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18 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Removal of Sulfamethoxazole in Electro-Oxidation System with Boron-Doped Diamond Anode and Electrolyte NaCl: Degradation Mechanisms

by Xinghui Du, Wenxi Xie, Xianhu Long, Dazhen Li, Weixiong Huang, Igor Ying Zhang and Rongfu Huang

Molecules 2025, 30(5), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051056 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the pollutant sulfamethoxazole (SMX) that is widely used in medical therapy has been frequently detected in different water systems. Thereby, it is necessary to develop green and effective advanced oxidation strategies, especially the electro-oxidation process. In this study, an electro-oxidation [...] Read more.

In recent years, the pollutant sulfamethoxazole (SMX) that is widely used in medical therapy has been frequently detected in different water systems. Thereby, it is necessary to develop green and effective advanced oxidation strategies, especially the electro-oxidation process. In this study, an electro-oxidation system featuring a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and NaCl as the supporting electrolyte was implemented to effectively remove sulfamethoxazole (SMX) without the addition of external oxidants. The operational parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology with a pH 7.5, current density of 4.44 mA/cm², and NaCl concentration of 20 mmol/L. The optimization significantly enhanced the degradation efficiency of SMX to obtain 100% removal in 5 min. Results of scavenging and chemical probe experiments indicated the presence of hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl^•), with the latter primarily forming between the reaction of Cl⁻ and ^•OH. A competition experiment further revealed the relative oxidative contribution of Cl^• of 38.6%, highlighting its significant role in the degradation process. Additionally, ion chromatography analysis confirmed the presence of Cl^• without the formation of harmful by-products such as ClO₄⁻, affirming the environmentally friendly nature of the system. The toxicity of the degradation by-products was also assessed. The application of current was investigated to explore the influence of coexistence ions as well as repeatability. Overall, this work highlighted the effectiveness of the electro-oxidation system for the degradation of organic pollutants in saline wastewater, demonstrating the significance of optimization of operational parameters for efficient and sustainable environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Characterizations for Expanding Energy Material Chemistries)

20 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hidden Effects of Lockdown on Child Health: Evidence from Madrid’s ASOMAD Study

by Alicia Portals-Riomao, Asmaa Nehari, Marcela González-Gross, Carlos Quesada-González, Eva Gesteiro and Augusto G. Zapico

Sci 2025, 7(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7010025 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

COVID-19-related restrictions disrupted children’s lifestyle habits, leading to significant changes in health behaviours. The ASOMAD study aimed to analyse the consequences of these restriction in lifestyle habits of children aged 8–12 in Madrid over three waves (three academic years). The results showed that [...] Read more.

COVID-19-related restrictions disrupted children’s lifestyle habits, leading to significant changes in health behaviours. The ASOMAD study aimed to analyse the consequences of these restriction in lifestyle habits of children aged 8–12 in Madrid over three waves (three academic years). The results showed that approximately 20% of boys were overweight during and after the pandemic, with similar trends observed in girls (14.7% and 18.2%, respectively). Obesity rates for boys were high in the first wave (20.1%) but dropped to less than 10% in subsequent waves, while girls’ rates remained stable. Physical activity levels decreased significantly, with 87.6% of girls failing to meet daily activity recommendations by the third wave. Boys exhibited worse adherence to recommended screen time limits than girls, particularly on weekends, where over 90% of boys exceeded guidelines. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet remained low, with over 50% of the sample categorized in medium- or low-adherence groups across all waves. In conclusion, lockdown may have increased sedentary behaviour, poor diet, and excessive screen time in children. The damage persistency, due to mobility restriction, affected some of the healthy lifestyle variables in our sample three years after. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers—Multidisciplinary Sciences 2024)

12 pages, 601 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model to Assess the Potential Risk to Human Health Associated with the Use of Bisphenol a and Its Substitutes

by Alžbeta Kaiglová, Zuzana Bárdyová, Patrícia Hockicková, Aneta Zvolenská, Kamila Melnikov and Soňa Kucharíková

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052013 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Given its simplicity, Caenorhabditis elegans appears to be a promising model for future research on endocrine disruptors, including bisphenol A and its supposedly safer alternatives. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of embryonic exposure of C. elegans to different [...] Read more.

Given its simplicity, Caenorhabditis elegans appears to be a promising model for future research on endocrine disruptors, including bisphenol A and its supposedly safer alternatives. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of embryonic exposure of C. elegans to different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 5 µM) of bisphenol A and its analogs (bisphenol S, bisphenol F, and bisphenol AF) on selected biological characteristics of the nematode C. elegans and to compare them with an unexposed control group. Embryonal exposure of C. elegans to bisphenol A, as well as bisphenol S, F, and AF at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 5 µM resulted in a significant influence on the percentage of hatched eggs and habituation to anterior stimuli (with significant results ranging from p ≤ 0.05 to p ≤ 0.001). The growth of C. elegans was also significantly impaired by bisphenol A, S, and AF in some concentrations (with p-values ranging from p ≤ 0.05 to p ≤ 0.001). Our findings confirm prior research that bisphenol A and its supposedly safer analogs exert a detrimental effect on diverse biological processes. Therefore, bisphenol A analogs should be employed with caution, particularly until a comprehensive risk assessment has been conducted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Caenorhabditis elegans: A Model Organism for Human Health and Disease)

20 pages, 4400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Green Technology Transmission on Sustainable Development

by Shamima Rahman, Ali Ahsan and Ritu Sharma

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 1981; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17051981 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Green Technology Transmission (GTT) offers a powerful framework for addressing global environmental challenges and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While GTT has the potential to contribute to multiple SDGs, this study specifically examines its role in supporting SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean [...] Read more.

Green Technology Transmission (GTT) offers a powerful framework for addressing global environmental challenges and advancing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While GTT has the potential to contribute to multiple SDGs, this study specifically examines its role in supporting SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Conducted within the Australian industrial context, this research employs a qualitative-dominant mixed-methods approach to explore the environmental, economic, and social impacts of GTT. By examining organisational barriers and proposing practical, industry-specific strategies, the research offers actionable solutions to align practises with sustainability goals. This study explores GTT’s role in reducing emissions, improving resource efficiency, and fostering social equity, with leadership and stakeholder collaboration emerging as key enablers. The findings demonstrate how GTT serves as a bridge between policy and practice, empowering high-emission industries to adopt sustainable practises and contribute meaningfully to global sustainability efforts. Full article

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13 pages, 2897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Full-Order Flux Observer and Its Discretization for Induction Motor Control

by Peng Zhang, Jie Wang, Yihao Yang, Shuai Liu and Jingtao Huang

Electronics 2025, 14(5), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14050916 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Accurate flux observation is crucial for the high-performance control of induction motors (IMs). Implementing a full-order flux observer algorithm in digital controllers requires discretizing the continuous-domain full-order flux observer. However, the errors introduced by discretization increase with rising rotor speed. In the field-weakening [...] Read more.

Accurate flux observation is crucial for the high-performance control of induction motors (IMs). Implementing a full-order flux observer algorithm in digital controllers requires discretizing the continuous-domain full-order flux observer. However, the errors introduced by discretization increase with rising rotor speed. In the field-weakening region, inappropriate discretization methods can lead to significant flux estimation errors, severely affecting the performance of model predictive control-based induction motors and potentially causing system instability. To enhance the convergence speed and stability of the observer and reduce discretization errors in the field-weakening region, this paper designs a feedback gain matrix suitable for high-speed field-weakening regions and conducts a study and summary of commonly used discretization methods. Discrete full-order flux observer models based on the forward Euler method, improved Euler method, and third-order Runge–Kutta method are designed. The discretization error, stability, and model complexity of the observers using these three discretization methods in the field-weakening region are analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved Euler method can achieve high discretization accuracy with relatively low computational complexity, making it a suitable discretization approach for full-order flux observers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Control to Power Electronics, 2nd Edition)

13 pages, 2580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Cost Pollen and Allergy Symptoms Monitoring with Beenose Sampler and Livepollen App: The Case Study of the Metz City, France, During Spring 2023

by Jean-Baptiste Renard, Sébastien Lefèvre and Gaëlle Glévarec

Atmosphere 2025, 16(3), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16030271 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of pollen allergies and their health impact, coupled with the limitations of the current pollen measurement system, require the development of new monitoring strategies and better dissemination of the information to the population. The measurements of a Beenose real-time pollen [...] Read more.

The increasing prevalence of pollen allergies and their health impact, coupled with the limitations of the current pollen measurement system, require the development of new monitoring strategies and better dissemination of the information to the population. The measurements of a Beenose real-time pollen sensor located in Pouilly, near Metz (France), and a Hirst reference station in the centre of Metz, are considered for the study of the most allergenic species from 20 March to 25 June 2023, mainly Betulaceae and grass. These measurements, which are concordant, are correlated to symptom data obtained from the LivePollen app, which allows users to voluntarily report their allergic symptoms. Strong correlations are found between the symptom reports and the pollen concentrations shifted by one day, depending on the pollen species and the period of interest. The limitations of the data collection methods, the quality of user reports, and the influence of air quality are discussed. Such studies should be extended to other locations and time periods. Considering these promising first results, it seems that future real-time pollen monitoring can help allergy sufferers and healthcare professionals to better diagnose, anticipate, and reduce allergic crises by correlating their symptoms with pollen peaks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Developments in Air Quality and Health)

16 pages, 16198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Substituent and Scaffold Changes on the Inhibition of Human P5C Reductase by Phenyl-Substituted Aminomethylene Bisphosphonates

by Giuseppe Forlani

Chemistry 2025, 7(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7020030 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Being overexpressed in many cancer types and related to tumor invasiveness, the activity of P5C reductase represents a promising target for cancer therapy, yet no effective inhibitors have been identified so far. Several phenyl-substituted aminomethylenebisphosphonic acids had been found to inhibit the plant [...] Read more.

Being overexpressed in many cancer types and related to tumor invasiveness, the activity of P5C reductase represents a promising target for cancer therapy, yet no effective inhibitors have been identified so far. Several phenyl-substituted aminomethylenebisphosphonic acids had been found to inhibit the plant enzyme in the micro- to millimolar range. The two most active compounds were previously shown to be remarkably active against human P5C reductase (PYCR1, gene ID 5831). To investigate their structure–activity relationships, the human enzyme was heterogously expressed in E. coli, affinity purified and assayed in the presence of increasing concentrations of various aminobisphosphonates differing in substituents on the phenyl ring, using either NADH or NADPH as the electron donor. Some analogues, namely aminoethylenebisphosphonates, hydroxybisphosphonates, aminophosphonates and hydroxyphosphonates, were also evaluated. Results allowed to define the chemical features required for effective inhibition. The aminobisphosphonic moiety was found essential for activity, which was enhanced by the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents on the phenyl ring, provided that an optimal steric hindrance is not exceeded. These results could open up new perspectives on the synthesis of effective inhibitors of human P5C reductase to be used in chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)

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15 pages, 7943 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decarbonization Ferroalloy Production Using Biocarbon

by Merete Tangstad and Eli Ringdalen

Minerals 2025, 15(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030228 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

The main contributors to CO₂ emissions in ferroalloy production are the use of fossil reductants and the energy consumed. The use of renewable energy sources is imperative to decarbonize these processes. The only short-term solution to reduce the use of fossil reductants [...] Read more.

The main contributors to CO₂ emissions in ferroalloy production are the use of fossil reductants and the energy consumed. The use of renewable energy sources is imperative to decarbonize these processes. The only short-term solution to reduce the use of fossil reductants is to replace them with biocarbon. This paper reviews research on the use of biocarbon and its effects on furnace operation conducted at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and SINTEF. During heating, it has been shown that H₂ and CH₄ are produced, which may affect the degree of prereduction in the furnaces. The CO₂ reactivity is higher with charcoal compared to coke; however, when potassium accumulates in the furnace, the difference between the carbon materials decreases. Although slag reactivity is faster with charcoal than with coke, other properties, such as sulfur content in SiMn production, also play a role. Lastly, it is observed that the electrical resistivity of charcoal is higher than that of coke. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ferroalloy Minerals Processing and Technology, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 5833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Ion Irradiation on PEO and Cu/PEO Composite Coatings on Mg Alloys

by Weiyi Wang, Xiaopeng Lu, Jirui Ma, Wenze Lv, Xinwei Wang and Fuhui Wang

Coatings 2025, 15(3), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15030274 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study focused on analyzing the changes in the microstructure and composition evolution of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and electroless copper–PEO composite (Cu/PEO) coatings both prior to and following irradiation. Additionally, the corrosion resistance and tribological properties of these coatings were assessed. Post-irradiation, [...] Read more.

This study focused on analyzing the changes in the microstructure and composition evolution of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and electroless copper–PEO composite (Cu/PEO) coatings both prior to and following irradiation. Additionally, the corrosion resistance and tribological properties of these coatings were assessed. Post-irradiation, the PEO coating exhibited a 5% reduction in porosity, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests indicated a notable enhancement in short-term corrosion resistance, with a low-frequency impedance of 10⁶ Ω·cm² sustained over 72 h. The Cu/PEO coating, deposited with Bi element, demonstrated enhanced wear resistance after irradiation. Specifically, the coefficient of friction (COF) dropped from 0.7 to 0.5, and the wear rate reduced by 39%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Ceramic and Alloy Coatings, 2nd Edition)

19 pages, 3343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategies of a Wind–Solar–Storage System in Jiangxi Province Using the LEAP–NEMO Framework for Achieving Carbon Peaking Goals

by Yao Xiao, Caixia Yang, Tao Chen, Mingze Lei, Supannika Wattana and Buncha Wattana

Energies 2025, 18(5), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051135 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Jiangxi Province relies heavily on thermal power and energy imports but is rich in natural resources, particularly lithium. This study explores strategies for advancing wind–solar–storage systems to help Jiangxi transition to a low-carbon energy structure. Using LEAP and NEMO models, four scenarios are [...] Read more.

Jiangxi Province relies heavily on thermal power and energy imports but is rich in natural resources, particularly lithium. This study explores strategies for advancing wind–solar–storage systems to help Jiangxi transition to a low-carbon energy structure. Using LEAP and NEMO models, four scenarios are examined: the reference (REF) scenario, new energy storage policy scenario (NPS), high wind–solar power capacity scenario (HWSS), and comprehensive optimization scenario (COS). Key findings show that the COS and HWSS offer significant advantages over the REF scenario and NPS in terms of energy storage efficiency, carbon emission reduction, and cost savings. By 2035, under the COS, wind and solar power share rises to 48%, reducing coal use by 5.9 million tons and electricity imports by 40.0 TWh compared to the REF scenario. Battery storage utilization increases by 1499.8 GWh, nearly four times that of the REF scenario. This scenario also cuts CO₂ emissions by 16.8% and lowers cumulative social costs by 5.19 billion USD, delivering optimal economic efficiency. The study also identifies challenges such as high investment costs, underdeveloped business models, and low resource utilization, and recommends setting higher targets, implementing flexible solutions, promoting market reforms, and increasing R&D efforts, among other measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)

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20 pages, 2461 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Compost Mitigates Metal Toxicity and Human Health Risks and Improves the Growth and Physiology of Lettuce Grown in Acidic and Neutral Loam-Textured Soils Polluted with Copper and Zinc

by Sana Ullah, Marius Praspaliauskas, Irena Vaskeviciene, Ahmed Hosney and Karolina Barcauskaite

Land 2025, 14(3), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14030478 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

A pot study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste compost on soil properties, growth, physiology, and metal uptake of lettuce plants grown in acidic and neutral loam-textured soils irrigated with copper- and zinc-polluted wastewater (WW). The experiment consists of sixteen [...] Read more.

A pot study was conducted to assess the potential of green waste compost on soil properties, growth, physiology, and metal uptake of lettuce plants grown in acidic and neutral loam-textured soils irrigated with copper- and zinc-polluted wastewater (WW). The experiment consists of sixteen treatments involving two different soils with and without compost addition (compost and NoCompost) and irrigated with unpolluted WW, Cu-polluted WW, Zn-polluted WW, and Cu- plus Zn-polluted WW, arranged following factorial layout with three replications. The results illustrated that Cu- and Zn-polluted WW significantly reduced the growth, chlorophylls, and carotenoid pigments of lettuce plants in both soils under NoCompost conditions. However, the decline in these attributes was more pronounced in acidic soil (45–59%) than in neutral soil (30–38%). In the case of neutral soil, Zn-polluted WW did not negatively affect these attributes compared to control. All the metal-polluted treatments increased total polyphenols, polyphenolic acids, flavonoids, and antiradical activity in lettuce shoots. Alternatively, the compost application consistently increased (8–50%) the growth and physiological attributes of lettuce in both soils. Compost treatment decreased root and shoot metal (Cu, Zn) concentrations and uptake by 25–60% and 16–25%, respectively, in both soils. Likewise, compost decreased the metal health risk index (37%—2.7 folds) in both soils. Copper-polluted WW decreased the dehydrogenase activity of soils more than Zn-polluted WW, but compost significantly increased it in both soils, enhancing the organic matter contents of both soils. Conclusively, the addition of compost at the rate of 2% substantially alleviated the metal toxicity thereafter human health risks in both soils. Full article

19 pages, 7901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial–Temporal Pattern and Stability Analysis of Zooplankton Community Structure in the Lower Yellow River in China

by Yaowei Wang, Shiyuan Zhang, Minfang Sun, Jiamin Han, Ziyue Wang, Xinlei Chen, Zengfei Chen and Haiming Qin

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030162 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

In March (spring), June (summer), October (autumn), and December (winter) 2022, zooplankton were quantitatively investigated in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. A total of 29 sampling points that were separated by about 20 km were set up in the [...] Read more.

In March (spring), June (summer), October (autumn), and December (winter) 2022, zooplankton were quantitatively investigated in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. A total of 29 sampling points that were separated by about 20 km were set up in the survey area. The purpose of this study is to investigate the seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution characteristics of the zooplankton community in the Yellow River, which has a high sediment content. The main results are as follows: A total of 119 species of zooplankton were found during the survey, including 70 species of rotifers, 29 species of cladocerans, and 20 species of copepods. Because the temperate continental monsoon climate has four distinct seasons, the zooplankton community in the Yellow River showed typical seasonal dynamics. There were significant differences in the richness of zooplankton and dominant species across the four seasons (p < 0.05). There were 15 common species in each of the four seasons. The density and biomass of zooplankton were significantly higher in spring (16.76 ind./L; 0.049 mg/L) and summer (26.17 ind./L; 0.249 mg/L) compared to autumn (5.65 ind./L; 0.042 mg/L) and winter (1.56 ind./L; 0.006 mg/L) (p < 0.05). Additionally, the density and biomass of zooplankton were significantly lower in estuarine areas compared to other areas. The results of multidimensional non-metric ranking (NMDS) based on zooplankton abundance showed four distinct communities: a spring community, a summer community, an autumn community, and a winter community. The spatial heterogeneity of zooplankton communities in spring, summer, and autumn was significantly different (p < 0.05). However, only the estuarine area had a special zooplankton community in winter. Monte Carlo test results showed that pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were the main environmental factors affecting the community structure of zooplankton (p < 0.05). The areas of the Yellow River affected by human disturbances have lower zooplankton community stability. Overall, the standing stock of zooplankton was very low (less than 15 ind./L), but the species richness was higher (119 species) in the river, which had a high sediment content and a fast flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Freshwater Plankton)

23 pages, 1566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Open Access to Burn Severity Data—A Web-Based Portal for Mainland Portugal

by Pedro Castro, João Gonçalves, Diogo Mota, Bruno Marcos, Cristiana Alves, Joaquim Alonso and João P. Honrado

Fire 2025, 8(3), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8030095 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

With the rising frequency and severity of wildfires that cause significant threats to ecosystems, public health and livelihoods, it is essential to have tools for evaluating and monitoring their impacts and the effectiveness of policy initiatives. This paper presents the development and implementation [...] Read more.

With the rising frequency and severity of wildfires that cause significant threats to ecosystems, public health and livelihoods, it is essential to have tools for evaluating and monitoring their impacts and the effectiveness of policy initiatives. This paper presents the development and implementation of a new calculation pipeline integrated with a web-based platform designed to provide georeferenced data on the burn severity of wildfires in mainland Portugal. The platform integrates a modular architecture that comprises a module in R and Google Earth Engine to compute standardized satellite-derived datasets on observed/historical severity for burned areas, integrated with a web portal module to facilitate the access, search, visualization, and downloading of the generated data. The platform provides open-access, multisource data from satellite missions, including MODIS, Landsat-5, -7, and -8, and Sentinel-2. It offers multitemporal burn severity products, covering up to 12 months post-fire, and incorporates three severity indicators, the delta NBR, relative difference NBR, and relativized burn ratio, derived from Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) quarterly median composites. The platform’s modular and scalable framework also allows the integration of more spectral indices, burn severity indicators, and other wildfire perimeter databases. These design features also enable the platform to adapt to other contexts or regions beyond its current scope and regularly update burn severity products. Results from exploratory data analyses revealed the ability of satellite-based severity products to diagnose trends, assess interannual variability, and enable regional comparisons of burn severity, providing a basis for further research. In the face of climate change and societal challenges, the platform aims to support decision-making processes by providing authorities with standardized and updated information while promoting public awareness of wildfire challenges and, ultimately, contributing to the sustainability of rural landscapes. Full article

17 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Post-2021 Afghan Situation: Romanian Students’ Knowledge, Views and Cultural Receptiveness

by Simona Șimon, Gabriel-Mugurel Dragomir and Marcela Alina Fărcașiu

Societies 2025, 15(3), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15030058 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

In a world in which the political crisis is escalating, causing the emergence of war and conflict, even in unexpected regions, the post-2021 Afghan situation of the population in general, and of the women in particular, is a reminder of the atrocities caused [...] Read more.

In a world in which the political crisis is escalating, causing the emergence of war and conflict, even in unexpected regions, the post-2021 Afghan situation of the population in general, and of the women in particular, is a reminder of the atrocities caused by colliding political powers. This article aims to raise Romanian students’ awareness of post-2021 Afghanistan, a geographically and culturally distant country, to identify their perceptions of the Afghans’ lives under the current regime as well as to single out the respondents’ cultural receptiveness. To achieve these research objectives, an online survey was carried out at the beginning of 2024 among the students of Politehnica University of Timișoara (Romania), recording 420 responses. The study revealed that, although the majority of the surveyed population is well acquainted with the topic under discussion, there is a significant sample that is still unaware of it despite its media coverage. Furthermore, the subjects’ cultural responsiveness is illustrative of the cultural traits of the Romanians, pointing to the slowness of the cultural change in spite of the incontestable economic growth of the country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender and Class: Exploring the Intersections of Power and Inequality)

17 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Training a Minesweeper Agent Using a Convolutional Neural Network

by Wenbo Wang and Chengyou Lei

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 2490; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15052490 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Minesweeper game is modeled as a sequential decision-making task, for which a neural network architecture, state encoding, and reward function were herein designed. Both a Deep Q-Network (DQN) and supervised learning methods were successfully applied to optimize the training of the game. [...] Read more.

The Minesweeper game is modeled as a sequential decision-making task, for which a neural network architecture, state encoding, and reward function were herein designed. Both a Deep Q-Network (DQN) and supervised learning methods were successfully applied to optimize the training of the game. The experiments were conducted on the AutoDL platform using an NVIDIA RTX 3090 GPU for efficient computation. The results showed that in a 6 × 6 grid with four mines, the DQN model achieved an average win rate of 93.3% (standard deviation: 0.77%), while the supervised learning method achieved 91.2% (standard deviation: 0.9%), both outperforming human players and baseline algorithms and demonstrating high intelligence. The mechanisms of the two methods in the Minesweeper task were analyzed, with the reasons for the faster training speed and more stable performance of supervised learning explained from the perspectives of means–ends analysis and feedback control. Although there is room for improvement in sample efficiency and training stability in the DQN model, its greater generalization ability makes it highly promising for application in more complex decision-making tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

29 pages, 9619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheological Properties of Polyethylene Color Masterbatches Containing Pigment RED 122 (2,9-Dimethylquinacridone) Modified by Silanes Using Pulverization Method

by Magdalena Kozłowska, Magdalena Lipińska and Michał Okraska

Polymers 2025, 17(5), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17050618 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Polyethylene color masterbatches containing pigment RED 122, 2,9-dimethylquinacridone, ((2,9-dimethyl-5,12-dihydroquinolino[2,3-b]acridine-7,14-dione) modified by the pulverization method in ball mills were obtained. As pigment-modifying agents, isobutyltrimethoxysilane IBTMS and octyltrietoxysilane OTES were used. The viscoelastic properties of the prepared masterbatches were investigated by using an oscillation rotational [...] Read more.

Polyethylene color masterbatches containing pigment RED 122, 2,9-dimethylquinacridone, ((2,9-dimethyl-5,12-dihydroquinolino[2,3-b]acridine-7,14-dione) modified by the pulverization method in ball mills were obtained. As pigment-modifying agents, isobutyltrimethoxysilane IBTMS and octyltrietoxysilane OTES were used. The viscoelastic properties of the prepared masterbatches were investigated by using an oscillation rotational rheometer. The impact of the 2 wt.% of coloring masterbatch on the rheological behavior of polyethylene during processing at 170 °C was analyzed. Storage shear modulus G′, loss shear modulus G″, complex viscosity η* and loss factor tan δ were analyzed. Modification prevents the agglomeration of modified pigment particles in the masterbatch, leading to a significant increase in the storage shear modulus G′, from 13.83 kPa (masterbatch containing pigment RED 122) to 58.74 kPa (pigment modified with 2 wt.% of IBTMS) and 49.67 kPa (pigment modified with 2 wt.% of OTES). The analysis of the continuous relaxation models showed that the modified pigment influenced the relaxation of melted polyethylene. The tendency of the silane-modified pigment to create its “own structure” in the polyethylene carrier via particle–particle interactions was estimated based on rotational tests at low and high shear rates. The larger area of viscosity loops was determined at 170 °C for the masterbatch containing 1 wt.% of OTES-modified pigment, 2574.44 Pas(1/s), as compared with the reference masterbatch, 464.88 Pas(1/s). The Carreau and Carreau–Yasuda viscosity models were applied to analyze the flow curve and the changes in viscosity as a function of the shear rate. After pigment modification, the zero shear viscosity µ₀ of the mixtures of polyethylene/pigment masterbatch changed from 234.9 Pas (pigment RED 122) to 305.9 Pas (pigment modified with 1 wt.% of IBTMS). The influence of the modified pigments on the crystallization of polyethylene and its thermal stability was investigated. The temperatures of melting T_m were determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rheology and Polymer Processing)

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41 pages, 4070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defined Diets Link Iron and α-Linolenic Acid to Cyp1b1 Regulation of Neonatal Liver Development Through Srebp Forms and LncRNA H19

by Colin R. Jefcoate, Michele C. Larsen, Yong-Seok Song, Meghan Maguire and Nader Sheibani

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2011; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052011 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Cyp1b1 substantially affects hepatic vascular and stellate cells (HSC) with linkage to liver fibrosis. Despite minimal hepatocyte expression, Cyp1b1 deletion substantially impacts liver gene expression at birth and weaning. The appreciable Cyp1b1 expression in surrounding embryo mesenchyme, during early organogenesis, provides a likely [...] Read more.

Cyp1b1 substantially affects hepatic vascular and stellate cells (HSC) with linkage to liver fibrosis. Despite minimal hepatocyte expression, Cyp1b1 deletion substantially impacts liver gene expression at birth and weaning. The appreciable Cyp1b1 expression in surrounding embryo mesenchyme, during early organogenesis, provides a likely source for Cyp1b1. Here defined breeder diets established major interconnected effects on neonatal liver of α-linolenic acid (ALA), vitamin A deficiency (VAD) and suboptimal iron fed mice. At birth Cyp1b1 deletion and VAD each activated perinatal HSC, while suppressing iron control by hepcidin. Cyp1b1 deletion also advanced the expression of diverse genes linked to iron regulation. Postnatal stimulations of Srebp-regulated genes in the fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways were suppressed by Cyp1b1-deficiency. LncRNA H19 and the neutrophil alarmin S100a9 expression increased due to slower postnatal decline with Cyp1b1 deficiency. VAD reversed each of Cyp1b1 effect, probably due to enhanced HSC release of Apo-Rbp4. At birth, Cyp1b1 deletion enhanced H19 participation. Notably, a suppressor (Cnot3) decreased while an activity partner (Ezh2/H3K methylation) increased H19 expression. ALA elevated hepcidin mRNA and countered the inhibitory effects of Cyp1b1 deletion on hepcidin expression. Oxylipin metabolites of ALA from highly expressed hepatic Cyps are potential mediators. Cyp expression patterns demonstrated female dimorphism for neonatal liver. Mothers followed one of three fetal growth support programs probably linked to maturity at conception. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytochrome P450 Mechanism and Reactivity)

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19 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Superconvergence of Mixed Finite Element Method with Bernstein Polynomials for Stokes Problem

by Lanyin Sun, Siya Wen and Ziwei Dong

Axioms 2025, 14(3), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14030168 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we employ interpolation and projection methodologies to establish a superconvergence outcome for the Stokes problem, as approximated by the mixed finite element method (FEM) utilizing Bernstein polynomial basis functions. It is widely recognized that the convergence rate of the FEM [...] Read more.

In this paper, we employ interpolation and projection methodologies to establish a superconvergence outcome for the Stokes problem, as approximated by the mixed finite element method (FEM) utilizing Bernstein polynomial basis functions. It is widely recognized that the convergence rate of the FEM in the L²-norm is 𝒪(h^m⁺¹). However, this paper presents an innovative superconvergence result: specifically, in terms of the L²-norm, the error convergence rate between the mixed finite element approximate solution and the local projection is 𝒪(h^m⁺¹), with m denoting the order of the Bernstein polynomial basis function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics)

29 pages, 5246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Utilization of Coffee Pulp, a By-Product of Coffee Production: Effects on Metabolic Syndrome in Fructose-Fed Rats

by Nelson Andrade, Ilda Rodrigues, Francisca Carmo, Gabriela Campanher, Isabella Bracchi, Joanne Lopes, Emília Patrício, João T. Guimarães, Juliana A. Barreto-Peixoto, Anabela S. G. Costa, Liliana Espírito Santo, Marlene Machado, Thiago F. Soares, Susana Machado, Maria Beatriz P. P. Oliveira, Rita C. Alves, Fátima Martel and Cláudia Silva

Antioxidants 2025, 14(3), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14030266 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Coffee production generates large quantities of waste products, which pose a serious threat to the environment. However, coffee by-products, such as coffee [...] Read more.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Coffee production generates large quantities of waste products, which pose a serious threat to the environment. However, coffee by-products, such as coffee pulp (CP), possess an undeniable wealth of bioactive components. Based on this, we investigated whether a 10-week dietary intervention with 250 mg/kg/d of CP could prevent or ameliorate MetS in high-fructose-fed rats. Consumption of CP by rats fed a high-fructose diet reduced body weight gain, lowered systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels, and improved insulin resistance compared to rats fed a high-fructose diet alone. At the hepatic level, CP attenuated the increase in lipid storage, reduced lipid peroxidation, and improved glutathione levels when combined with a high-fructose diet. CP also affected the expression of key genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in hepatic and adipose tissues, in rats fed a fructose-rich diet. This study demonstrates that CP ameliorates several consequences of high-fructose-induced MetS in the rat (weight gain, hypertension, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, changes in liver, and adipose tissue function). Hence, our data provide evidence that CP consumption in the context of a high-fructose diet can be used to improve MetS management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agri-Food Wastes as Natural Source of Bioactive Antioxidants: Fourth Edition)

22 pages, 8381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Use of Alternative Soil Data in Hydrological and Water Quality Modeling with SWAT+: SSURGO and POLARIS at Sub-Basin and Field Scales

by Efrain Noa-Yarasca, Javier M. Osorio Leyton, Michael J. White, Jungang Gao and Jeffrey G. Arnold

Water 2025, 17(5), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17050670 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

The accuracy of soil databases is essential in hydrological modeling, yet limited studies have evaluated the implications of using emerging soil datasets like POLARIS compared to traditional ones such as SSURGO. This study evaluates the performance of POLARIS soil data for simulating the [...] Read more.

The accuracy of soil databases is essential in hydrological modeling, yet limited studies have evaluated the implications of using emerging soil datasets like POLARIS compared to traditional ones such as SSURGO. This study evaluates the performance of POLARIS soil data for simulating the streamflow and sediment yield at both the sub-basin and field scales within the Big Muddy Watershed (BMW), Illinois, U.S.A., using a soft-calibrated SWAT+ model. The field-scale analysis focused on cropland-dominated HRUs from two sub-basins with contrasting POLARIS-SSURGO similarities at the sub-basin scale, optimizing computational efficiency. POLARIS results were compared to those derived from the widely used SSURGO soil database using a soft-calibrated SWAT+ model. At the sub-basin scale, the two datasets showed strong overall agreement for the streamflow and sediment yield over the 81 BMW sub-basins, with minor discrepancies, especially in sediment yield predictions, which exhibited more variability. At the field scale, the agreement between POLARIS and SSURGO was good for both variables, streamflow and sediment yield, though the sediment yield showed greater variability as shown at the sub-basin level. At both scales, the POLARIS and SSURGO outcomes for the streamflow and sediment yield did not always follow the same trend, with discrepancies observed in some sub-basins and HRUs. This suggested that while POLARIS can replicate SSURGO’s streamflow outcomes, this similarity does not always extend to sediment yield predictions and vice versa. At the sub-basin scale, the POLARIS and SSURGO outcomes showed strong alignment (88.9% in “very good” agreement). However, at the field scale, this alignment decreased to 42.9% and 33.3% in specific sub-basins. This indicates that sub-basin aggregation reduces local variability, while finer scales reveal greater sensitivity to soil and hydrological differences. This study highlights POLARIS as a robust alternative to SSURGO for hydrological modeling. Future research should explore its broader application across diverse conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue SWAT Modeling - New Approaches and Perspective)

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18 pages, 2262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Isolation Hotel Facade Attachment on the Inter-Flat Transmission of Aerosols

by Nan Zhang, Yuze Li, Ying Ji and Xiangyu Li

Buildings 2025, 15(5), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15050755 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Although natural ventilation can effectively control the indoor air quality and thermal comfort, the single-sided natural ventilation in isolation hotels may lead to the transmission of virus-laden aerosols between windows on the same façade but on different floors near the pollution source. Hereinafter, [...] Read more.

Although natural ventilation can effectively control the indoor air quality and thermal comfort, the single-sided natural ventilation in isolation hotels may lead to the transmission of virus-laden aerosols between windows on the same façade but on different floors near the pollution source. Hereinafter, this kind of transmission is referred to as inter-flat transmission. The configuration of the building façade is a key factor influencing this risk. This study took into account various façade attachment scenarios including flat façades (with no attachments), outdoor units only, awnings only, and a combination of outdoor units and awnings. A model based on a real isolation hotel was developed, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were carried out to investigate the inter-flat transmission of aerosols under these façade conditions. The study analyzed the risk of gaseous pollutant transmission caused by single-sided natural ventilation and quantified the effects of different outdoor wind speeds and indoor–outdoor temperature differences on this transmission route. When the indoor–outdoor temperature difference was 5 °C, the mass fraction of gaseous pollutants in the receptor rooms above the source first increased and then decreased as the outdoor wind speed increased, reaching a peak at 1 m/s. When the outdoor wind speed was 2 m/s, the mass fraction of pollutants in the receptor rooms increased with the increase in the indoor–outdoor temperature difference. Compared with the flat façade, the presence of outdoor units reduced the air exchange rate of natural ventilation, resulting in a slight increase in the infection risk. A 1 m-long awning reduced the infection risk associated with inter-flat transmission by 46%. Buildings equipped with both a 1 m-long awning and outdoor units achieved a 68% reduction in infection risk. These findings provide valuable insights for mitigating inter-flat transmission and inform the development of relevant policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

2 pages, 134 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Imaging Diagnosis in the Abdomen”—A Step Forward in Diagnostic Precision

by Piero Boraschi and Francescamaria Donati

Diagnostics 2025, 15(5), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15050557 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Abdominal imaging has undergone a significant transformation in recent years, driven by the rapid evolution of diagnostic technologies and their integration into clinical practice [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging Diagnosis in Abdomen)

11 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IgE-Crosslinking-Induced Luciferase Expression Test as a Sensitive Indicator of Anisakis Allergy

by Haruyo Akiyama, Masashi Niwa, Chisato Kurisaka, Yuto Hamada, Yuma Fukutomi and Reiko Teshima

Antibodies 2025, 14(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14010019 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Anisakis allergy has been increasing, and the diagnosis of it is based on specific serum IgE detection. Recently, the IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) test has been proposed as convenient tool for detecting functionally specific IgE antibodies. Here, we investigated if the EXiLE [...] Read more.

Background: Anisakis allergy has been increasing, and the diagnosis of it is based on specific serum IgE detection. Recently, the IgE-crosslinking-induced luciferase expression (EXiLE) test has been proposed as convenient tool for detecting functionally specific IgE antibodies. Here, we investigated if the EXiLE test is a useful tool in the diagnosis of Anisakis allergy. Methods: HuRa-40 cells were sensitized using six serum types from three patients with Anisakis allergy at the time of the initial test and after 6–12 months. Thereafter, various concentrations of Anisakis worm protein (AWP) were reacted to measure the degree of EXiLE. The degree of EXiLE was compared with Anisakis-specific IgE antibody levels measured by the CAP-FEIA method, and the IgE-antibody-binding protein profile was examined using IgE immunoblotting. Results: The results showed a good correlation between the CAP-FEIA values and EXiLE obtained with 5 μg/mL of AWP (R = 0.91, p < 0.01), a strong response on IgE immunoblotting in the region containing proteins weighing ≥40,000 Da. In addition, after the onset of Anisakis allergy, the degree of serum EXiLE decreased in two patients whose Anisakis-specific IgE antibody levels decreased over time but increased in one patient whose specific IgE antibodies increased after repeated antigen sensitization. Conclusions: Based on these data, the AWP-induced EXiLE test seemed to be useful and convenient for the diagnosis of Anisakis allergy, supplementing specific IgE determinants. After allergy onset, the use of this method to observe changes in specific IgE levels over time may be important for predicting the risk of recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antibody-Based Diagnostics)

21 pages, 2810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr as a Novel Potential Therapeutic Agent Against COVID-19 and Pharyngitis

by Qi Chen, Hui He, Yanghong Zhu, Xiang Li, Junhao Fang, Zhexi Li, Panghui Liu, Lin Zhou, Yufang Pan and Guoyu Wu

Molecules 2025, 30(5), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051055 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Individuals infected with COVID-19 often experience the distressing discomfort of pharyngitis. Thus, it is crucial to develop novel drugs to improve therapeutic options. In this study, we investigated the interaction between bioactive compounds isolated from Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr and proteins associated with [...] Read more.

Individuals infected with COVID-19 often experience the distressing discomfort of pharyngitis. Thus, it is crucial to develop novel drugs to improve therapeutic options. In this study, we investigated the interaction between bioactive compounds isolated from Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr and proteins associated with COVID-19 and pharyngitis through in silico analysis. Several molecules demonstrated high affinities to multiple targets, indicating significant potential for alleviating pharyngitis and other COVID-19-related symptoms. Among them, rutin and isochlorogenic acid C, two major components in Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr ethanol extracts, were further experimentally demonstrated to exhibit strong inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 and to possess significant anti-inflammatory activities. Inhibition of over 50% in several key genes was observed, demonstrating the efficacy of in silico methods in identifying high-affinity target binders. Our findings provide a theoretical foundation for the development of Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr as a novel multi-target therapeutic agent for both COVID-19 and pharyngitis. Full article

14 pages, 1550 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Meteorological Factors and Frost Injury on Flowering Stage of Apples and Pears Across Regions at Varying Altitudes

by Young-Min Choi, Sang-Baek Kim, Dong-Geun Choi, Seung-Heui Kim and Ju-Hee Song

Horticulturae 2025, 11(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11030249 (registering DOI) - 25 Feb 2025

Abstract

Recent meteorological variability in winter and spring complicates predicting and managing frost damage in apples and pears. This study investigated the relationship between frost injury during the flowering stages of apples (‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’) and pears (‘Wonwhang’ and ‘Niitaka’) and weather conditions across [...] Read more.

Recent meteorological variability in winter and spring complicates predicting and managing frost damage in apples and pears. This study investigated the relationship between frost injury during the flowering stages of apples (‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’) and pears (‘Wonwhang’ and ‘Niitaka’) and weather conditions across regions at varying altitudes. Orchards were categorized into coastal, inland, mid-mountainous, and mountainous regions, and flowering stages and frost injury were analyzed. The flowering period of apples, from the onset of blooming to full bloom, averaged approximately 15 days, which was about 3 to 5 times longer than that of pears. Furthermore, the total flowering duration of apples was 1.5 to 2.0 times longer than that of pears. Additionally, flowering exhibited a tendency to be delayed at higher altitudes. However, orchards situated in mid-mountainous regions experienced earlier flowering compared to those in other regions. Among the two apple cultivars, the average frost damage was more severe in central flowers than in lateral flowers and was relatively higher in ‘Fuji’ than in ‘Hongro’. In pears, frost damage was most prevalent in the first to fourth flowers within the inflorescence, with ‘Wonhwang’ exhibiting relatively greater susceptibility than ‘Niitaka’. Across different cultivation regions, severe frost damage was observed in orchards located in mid-mountainous areas for both fruit species and cultivars. The severity of frost damage followed the order mid-mountainous, mountainous, plain, and coastal regions. Minimum temperatures were lowest in mid-mountainous and mountainous regions, while daily temperature differences were largest in mid-mountainous regions. Meteorological analysis (1981 to 2022) revealed consistent trends, with an increase in daily temperature range in recent years. These findings highlight the vulnerability of mid-mountainous orchards due to flowering stages overlapping with coastal and plain regions, exposing them to lower temperatures and larger temperature differences. Further studies on temperature variability are essential to mitigate frost damage risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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