategies in Ecologically Fragile Areas: A Case Study of Southern Xinjiang in China

by Hongmei Chen, Weipeng Chao, Zhen Xue, Hanlin Wei and Qing Li

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156441 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Green poverty reduction is a strategic choice for China to bring ecological benefits as well as economic and social benefits. This study examines three typical models of green poverty reduction strategies in Southern Xinjiang, which is an ecologically fragile region. The data for [...] Read more.

Green poverty reduction is a strategic choice for China to bring ecological benefits as well as economic and social benefits. This study examines three typical models of green poverty reduction strategies in Southern Xinjiang, which is an ecologically fragile region. The data for calculating the comprehensive benefits of the three models were derived from satellite remote sensing data, regional forestry bureau statistics, and survey data from 2021. The economic benefits are calculated to measure the net profit of a certain type of cover such as the supply of timber, forest products, and crops. The ecological benefits are calculated to measure the improvement in water resource regulation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, windbreak and sand fixation, biodiversity conservation, and landscape recreation. The social benefits include providing employment opportunities and government subsidy. The comprehensive benefits are a weighted average over individual benefit categories. We found that the comprehensive benefits of the composite forest model, the drought-resistant crop model, and the industrial transformation model are CNY 288 million, CNY 50 million, and CNY 545 million, respectively. The composite forest model and the industrial transformation model have greater ecological benefits, while the drought-resistant crop model has greater economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Green Economy Transformation)

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