Journal Description
Symmetry
Symmetry
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal covering research on symmetry/asymmetry phenomena wherever they occur in all aspects of natural sciences. Symmetry is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Multidisciplinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Mathematics); Q1 (Physics and Astronomy); Q1 (Computer Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Symmetry.
Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
Hox Gene Collinearity with Pulling Physical Forces Creates a Hox Gene Clustering in Embryos of Vertebrates and Invertebrates: Complete or Split Clusters
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050594 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Hox gene clusters are crucial in embryogenesis. It was observed that some Hox genes are located in order along the telomeric to centromeric direction of the DNA sequence: Hox1, Hox2, Hox3…. These genes are expressed in the same order in the ontogenetic units
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Hox gene clusters are crucial in embryogenesis. It was observed that some Hox genes are located in order along the telomeric to centromeric direction of the DNA sequence: Hox1, Hox2, Hox3…. These genes are expressed in the same order in the ontogenetic units of the Drosophila embryo along the anterior–posterior axis. The two entities (genome and embryo) differ significantly in linear size and in-between distance. This strange phenomenon was named spatial collinearity (SP). Later, it was observed that, particularly in the vertebrates, a temporal collinearity (TC) coexists: first Hox1 is expressed, later Hox2, and later on Hox3…. According to a biophysical model (BM), pulling forces act at the anterior end of the cluster while a cluster fastening applies at the posterior end. Hox clusters are irreversibly elongated along the force direction. During evolution, the elongated Hox clusters are broken at variable lengths, thus split clusters may be created. An empirical rule was formulated, distinguishing development due to a complete Hox cluster from development due to split Hox clusters. BM can explain this empirical rule. In a spontaneous mutation, where the cluster fastening is dismantled, a weak pulling force automatically shifts the cluster inside the Hox activation domain. This cluster translocation can probably explain the absence of temporal collinearity in Drosophila.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Life Sciences: Feature Papers 2024)
Open AccessArticle
Novel, Fast, Strong, and Parallel: A Colored Image Cipher Based on SBTM CPRNG
by
Ahmad Al-Daraiseh, Yousef Sanjalawe, Salam Fraihat and Salam Al-E’mari
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050593 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Smartphones, digital cameras, and other imaging devices generate vast amounts of high-resolution colored images daily, stored on devices equipped with multi-core central processing units or on the cloud. Safeguarding these images from potential attackers has become a pressing concern. This paper introduces a
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Smartphones, digital cameras, and other imaging devices generate vast amounts of high-resolution colored images daily, stored on devices equipped with multi-core central processing units or on the cloud. Safeguarding these images from potential attackers has become a pressing concern. This paper introduces a set of six innovative image ciphers designed to be stronger, faster, and more efficient. Three of these algorithms incorporate the State-Based Tent Map (SBTM) Chaotic Pseudo Random Number Generator (CPRNG), while the remaining three employ a proposed modified variant, SBTMPi. The Grayscale Image Cipher (GIC), Colored Image Cipher Single-Thread RGB (CIC1), and Colored Image Cipher Three-Thread RGB (CIC3) showcase the application of the proposed algorithms. By incorporating novel techniques in the confusion and diffusion phases, these ciphers demonstrate remarkable performance, particularly with large colored images. The study underscores the potential of SBTM-based image ciphers, contributing to the advancement of secure image encryption techniques with robust random number generation capabilities.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
Open AccessArticle
Combined Analysis of Neutrino and Antineutrino Charged Current Inclusive Interactions
by
Juan M. Franco-Patino, Alejandro N. Gacino-Olmedo, Jesus Gonzalez-Rosa, Stephen J. Dolan, Guillermo D. Megias, Laura Munteanu, Maria B. Barbaro and Juan A. Caballero
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050592 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a combined analysis of muon neutrino and antineutrino charged-current cross sections at kinematics of relevance for the T2K, MINERvA and MicroBooNE experiments. We analyze the sum, difference and asymmetry of neutrino versus antineutrino cross sections in order to get a
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This paper presents a combined analysis of muon neutrino and antineutrino charged-current cross sections at kinematics of relevance for the T2K, MINERvA and MicroBooNE experiments. We analyze the sum, difference and asymmetry of neutrino versus antineutrino cross sections in order to get a better understanding of the nuclear effects involved in these processes. Nuclear models based on the superscaling behavior and the relativistic mean field theory are applied, covering a wide range of kinematics, from hundreds of MeV to several GeV, and the relevant nuclear regimes, i.e., from quasileastic reactions to deep inelastic scattering processes. The NEUT neutrino-interaction event generator, used in neutrino oscillation experiments, is also applied to the analysis of the quasielastic channel via local Fermi gas and spectral function approaches.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Neutrino Physics: Theory and Experiments)
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Open AccessArticle
Sex-Based Asymmetry in the Association between Challenging Behaviours and Five Anxiety Disorders in Autistic Youth
by
Vicki Bitsika, Christopher F. Sharpley, Kirstan A. Vessey and Ian D. Evans
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050591 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
The presence of sex-based asymmetry in the behaviours of youths with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently under research scrutiny. ASD is characterised by challenging behaviour (CB) and is often accompanied by anxiety, both of which often exacerbate social interaction difficulties. The present
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The presence of sex-based asymmetry in the behaviours of youths with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently under research scrutiny. ASD is characterised by challenging behaviour (CB) and is often accompanied by anxiety, both of which often exacerbate social interaction difficulties. The present study examined the presence of sex-based asymmetry in the prevalence of CB and anxiety and in the association between CB and anxiety in a sample including 32 male autistic youths (M age = 10.09, SD = 3.83, range = 6–18 yr) and 32 female autistic youths (M age = 10.31, SD = 2.57, range = 6–15 yr) matched for age, IQ, and ASD severity (p > .101). While the prevalence and severity of behavioural characteristics across males and females with ASD were similar (p = .767), representing symmetry, there was asymmetry in the ways that CBs and anxiety were associated with each other across the two sexes. Specifically, there were 3 instances of symmetry (r > .3, p < .05)), but there were also 10 occurrences of sex-based asymmetry (r < .3, p > .05) in the association between five aspects of CB and five anxiety disorders. These findings emphasise the underlying sex-based symmetry in the prevalence of ASD-related behaviours, also highlighting unique sex-based asymmetry in the association between CBs and anxiety in autistic youths.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Individual Differences in Behavioral and Neural Lateralization)
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Open AccessArticle
Direct and Inverse Kinematics of a 3RRR Symmetric Planar Robot: An Alternative of Active Joints
by
Jordy Josue Martinez Cardona, Manuel Cardona, Jorge I. Canales-Verdial and Jose Luis Ordoñez-Avila
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050590 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Existing direct and inverse kinematic models of planar parallel robots assume that the robot’s active joints are all at the bases. However, this approach becomes excessively complex when modeling a planar parallel robot in which the active joints are within one single kinematic
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Existing direct and inverse kinematic models of planar parallel robots assume that the robot’s active joints are all at the bases. However, this approach becomes excessively complex when modeling a planar parallel robot in which the active joints are within one single kinematic chain. To address this problem, our article unveils an alternative for a 3RRR symmetric planar robot modeling technique for the derivation of the robot workspace and the analysis of its direct and inverse kinematics. The workspace was defined using a system of inequalities, and the direct and inverse kinematics models were generated using vectorial analysis and an optimized geometrical approach, respectively. The resulting models are systematically presented and validated. Two final model renditions are delivered supplying a thorough equation analysis and an applicability discussion based on the importance of the robot’s mobile platform orientation. The advantages of this model are discussed in comparison to the traditional modeling approach: whereas conventional techniques require the solution of complex eighth-degree polynomials for the analysis of the active joint configuration of these robots, these models provide an efficient back-of-the-envelope analysis approach that requires the solution of a simple second-degree polynomial.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Mechanical Engineering: Properties and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
The Attention-Based Autoencoder for Network Traffic Classification with Interpretable Feature Representation
by
Jun Cui, Longkun Bai, Xiaofeng Zhang, Zhigui Lin and Qi Liu
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050589 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Network traffic classification is crucial for identifying network applications and defending against network threats. Traditional traffic classification approaches struggle to extract structural features and suffer from poor interpretability of feature representations. The high symmetry between network traffic classification and its interpretable feature representation
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Network traffic classification is crucial for identifying network applications and defending against network threats. Traditional traffic classification approaches struggle to extract structural features and suffer from poor interpretability of feature representations. The high symmetry between network traffic classification and its interpretable feature representation is vital for network traffic analysis. To address these issues, this paper proposes a traffic classification and feature representation model named the attention mechanism autoencoder (AMAE). The AMAE model extracts the global spatial structural features of network traffic through attention mechanisms and employs an autoencoder to extract local structural features and perform dimensionality reduction. This process maps different network traffic features into one-dimensional coordinate systems in the form of spectra, termed FlowSpectrum. The spectra of different network traffic represent different intervals in the coordinate system. This paper tests the interpretability and classification performance of network traffic features of the AMAE model using the ISCX-VPN2016 dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that by analyzing the overall distribution of attention weights and local weight values of network traffic, the model effectively explains the differences in the spectral representation intervals of different types of network traffic. Furthermore, our approach achieves the highest classification accuracy of up to 100% for non-VPN-encrypted traffic and 99.69% for VPN-encrypted traffic, surpassing existing traffic classification schemes.
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(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
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Open AccessArticle
DAE-GAN: Underwater Image Super-Resolution Based on Symmetric Degradation Attention Enhanced Generative Adversarial Network
by
Miaowei Gao, Zhongguo Li, Qi Wang and Wenbin Fan
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050588 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Underwater images often exhibit detail blurring and color distortion due to light scattering, impurities, and other influences, obscuring essential textures and details. This presents a challenge for existing super-resolution techniques in identifying and extracting effective features, making high-quality reconstruction difficult. This research aims
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Underwater images often exhibit detail blurring and color distortion due to light scattering, impurities, and other influences, obscuring essential textures and details. This presents a challenge for existing super-resolution techniques in identifying and extracting effective features, making high-quality reconstruction difficult. This research aims to innovate underwater image super-resolution technology to tackle this challenge. Initially, an underwater image degradation model was created by integrating random subsampling, Gaussian blur, mixed noise, and suspended particle simulation to generate a highly realistic synthetic dataset, thereby training the network to adapt to various degradation factors. Subsequently, to enhance the network’s capability to extract key features, improvements were made based on the symmetrically structured blind super-resolution generative adversarial network (BSRGAN) model architecture. An attention mechanism based on energy functions was introduced within the generator to assess the importance of each pixel, and a weighted fusion strategy of adversarial loss, reconstruction loss, and perceptual loss was utilized to improve the quality of image reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method achieved significant improvements in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and underwater image quality measure (UIQM) by 0.85 dB and 0.19, respectively, significantly enhancing the visual perception quality and indicating its feasibility in super-resolution applications.
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(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Knowledge Graph Embedding with Hierarchical Self-Attention and Graph Neural Network Techniques for Drug-Drug Interaction Prediction in Virtual Reality Environments
by
Lizhen Jiang and Sensen Zhang
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050587 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
In biomedicine, the critical task is to decode Drug–Drug Interactions (DDIs) from complex biomedical texts. The scientific community employs Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE) methods, enhanced with advanced neural network technologies, including capsule networks. However, existing methodologies primarily focus on the structural details of
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In biomedicine, the critical task is to decode Drug–Drug Interactions (DDIs) from complex biomedical texts. The scientific community employs Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE) methods, enhanced with advanced neural network technologies, including capsule networks. However, existing methodologies primarily focus on the structural details of individual entities or relations within Biomedical Knowledge Graphs (BioKGs), overlooking the overall structural context of BioKGs, molecular structures, positional features of drug pairs, and their critical Relational Mapping Properties. To tackle the challenges identified, this study presents HSTrHouse an innovative hierarchical self-attention BioKGs embedding framework. This architecture integrates self-attention mechanisms with advanced neural network technologies, including Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Graph Neural Network (GNN), for enhanced computational modeling in biomedical contexts. The model bifurcates the BioKGs into entity and relation layers for structural analysis. It employs self-attention across these layers, utilizing PubMedBERT and CNN for position feature extraction, and a GNN for drug pair molecular structure analysis. Then, we connect the position and molecular structure features to integrate them into the self-attention calculation of entity and relation. After that, the output of the self-attention layer is combined with the connected vectors of the position feature and molecular structure feature to obtain the final representation vector, and finally, to model the Relational Mapping Properties (RMPs), the representation vector is embedded into the complex vector space using Householder projections to obtain the BioKGs model. The paper validates HSTrHouse’s efficacy by comparing it with advanced models on three standard BioKGs for DDIs research.
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(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
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Open AccessArticle
An Improved Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm for High-Dimension Optimization and Its Engineering Applications
by
Xu Wang, Hongwei Kang, Yong Shen, Xingping Sun and Qingyi Chen
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050586 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
One of the limitations of the dung beetle optimization (DBO) is its susceptibility to local optima and its relatively low search accuracy. Several strategies have been utilized to improve the diversity, search precision, and outcomes of the DBO. However, the equilibrium between exploration
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One of the limitations of the dung beetle optimization (DBO) is its susceptibility to local optima and its relatively low search accuracy. Several strategies have been utilized to improve the diversity, search precision, and outcomes of the DBO. However, the equilibrium between exploration and exploitation has not been achieved optimally. This paper presents a novel algorithm called the ODBO, which incorporates cat map and an opposition-based learning strategy, which is based on symmetry theory. In addition, in order to enhance the performance of the dung ball rolling phase, this paper combines the global search strategy of the osprey optimization algorithm with the position update strategy of the DBO. Additionally, we enhance the population’s diversity during the foraging phase of the DBO by incorporating vertical and horizontal crossover of individuals. This introduction of asymmetry in the crossover operation increases the exploration capability of the algorithm, allowing it to effectively escape local optima and facilitate global search.
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(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
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Open AccessArticle
Nonstandard Nearly Exact Analysis of the FitzHugh–Nagumo Model
by
Shahid, Mujahid Abbas and Eddy Kwessi
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050585 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The FitzHugh–Nagumo model has been used empirically to model certain types of neuronal activities. It is also a non-linear dynamical system applicable to chemical kinetics, population dynamics, epidemiology and pattern formation. In the literature, many approaches have been proposed to study its dynamics.
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The FitzHugh–Nagumo model has been used empirically to model certain types of neuronal activities. It is also a non-linear dynamical system applicable to chemical kinetics, population dynamics, epidemiology and pattern formation. In the literature, many approaches have been proposed to study its dynamics. In this paper, initially, we have employed cutting-edge tools from discrete dynamics for discretization and fixed points. It has been proven that an exact discrete scheme exists for this paradigm. This project also considers the phase space and integral surfaces of these evolutionary equations. In addition, it carries out a thorough symmetry analysis of this reaction diffusion system to find equivalent systems. Moreover, steady-state solutions are obtained using ansatzes for traveling wave solutions. The existence of infinite traveling wave solutions has also been proven. Yet again, this investigation establishes the potential of symmetry methods to unravel non-linearity. Finally, singular perturbation theory has been employed to obtain analytical approximations and to study stability in different parameter regimes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Symmetric Systems and Chaotic Systems in Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Non-Hermitian Quantum Rényi Entropy Dynamics in Anyonic-PT Symmetric Systems
by
Zhihang Liu and Chao Zheng
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050584 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
We reveal the continuous change of information dynamics patterns in anyonic-PT symmetric systems that originates from the continuity of anyonic-PT symmetry. We find there are three information dynamics patterns for anyonic-PT symmetric systems: damped oscillations with an overall decrease (increase) and asymptotically stable
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We reveal the continuous change of information dynamics patterns in anyonic-PT symmetric systems that originates from the continuity of anyonic-PT symmetry. We find there are three information dynamics patterns for anyonic-PT symmetric systems: damped oscillations with an overall decrease (increase) and asymptotically stable damped oscillations, which are three-fold degenerate and are distorted using the Hermitian quantum Rényi entropy or distinguishability. It is the normalization of the non-unitary evolved density matrix that causes the degeneracy and distortion. We give a justification for non-Hermitian quantum Rényi entropy being negative. By exploring the mathematics and physical meaning of the negative entropy in open quantum systems, we connect negative non-Hermitian quantum Rényi entropy and negative quantum conditional entropy, paving the way to rigorously investigate negative entropy in open quantum systems.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Quantum Information and Quantum Computing, 2nd Volume)
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Open AccessArticle
Global Models of Collapsing Scalar Field: Endstate
by
Dario Corona and Roberto Giambò
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050583 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The study of dynamic singularity formation in spacetime, focusing on scalar field collapse models, is analyzed. We revisit key findings regarding open spatial topologies, concentrating on minimal conditions necessary for singularity and apparent horizon formation. Moreover, we examine the stability of initial data
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The study of dynamic singularity formation in spacetime, focusing on scalar field collapse models, is analyzed. We revisit key findings regarding open spatial topologies, concentrating on minimal conditions necessary for singularity and apparent horizon formation. Moreover, we examine the stability of initial data in the dynamical system governed by Einstein’s equations, considering variations in parameters that influence naked singularity formation. We illustrate how these results apply to a family of scalar field models, concluding with a discussion on the concept of genericity in singularity studies.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advance in Mathematical Physics II)
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Symmetric Collaborative Fault-Tolerant Control of Multi-Intelligence under Long-Range Transmission in Air–Ground Integrated Wireless High-Mobility Self-Organizing Networks
by
Zhifang Wang, Mingzhe Shao, Wenke Xu, Xuewei Huang, Yang Bai, Quanzhen Huang and Jianguo Yu
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050582 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
With the continuous development and progress of wireless self-organizing network communication technology, how to carry out long-distance cooperative control of multiple intelligences under the framework of an air–ground integrated wireless high-mobility self-organizing network has become a hot and difficult topic that needs to
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With the continuous development and progress of wireless self-organizing network communication technology, how to carry out long-distance cooperative control of multiple intelligences under the framework of an air–ground integrated wireless high-mobility self-organizing network has become a hot and difficult topic that needs to be solved urgently. This paper takes the air–ground integrated wireless high-mobility self-organizing network system as the basic framework and focuses on solving the long-distance cooperative fault-tolerant control of multi-intelligent bodies and the topological stability of a wireless mobile self-organizing network. To solve the above problems, a direct neural network with a robust adaptive fault-tolerant controller is designed in this paper. By constructing a symmetric population neural network model and combining it with the Lyapunov stabilization criterion, the system feedback matrix K has the ability of autonomous adaptive learning, and symmetrically distorts, rotates, or scales the training data to instantly adjust the system’s fault-tolerant corrections and adaptive adjusting factors to resist the unknown disturbances and faults, to achieve the goals of multi-intelligent body stable control and the stable operation of a wireless high-mobility self-organizing network topology. Simulation results show that with the feedback adjustment of the multi-system under the designed controller, the multi-system as a whole has good fault-tolerant performance and autonomous learning approximation performance, and the tracking error asymptotically converges to zero. The experimental results show that the multi-flight subsystems fly stably, the air–ground integrated wireless high-mobility self-organizing network topology has good stability performance, and the maximum relative improvement of the topology stability performance is 50%.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry/Asymmetry in Wireless Communication and Sensor Networks II)
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Comparative Analysis of Bilinear Time Series Models with Time-Varying and Symmetric GARCH Coefficients: Estimation and Simulation
by
Ma’mon Abu Hammad, Rami Alkhateeb, Nabil Laiche, Adel Ouannas and Shameseddin Alshorm
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050581 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This paper makes a significant contribution by focusing on estimating the coefficients of a sample of non-linear time series, a subject well-established in the statistical literature, using bilinear time series. Specifically, this study delves into a subset of bilinear models where Generalized Autoregressive
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This paper makes a significant contribution by focusing on estimating the coefficients of a sample of non-linear time series, a subject well-established in the statistical literature, using bilinear time series. Specifically, this study delves into a subset of bilinear models where Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) models serve as the white noise component. The methodology involves applying the Klimko–Nilsen theorem, which plays a crucial role in extracting the asymptotic behavior of the estimators. In this context, the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic model of order (1,1) noted that the GARCH (1,1) model is defined as the white noise for the coefficients of the example models. Notably, this GARCH model satisfies the condition of having time-varying coefficients. This study meticulously outlines the essential stationarity conditions required for these models. The estimation of coefficients is accomplished by applying the least squares method. One of the key contributions lies in utilizing the fundamental theorem of Klimko and Nilsen, to prove the asymptotic behavior of the estimators, particularly how they vary with changes in the sample size. This paper illuminates the impact of estimators and their approximations based on varying sample sizes. Extending our study to include the estimation of bilinear models alongside GARCH and GARCH symmetric coefficients adds depth to our analysis and provides valuable insights into modeling financial time series data. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the influence of the GARCH white noise trace on the estimation of model coefficients. The results establish a clear connection between the model characteristics and the nature of the white noise, contributing to a more profound understanding of the relationship between these elements.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Functional Equations, Second Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
On Uniformly Starlike Functions with Respect to Symmetrical Points Involving the Mittag-Leffler Function and the Lambert Series
by
Jamal Salah
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050580 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to define the linear operator based on the generalized Mittag-Leffler function and the Lambert series. By using this operator, we introduce a new subclass of β-uniformly starlike functions . Further, we
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The aim of this paper is to define the linear operator based on the generalized Mittag-Leffler function and the Lambert series. By using this operator, we introduce a new subclass of β-uniformly starlike functions . Further, we obtain coefficient estimates, convex linear combinations, and radii of close-to-convexity, starlikeness, and convexity for functions . In addition, we investigate the inclusion conditions of the Hadamard product and the integral transform. Finally, we determine the second Hankel inequality for functions belonging to this subclass.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry in Geometric Theory of Analytic Functions)
Open AccessReview
Non-Local Cosmology: From Theory to Observations
by
Francesco Bajardi and Salvatore Capozziello
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050579 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
We examine the key aspects of gravitational theories that incorporate non-local terms, particularly in the context of cosmology and spherical symmetry. We thus explore various extensions of General Relativity, including non-local effects in the action through the function
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We examine the key aspects of gravitational theories that incorporate non-local terms, particularly in the context of cosmology and spherical symmetry. We thus explore various extensions of General Relativity, including non-local effects in the action through the function , where R denotes the Ricci curvature scalar and the operator introduces non-locality. By selecting the functional forms using Noether Symmetries, we identify exact solutions within a cosmological framework. We can thus reduce the dynamics of these chosen models and obtain analytical solutions for the equations of motion. Therefore, we study the capability of the selected models in matching cosmological observations by evaluating the phase space and the fixed points; this allows one to further constrain the non-local model selected by symmetry considerations. Furthermore, we also investigate gravitational non-local effects on astrophysical scales. In this context, we seek symmetries within the framework of gravity and place constraints on the free parameters. Specifically, we analyze the impact of non-locality on the orbits of the S2 star orbiting SgrA*.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers on Nonlinear Dynamics)
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Open AccessArticle
Engineering Drawing Applied to the Study of the Design of a Two-Cylinder Entablature Steam Engine with Parallel Motion Crosshead
by
José Ignacio Rojas-Sola and Juan Carlos Barranco-Molina
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050578 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This article presents an investigation into a historical invention consisting of a stationary steam engine designed by Henry Muncaster: a two-cylinder entablature steam engine with parallel motion crosshead. The present interdisciplinary research, based on the theoretical and methodological concepts of engineering drawing and
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This article presents an investigation into a historical invention consisting of a stationary steam engine designed by Henry Muncaster: a two-cylinder entablature steam engine with parallel motion crosshead. The present interdisciplinary research, based on the theoretical and methodological concepts of engineering drawing and computer-aided design, has allowed us to understand the operation of this invention from the 3D CAD model of the invention obtained thanks to the original drawings published in the magazine Model Engineer in 1957 and reproduced in 2017, since there is no descriptive information related to the invention. However, there have been drawbacks in the geometric modeling process since the dimensions of some components did not exist and in other cases they were erroneous. For this reason, dimensional, geometric and movement constraints (degrees of freedom) had to be applied so that said 3D CAD model would be coherent and functional, and an interference analysis also had to be performed. Finally, the existing symmetry in the arrangement of the cylinders and the crosshead has been discovered, it being essential to guarantee that the forces and movements are uniform on both sides of the steam engine, and allowing the work to be carried out in a more balanced manner by reducing vibrations and improving the overall efficiency of the invention.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphic Representation and Symmetry Applied to the Technical Historical Heritage)
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Open AccessArticle
Frequency Analysis of Asymmetric Circular Organic Solar Cells Embedded in an Elastic Medium under Hygrothermal Conditions
by
Muneer Alali, Mohammad A. Abazid and Mohammed Sobhy
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050577 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
This research represents the first theoretical investigation about the vibration behavior of circular organic solar cells. Therefore, the vibration response of asymmetric circular organic solar cells that represent a perfect renewable energy source is demonstrated. For this purpose, the differential quadrature method (DQM)
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This research represents the first theoretical investigation about the vibration behavior of circular organic solar cells. Therefore, the vibration response of asymmetric circular organic solar cells that represent a perfect renewable energy source is demonstrated. For this purpose, the differential quadrature method (DQM) is employed. The organic solar cell is modeled as a laminated plate consisting of five layers of Al, P3HT:PCBM, PEDOT:PSS, ITO, and Glass. This cell is rested on a Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation and assumed to be exposed to various types of hygrothermal loadings. There are three different kinds of temperature and moisture variations that are taken into account: uniform, linear, and nonlinear distribution throughout the cell’s thickness. The displacement field is presented based on a new inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory considering only two unknowns. The motion equations including hygrothermal effect and plate–foundation interaction are established within the framework of Hamilton’s principle. The DQM is utilized to solve these equations. In order to ensure the accuracy of the proposed theory, the present results are compared with those reported by other higher-order theories. A comprehensive parametric illustration is conducted on the impacts of different parameters involving the geometrical configuration, elastic foundation parameters, temperature, and moisture concentration on the deduced eigenfrequency of the circular organic solar cells.
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(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
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Open AccessEditorial
Editorial for Special Issue “Various Approaches for Generalized Integral Transforms”
by
Hwajoon Kim
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050576 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
The Laplace transform can be interpreted as a method of converting a function from the time domain to the complex domain [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Various Approaches for Generalized Integral Transforms)
Open AccessArticle
Domain Transformation of Distortion Costs for Efficient JPEG Steganography with Symmetric Embedding
by
Yuanfeng Pan and Jiangqun Ni
Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050575 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Nowadays, most image steganographic schemes embed secret messages by minimizing a well-designed distortion cost function for the corresponding domain, i.e., the spatial domain for spatial image steganography or the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) domain for JPEG image steganography. In this paper, we
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Nowadays, most image steganographic schemes embed secret messages by minimizing a well-designed distortion cost function for the corresponding domain, i.e., the spatial domain for spatial image steganography or the JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) domain for JPEG image steganography. In this paper, we break the boundary between these two types of schemes by establishing a theoretical link between the distortion costs in the spatial domain and those in the JPEG domain and thus propose a scheme for domain transformations of distortion costs for efficient JPEG steganography with symmetric embedding, which can directly convert the spatial distortion cost into its JPEG counterpart. Specifically, by formulating the distortion cost function for JPEG images in the decompressed spatial domain, a closed-form expression for a distortion cost cross-domain transformation is derived theoretically, which precisely characterizes the conversion from the distortion costs obtained by existing spatial steganographic schemes to those applied in JPEG steganography. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other advanced JPEG steganographic schemes, e.g., JUNIWARD (JPEG steganography with Universal Wavelet Relative Distortion), JMiPOD (JPEG steganography by Minimizing the Power of the Optimal Detector), and DCDT (Distortion Cost Domain Transformation), in resisting the detection of various advanced steganalyzers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computer)
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