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10 pages, 7380 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Far-Field Topological Structure of the Second Harmonic from Higher-Order Poincaré Sphere Beam

by Yangyang Li, Ziping Zhu, Yuanxiang Wang, Jiantai Dou, Li Fan, Bo Li and Youyou Hu

Photonics 2025, 12(5), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12050407 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

In this paper, the far-field topological structures (FFTSs) of the second harmonic (SH) from higher-order Poincaré sphere (HOPS) beams, including circularly polarized vortex beams (VBs), cylindrically vector beams (CVBs) and elliptically polarized CVBs (EPCVBs), were demonstrated and reported. To begin with, the hidden [...] Read more.

In this paper, the far-field topological structures (FFTSs) of the second harmonic (SH) from higher-order Poincaré sphere (HOPS) beams, including circularly polarized vortex beams (VBs), cylindrically vector beams (CVBs) and elliptically polarized CVBs (EPCVBs), were demonstrated and reported. To begin with, the hidden FFTSs of the SH after propagating the twice Rayleigh range were simulated based on the vectorial coupled wave equations and the Collins formula. Then, the experimental setup was established to achieve the SH from the HOPS by applying two orthogonal 5% MgO: PPLN crystals, the FFTSs of which were demonstrated. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that for the circularly polarized VBs, the FFTSs of the SH still exhibit the 135°-linearly polarized VBs, which is similar to that of the SH in-source plane, because the SH is the eigen-mode of free space, while for the CVBs, the FFTSs of the SH generally show the disappearance of the central dark core, replaced by the maximum light intensity at the center due to the topological phase transition during propagation. Especially of note, for the EPCVBs, the FFTSs of the SH display the maximum light intensity at the center, but the FFTSs in the horizontal and vertical directions reveal rotational symmetry related to the chirality of the EPCVBs. The results reveal the evolution mechanisms of the SH from the HOPS in the far field, which may facilitate the applications of the SH from HOPS beam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fundamentals and Applications of Vortex Beams)

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18 pages, 6280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrodynamic Resistance Analysis of Large Biomimetic Yellow Croaker Model: Effects of Shape, Body Length, and Material Based on CFD

by Donglei Zhao, Kexiang Lu and Weiguo Qian

Fluids 2025, 10(5), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10050107 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The marine environment is highly complex, characterized by substantial fluctuations in flow velocity. To enhance the adaptability of robotic large yellow croakers to such conditions, this study takes into account multiple factors, including shape, dimensions, and material properties, and evaluates their hydrodynamic resistance [...] Read more.

The marine environment is highly complex, characterized by substantial fluctuations in flow velocity. To enhance the adaptability of robotic large yellow croakers to such conditions, this study takes into account multiple factors, including shape, dimensions, and material properties, and evaluates their hydrodynamic resistance characteristics. A 2D model of large yellow croakers aged 1, 4, 7, 10, and 12 months was established as the bionic object. Based on computational fluid dynamics, the water resistance characteristics of this model were investigated in the same water environment. A 3D model of this species based on the 2D model and three skin materials, PE, PC, and ST, was added, and the effects of these materials on the water resistance of the 3D model were investigated. It was shown that in a water environment with a current speed of 0.1~1 m/s, the water resistance of large yellow croaker models at different ages ranged from 0.1006 to 6.8485 N; that of croakers with different body lengths ranged from 0.1067 to 28.5760 N; and that of croakers with different skin materials ranged from 0.0048 to 0.8672 N. The results showed that in the water environment with a current speed of 0.1–1 m/s, the 12-month-old large yellow croaker model had a lower water resistance range of 0.1006~3.6512 N in the watershed compared with other models of the same age; the large yellow croaker models with body lengths of 20, 30, and 40 cm had a smaller range of water resistance of 0.1125~12.5110 N in the watershed compared with other models of the same body length; and large yellow croaker models made of PE had a smaller range of resistance of 0.0048~0.7523 N in the watershed compared to those made of PC and ST materials. The results of this study are important for the design and fabrication of robotic fish capable of prolonged underwater operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical and Computational Fluid Mechanics)

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18 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantum Chosen-Cipher Attack on Camellia

by Yanjun Li, Qi Wang, Dingyun Huang, Jian Liu and Huiqin Xie

Mathematics 2025, 13(9), 1383; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091383 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Feistel structure represents a fundamental architectural component within the domain of symmetric cryptographic algorithms, with a substantial body of research conducted within the context of classical computing environments. Nevertheless, research into specific symmetric cryptographic algorithms utilizing the Feistel structure is relatively scarce [...] Read more.

The Feistel structure represents a fundamental architectural component within the domain of symmetric cryptographic algorithms, with a substantial body of research conducted within the context of classical computing environments. Nevertheless, research into specific symmetric cryptographic algorithms utilizing the Feistel structure is relatively scarce in quantum computing environments. This paper, for the first time, proposes a five-round distinguisher for Camellia under the quantum chosen-ciphertext attack (qCCA) setting, with its effectiveness empirically validated. Additionally, by combining Grover’s algorithm and Simon’s algorithm, we construct a nine-round key-recovery attack model against Camellia. Through an in-depth analysis of Camellia’s key expansion algorithm, we significantly reduce the complexity of the key-recovery attack. The proposed attack achieves a time complexity of 2^61.5 for recovering the correct key bits and requires 531 quantum bits. Full article

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31 pages, 2809 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanosignaling in Osteoporosis: When Cells Feel the Force

by Nuo Chen, Marina Danalache, Chen Liang, Dorothea Alexander and Felix Umrath

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094007 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Bone is a highly mechanosensitive tissue, where mechanical signaling plays a central role in maintaining skeletal homeostasis. Mechanotransduction regulates the balance between bone formation and resorption through coordinated interactions among bone cells. Key mechanosensing structures—including the extracellular/pericellular matrix (ECM/PCM), integrins, ion channels, connexins, [...] Read more.

Bone is a highly mechanosensitive tissue, where mechanical signaling plays a central role in maintaining skeletal homeostasis. Mechanotransduction regulates the balance between bone formation and resorption through coordinated interactions among bone cells. Key mechanosensing structures—including the extracellular/pericellular matrix (ECM/PCM), integrins, ion channels, connexins, and primary cilia, translate mechanical cues into biochemical signals that drive bone adaptation. Disruptions in mechanotransduction are increasingly recognized as an important factor in osteoporosis. Under pathological conditions, impaired mechanical signaling reduces bone formation and accelerates bone resorption, leading to skeletal fragility. Defects in mechanotransduction disrupt key pathways involved in bone metabolism, further exacerbating bone loss. Therefore, targeting mechanotransduction presents a promising pharmacological strategy for osteoporosis treatment. Recent advances have focused on developing drugs that enhance bone mechanosensitivity by modulating key mechanotransduction pathways, including integrins, ion channels, connexins, and Wnt signaling. A deeper understanding of mechanosignaling mechanisms may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring bone mass, mechanical integrity, and mechanosensitive bone adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Osteoporosis)

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12 pages, 672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Small Airways Disease as a Novel Target for Mepolizumab in Asthma—The SASAM Prospective Real-Life Study

by Matteo Bonini, Cristina Boccabella, Francesca Cefaloni, Eugenio De Corso, Federico Donfrancesco, Enrico Schiavi and Luca Richeldi

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 2928; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092928 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mepolizumab represents an effective strategy for severe eosinophilic asthma. Small airways disease (SAD) defines a peculiar asthma phenotype related to worse disease control. Limited and indirect findings are currently available on the effect of mepolizumab on SAD. Objectives: We investigated the impact of [...] Read more.

Mepolizumab represents an effective strategy for severe eosinophilic asthma. Small airways disease (SAD) defines a peculiar asthma phenotype related to worse disease control. Limited and indirect findings are currently available on the effect of mepolizumab on SAD. Objectives: We investigated the impact of mepolizumab on SAD assessed through impulse oscillometry (IOS) and spirometry. As secondary outcomes, we tested the correlation between SAD and clinical, functional and inflammatory parameters. Methods: This is a prospective cohort study including severe eosinophilic asthmatics eligible for mepolizumab performed between 2021 and 2023. IOS (R5–R20) and spirometry (FEF25-75%, TLC%, RV/TLC%) parameters were assessed at baseline and over 1 year of mepolizumab. Other functional (FEV1%), clinical (ACT, number of asthma exacerbations/previous year, use of OCS) and inflammatory data (BEC and FeNO) were concomitantly collected for correlations. Results: A total of 18 patients (mean age 61.1 ± 12.0 y; 10 (55.5%) female) were included. Longitudinal data from 16 patients showed that R5–R20 significantly improved after 12-months treatment (p: 0.03), as well as FEF25-75% (p: 0.04) and TLC% (0.04). FEV1% and ACT showed a concomitant improvement (p: 0.03 and <0.01, respectively). All the steroid-dependent subjects discontinued OCS after 3 months and the percentage of subjects experiencing exacerbations significantly decreased (p: <0.01). As per drug effect, BEC consistently decreased (p: <0.01). The decrease in R5–R20 correlated with an improvement in FEF25-75% (r: −0.40 p: 0.048) and ACT at T12 (r: −0.59 p: 0.02). Conclusions: Twelve months treatment with mepolizumab improved R5–R20, suggesting its additional role as a targeted treatment for distal lung regions. This improvement also correlated with a clinically relevant amelioration of asthma symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Respiratory Medicine)

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15 pages, 3355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Portable Measurement System for the Characterization of Capacitive Field-Effect Sensors

by Tobias Karschuck, Stefan Schmidt, Stefan Achtsnicht, Joey Ser, Ismail Bouarich, Georges Aboutass, Arshak Poghossian, Patrick H. Wagner and Michael J. Schöning

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092681 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

A user-friendly, portable, low-cost readout system for the on-site or point-of-care characterization of chemo- and biosensors based on an electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor capacitor (EISCAP) has been developed using a thumb-drive-sized commercial impedance analyzer. The system is controlled by a custom Python script and allows to [...] Read more.

A user-friendly, portable, low-cost readout system for the on-site or point-of-care characterization of chemo- and biosensors based on an electrolyte–insulator–semiconductor capacitor (EISCAP) has been developed using a thumb-drive-sized commercial impedance analyzer. The system is controlled by a custom Python script and allows to characterize EISCAP sensors with different methods (impedance spectra, capacitance-voltage, and constant-capacitance modes), which are selected in a user interface. The performance of the portable readout system was evaluated by pH measurements and the detection of the antibiotic penicillin, hereby using EISCAPs consisting of Al/p-Si/SiO₂/Ta₂O₅ structures and compared to the results obtained with a stationary commercial impedance analyzer. Both the portable and the commercial systems provide very similar results with almost perfectly overlapping recorded EISCAP signals. The new portable system can accelerate the transition of EISCAP sensors from research laboratories to commercial end-user devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors from Miniaturization of Analytical Instruments (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessReview

Beyond Biomarkers: Machine Learning-Driven Multiomics for Personalized Medicine in Gastric Cancer

by Dongheng Ma, Canfeng Fan, Tomoya Sano, Kyoka Kawabata, Hinano Nishikubo, Daiki Imanishi, Takashi Sakuma, Koji Maruo, Yurie Yamamoto, Tasuku Matsuoka and Masakazu Yashiro

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050166 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with most cases diagnosed at advanced stages. Traditional biomarkers provide only partial insights into GC’s heterogeneity. Recent advances in machine learning (ML)-driven multiomics technologies, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, [...] Read more.

Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with most cases diagnosed at advanced stages. Traditional biomarkers provide only partial insights into GC’s heterogeneity. Recent advances in machine learning (ML)-driven multiomics technologies, including genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, pathomics, and radiomics, have facilitated a deeper understanding of GC by integrating molecular and imaging data. In this review, we summarize the current landscape of ML-based multiomics integration for GC, highlighting its role in precision diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and biomarker discovery for achieving personalized medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Intersection of Multi-Omics Data and Machine Learning in Medicine)

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25 pages, 10711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Enhanced Dynamic Pig Counting Based on YOLOv8n and Deep SORT

by Peng Shen, Keyu Mei, Haori Xue, Tenglong Li, Guoqing Zhang, Yongxiang Zhao, Wei Luo and Liang Mao

Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2680; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092680 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pig counting is an essential activity in the administration of pig farming. Currently, manual counting is inefficient, costly, and unsuitable for systematic analysis. However, research on dynamic pig counting encounters challenges, including inadequate detection accuracy stemming from crowding, occlusion, deformation, and low-light conditions. [...] Read more.

Pig counting is an essential activity in the administration of pig farming. Currently, manual counting is inefficient, costly, and unsuitable for systematic analysis. However, research on dynamic pig counting encounters challenges, including inadequate detection accuracy stemming from crowding, occlusion, deformation, and low-light conditions. Target tracking issues characterized by poor accuracy, frequent identity confusion, and false positive trajectories ultimately lead to diminished accuracy in the final counting outcomes. Given these existing limitations, this paper proposes an enhanced algorithm based on the YOLOv8n+Deep SORT model. The ELA attention mechanism, GSConv, and VoVGSCSP lightweight convolution modules are introduced in YOLOv8n, which improve detection accuracy and speed for pig target recognition. Additionally, Deep SORT is enhanced by integrating the DenseNet feature extraction network and CIoU matching algorithm, improving the accuracy and stability of target tracking. Experimental results indicate that the improved Deep SORT-P pig tracking algorithm attains MOTA and MOTP values of 89.2% and 90.4%, respectively, reflecting improvements of 4.2% and 1.7%, while IDSW is diminished by 25.5%. Finally, counting experiments were performed on videos of pigs traversing the farm passage using both the original and improved algorithms. The improved YOLOv8n-EGV+Deep SORT-P algorithm achieved a counting accuracy of 92.1%, reflecting a 17.5% improvement over the original algorithm. Meanwhile, the improved algorithm presented in this study successfully attained stable dynamic pig counting in practical environments, offering valuable data and references for research on dynamic pig counting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Sensors in Precision Agriculture)

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21 pages, 834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nexus Between Fintech Innovations and Liquidity Risk in GCC Banks: The Moderating Role of Bank Size

by Laith Alshouha, Ohoud Khasawneh, Fadi Alshannag and Khalid Al Tanbour

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(5), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18050226 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Fintech is a modern phenomenon that is transforming the banking industry through innovations that streamline financial processes and improve efficiency. The increasing adoption of disruptive technologies prompts inquiries regarding their potential to either bolster banks’ stability or expose them to various challenges and [...] Read more.

Fintech is a modern phenomenon that is transforming the banking industry through innovations that streamline financial processes and improve efficiency. The increasing adoption of disruptive technologies prompts inquiries regarding their potential to either bolster banks’ stability or expose them to various challenges and risks, including liquidity issues. Hence, this paper analyzes the effect of fintech innovations on liquidity risks in commercial banks across the six GCC countries (comprising a major financial market) during the period from 2018 to 2023. To develop a panel data methodology, we chose a sample of 26 commercial banks. The findings from our analysis indicated that (1) fintech innovations have a negative relationship with liquidity risks and (2) the size of the bank moderates the connection between fintech and liquidity risks (whereby larger banks significantly affect the relationship between fintech innovations and liquidity risks). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Market Liquidity, Fintech Innovation, and Risk Management Practices)

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17 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gingival Inflammation Modulates NLRP3 Inflammasome Signalling in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of PCOS Patients: A Case-Control Study

by Cecilia Fabiana Márquez-Arrico, María Pelechá-Salvador, Meylin Fernández-Reyes, Francisco Javier Silvestre, Laura Perea-Galera, Jonathan Hermenejildo, Zaida Abad-Jiménez, Javier Silvestre-Rangil, Carlos Morillas, Víctor M. Víctor, Sandra López-Domènech and Milagros Rocha

Antioxidants 2025, 14(5), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050507 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and is often linked to periodontal diseases. This study aimed to determine whether gingivitis modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from women with PCOS. [...] Read more.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex condition associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and is often linked to periodontal diseases. This study aimed to determine whether gingivitis modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from women with PCOS. Following a case-control design, 104 women were divided into three groups: controls (n = 36), PCOS without gingivitis (PCOS, n = 44) and PCOS with gingivitis (PCOS+, n = 24). Periodontal parameters, proinflammatory regulators (NFκB p65, JNK), NLRP3 components (NLRP3, ASC, procaspase-1, caspase-1) and oxidative stress markers (superoxide, NRF2, GCLC and GSR) were determined. The PCOS+ group presented elevated values for bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque and calculus indices, both of which were associated with increased protein levels of NFκB p65 and JNK, thus indicating NLRP3 inflammasome priming. Higher protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, procaspase-1 and caspase-1 in the PCOS+ group confirmed that priming had occurred, suggesting an engagement in assembly. When potential assembly signals of inflammasome were evaluated, the patients with PCOS generally presented enhanced total superoxide and an impaired antioxidant response (NRF2, GCLC and GSR). Moreover, BOP was independently associated with JNK, ASC and procaspase-1. These findings suggest that gingival inflammation modulates the innate immune response in leukocytes of women with PCOS via the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, which is regulated by proinflammatory factors and oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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17 pages, 3595 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrocarbon Exposure in Myocarditis: Rare Toxic Cause or Trigger? Insights from a Biopsy-Proven Fulminant Viral Case and a Systematic Literature Review

by Andrea S. Giordani, Tommaso Simone, Anna Baritussio, Cristina Vicenzetto, Federico Scagnamiglio, Filippo Donato, Luca Licchelli, Luisa Cacciavillani, Chiara Fraccaro, Giuseppe Tarantini, Fausto Braccioni, Stefania Rizzo, Monica De Gaspari, Cristina Basso, Renzo Marcolongo and Alida L. P. Caforio

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4006; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094006 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Toxic myocarditis (TM) is rare, and no systematic evidence is available regarding its treatment or prognosis. Hydrocarbons even more rarely cause TM, and they are associated with severe extracardiac toxicity. Moreover, a pathogenic interaction between viral and toxic agents in TM has not [...] Read more.

Toxic myocarditis (TM) is rare, and no systematic evidence is available regarding its treatment or prognosis. Hydrocarbons even more rarely cause TM, and they are associated with severe extracardiac toxicity. Moreover, a pathogenic interaction between viral and toxic agents in TM has not been studied. We present the first case of biopsy-proven parvovirus B19 (B19V) viral fulminant myocarditis diagnosed after hydrocarbon exposure, along with a systematic literature review of hydrocarbon-TM cases. A systematic literature review was conducted by searching hydrocarbon-TM cases. Clinical and prognostic data were recorded. After screening of 937 records, 7 were included. All cases were male, with a median age of 24 years (IQR 23–25). Chest pain and dyspnea were the main symptoms, but arrhythmic presentation was also reported; endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) was performed in only one case. Overall, treatment was based on supportive measures, such as antiarrhythmic and/or vasoactive therapy. Our example (male, 47 years old) is the first reported fulminant biopsy-proven case diagnosed after a massive exposure to hydrocarbons, in which EMB molecular analysis unexpectedly revealed B19V with a high viral load. Hemodynamic and arrhythmic instability required percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade and temporary wearable defibrillator use. Left ventricular function spontaneously normalized at 3 months. In conclusion, we report the first fulminant B19V myocarditis case temporally associated with aromatic hydrocarbon exposure due to a coexistence of viral and toxic causes. Our case and the systematic review show that promptly performing EMB can provide a definitive diagnosis and guide treatment, especially in severe cases in which infectious agents may contribute to myocardial damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Myocarditis)

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19 pages, 2837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Naphthenic Acid Fraction Components-Induced Metabolic and Mitochondrial Alterations in Rat Hepatoma Cells: Monitoring Metabolic Reprogramming with Tryptophan–Kynurenine Ratio

by Laiba Jamshed, Amica Marie-Lucas, Genevieve A. Perono, Gregg T. Tomy, Jim J. Petrik, Richard A. Frank, L. Mark Hewitt, Philippe J. Thomas and Alison C. Holloway

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030061 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Altered body condition and diminished growth in wildlife in the Alberta Oil Sands Region (AOSR) are prompting investigations into the impact of oil sands industrial activity on wildlife in the region. Chemical constituents from bitumen-influenced waters, including oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), can [...] Read more.

Altered body condition and diminished growth in wildlife in the Alberta Oil Sands Region (AOSR) are prompting investigations into the impact of oil sands industrial activity on wildlife in the region. Chemical constituents from bitumen-influenced waters, including oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), can disrupt endocrine signaling, leading to aberrant lipid accumulation and altered glycemic control in mammals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs), derived from OSPW, on energy homeostasis using the McA-RH7777 rat hepatocyte model. Cells were exposed to NAFCs at nominal concentrations of 0, 0.73, 14.7, and 73.4 mg/L for 24 and 48 h. We assessed gene expression related to lipid and glucose metabolism and measured triglyceride accumulation, glucose, and fatty acid uptake. NAFC exposure (14.7 and 73.4 mg/L) reduced triglyceride levels and glucose uptake and increased fatty acid uptake and the expression of beta-oxidation genes, suggesting a metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid oxidation. This switch in substrate availability signifies a shift in cellular energy dynamics, potentially linked to altered mitochondrial function. To investigate this, we conducted adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial membrane potential, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays to measure cellular ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis, respectively. At both time points, 73.4 mg/L NAFC exposure resulted in increased ATP levels, induced mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, and increased apoptosis. These results suggest that mitochondrial efficiency is compromised, necessitating metabolic adaptations to maintain energy homeostasis. Given that cells exhibit metabolic flexibility that allows them to dynamically respond to changes in substrate availability, we further demonstrated that the kynurenine–tryptophan ratio (KTR) serves as a marker for a shift in energy metabolism under these stress conditions. This work provides a mechanistic framework for understanding how bitumen-derived organic contaminants may disrupt metabolic function in wildlife living in the AOSR. These findings further support the use of molecular markers like KTR to evaluate sub-lethal metabolic stress in environmental health monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disease Risks and Toxic Pathway from Environmental Chemical Exposure)

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17 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tuber Growth and Nutritional Traits in Deficit Irrigated Potatoes

by Rosario Paolo Mauro and Anita Ierna

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051019 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Knowledge of tuber growth and nutritional traits response of early potatoes to dynamic deficit irrigation is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate, over two growing seasons and using two potato cultivars (Arinda and Timate), the effects of five irrigation regimes on mean tuber [...] Read more.

Knowledge of tuber growth and nutritional traits response of early potatoes to dynamic deficit irrigation is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate, over two growing seasons and using two potato cultivars (Arinda and Timate), the effects of five irrigation regimes on mean tuber weight and nutritional profile (starch, dry matter, protein, reducing sugars, and ash content) during tuber growth and at final harvest. The irrigation treatments included I₀ (dry control), I₁₀₀ (100% ETm from tuber initiation to the end of tuber growth), I_100-0 (100% ETm until 50% of tuber growth, then no irrigation), I_100-50 (100% ETm until 50% of tuber growth, then 50% ETm), and I_100-75 (100% ETm until 50% of tuber growth, then 75% ETm). Regardless of cultivars and seasons, I_100-50 led to higher starch content and comparable mean tuber weight, dry matter, protein, reducing sugars, and ash contents compared to I₁₀₀, with a saving of irrigation water of about 800 m³ ha⁻¹ per season. Moreover, I_100-0 did not substantially modify mean tuber weight compared to I₁₀₀ but improved tubers’ nutritional profile by higher starch and dry matter contents and comparable values of reducing sugars and ash, providing a water saving of about 1500 m³ ha⁻¹ per season. The studied cultivars behaved similarly with respect to the irrigation regimes. In conclusion, it was possible to effectively apply dynamic deficit irrigation to save irrigation water without compromising tuber weight and nutritional traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response Mechanism of Plants to Water in Efficient Water-Saving Irrigation Technologies)

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28 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Origins of Christianity Between Orality, Writing, and Images: A Mediological Analysis

by Fabio Tarzia

Religions 2025, 16(5), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16050544 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article investigates the period of the origin of Christianity, namely that of the first century, the phase in which the emerging “Christianity” was being formed. It is a phase that has been much studied from many angles. The angle adopted in this [...] Read more.

This article investigates the period of the origin of Christianity, namely that of the first century, the phase in which the emerging “Christianity” was being formed. It is a phase that has been much studied from many angles. The angle adopted in this article approaches the topic from a mediological framework. It relates to the Toronto School and the theses of Marshall McLuhan, for whom a medium is not only a communication channel but constructs the message and determines a way of reasoning. In this sense, the question arises as to how much, in the period of the birth of the new religion, the “media”, here understood as “environments”, had an influence: orality, writing, images, and spectacular performances cooperated in the construction of a multimedia religion that also drew from this richness a specific strength with which to impose itself over time. In particular, the following will be examined: the oral message of the “Rabbi” of Nazareth; the invention of the epistles of Paul of Tarsus; the conception of the Gospels as a written narration of the salvific event, capable of transforming the figure of Jesus into Christ; and the Apocalypse of John as the Christianization of a traditional genre. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Origins of Religious Beliefs)

16 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Noise-Robust Deep-Learning Framework for Weld-Defect Detection in Magnetic Flux Leakage Systems

by Junlin Yang and Senxiang Lu

Mathematics 2025, 13(9), 1382; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13091382 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection systems are widely used for detecting pipeline defects in industrial sites. However, the acquired MFL signals are affected by field noise, such as electromagnetic interference and mechanical vibrations, which degrade the performance of the developed models. In addition, [...] Read more.

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) inspection systems are widely used for detecting pipeline defects in industrial sites. However, the acquired MFL signals are affected by field noise, such as electromagnetic interference and mechanical vibrations, which degrade the performance of the developed models. In addition, the noise type or intensity is unknown or changes dynamically during the test phase in contrast to the training phase. To address the above challenges, this paper introduces a novel noise-robust deep-learning framework to remove the noise component in the original signal and learn its noise-invariant feature representation. This can handle the unseen noise pattern and mitigate the impact of dynamic noises on MFL inspection systems. Specifically, we propose a transformer-based architecture for denoising, which encodes noisy input signals into a latent space and reconstructs them into clean signals. We also devise an up–down sampling denoising block to better filter the noise component and generate a noise-invariant representation for weld-defect detection. Finally, extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively improves detection accuracy under both static and dynamic noise conditions, highlighting its value in real-world industrial applications. Full article

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34 pages, 7545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Objective and Subjective Thermal Comfort Assessments in Urban Park Design: A Case Study of Monteria, Colombia

by Jhoselin Rosso-Alvarez, Juan Jiménez-Caldera, Gabriel Campo-Daza, Richard Hernández-Sabié and Andrés Caballero-Calvo

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9050139 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Urban parks play a key role in mitigating heat stress and improving outdoor thermal comfort, especially in tropical and subtropical cities. This study evaluates thermal comfort in Nuevo Bosque Park (Montería, Colombia) through a multiperspective approach that combines perception surveys (n = 99), [...] Read more.

Urban parks play a key role in mitigating heat stress and improving outdoor thermal comfort, especially in tropical and subtropical cities. This study evaluates thermal comfort in Nuevo Bosque Park (Montería, Colombia) through a multiperspective approach that combines perception surveys (n = 99), in situ microclimatic measurements, and spatial mapping. Surface temperatures ranged from 32.0 °C in the morning to 51.7 °C at midday in sun-exposed areas, while vegetated zones remained up to 10 °C cooler. Heat Index (HI) and Temperature–Humidity Index (THI) values confirmed severe thermal stress, with HI reaching 32 °C and THI peaking at 55.0 °C in some zones. Subjective responses showed that 69.69% of users reported thermal discomfort, especially in areas with impermeable surfaces and little shade. In contrast, 90.91% of respondents stated that tree cover improved their thermal experience. The results indicate a strong correlation between vegetation density, surface type, and users’ perceived comfort. Additionally, urban furniture location and natural ventilation emerged as key factors influencing thermal sensation. The integration of objective and subjective data has enabled the identification of microclimatic risk zones and informed evidence-based recommendations for climate-adaptive park design. This study offers practical insights for sustainable urban planning in tropical climates, demonstrating the importance of thermal comfort assessments that consider both human perception and environmental conditions to enhance the resilience and usability of public spaces. Full article

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16 pages, 692 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intraoperative Lung Ultrasound in the Detection of Pulmonary Nodules: A Valuable Tool in Thoracic Surgery

by Diana Yasin, Jalal Al Khateeb, Dina Sbeih and Firas Abu Akar

Diagnostics 2025, 15(9), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15091074 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the last two decades, there has been an increased interest in the application of lung ultrasound (LUS), especially intraoperatively, owing to its safety and simple approach to detecting and assessing pulmonary nodules. This review focuses on recent advancements in intraoperative lung ultrasound [...] Read more.

In the last two decades, there has been an increased interest in the application of lung ultrasound (LUS), especially intraoperatively, owing to its safety and simple approach to detecting and assessing pulmonary nodules. This review focuses on recent advancements in intraoperative lung ultrasound in detecting lung nodules. A systematic search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Keywords included “Lung ultrasound”, “intraoperative lung ultrasound”, and “video-assisted transthoracic surgery (VATS)”. Articles published between 1963 and 2024 in peer-reviewed journals were included, focusing on the ones from the 2000s. Data on methodology, key findings, and research gaps were reviewed. Results indicated a significant advantage of intraoperative lung ultrasound (ILU) in the assessment of pulmonary nodules. ILU offers a noninvasive, real-time imaging modality that demonstrates up to 100% accuracy in detecting pulmonary nodules, with shorter time needed compared to other modalities, as well as less intraoperative periods and postoperative complications. However, some disadvantages were detected, such as operator dependency and a lack of specificity and knowledge of specific signs, as well as assisted localization via percutaneous puncture and its correct interpretation. The findings suggest that ILU has a promising future in pulmonary surgeries such as LUS-VATS but needs to be engaged more in clinical applications and modified with new techniques such as artificial intelligence (AI). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lung Ultrasound)

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23 pages, 4868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment and Selection of Mathematical Trends to Increase the Effectiveness of Product Sales Strategy

by Marcela Malindzakova and Gabriela Izarikova

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4695; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094695 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper explores the application of a mathematical trend model to analyze product sales performance. A logistic trend model was utilized to analyze product sales performance, employing monthly sales data collected over three years. The model assessed impacts across various phases of the [...] Read more.

This paper explores the application of a mathematical trend model to analyze product sales performance. A logistic trend model was utilized to analyze product sales performance, employing monthly sales data collected over three years. The model assessed impacts across various phases of the product life cycle. Significant sales trends were identified and modeled from historical data, demonstrating how sales dynamics mirror broader economic phenomena and consumer behaviors. In addition to logistic trends, linear and quadratic trends were also evaluated. To assess the significance of the sales trends for three products, the Mann–Kendall test was applied. The results indicate a statistically significant positive trend in the sales of product A. For evaluating the quality of data fit in model comparison, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) were deemed appropriate. The analysis revealed that the logistic model effectively delineates different sales phases—from introduction to maturity—and highlights opportunities for optimizing strategic sales planning and customer satisfaction in alignment with market demands. The study’s findings are crucial for businesses seeking to enhance product lifecycle management and boost sales forecasting precision. Full article

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13 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Algorithm-Based Real-Time Analysis of Training Phases in Competitive Canoeing: An Automated Approach for Performance Monitoring

by Sergio Amat, Sonia Busquier, Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona, Manuel Gómez-López and José Pino-Ortega

Algorithms 2025, 18(5), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18050242 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The increasing demands in high-performance sports have led to the integration of technological solutions for training optimization. This study aimed to develop and validate an algorithm-based system for analyzing three critical phases in canoe training: initial acceleration, steady-state cruising, and final sprint. Using [...] Read more.

The increasing demands in high-performance sports have led to the integration of technological solutions for training optimization. This study aimed to develop and validate an algorithm-based system for analyzing three critical phases in canoe training: initial acceleration, steady-state cruising, and final sprint. Using inertial measurement units (WIMU PRO™) sampling at 10 Hz, we collected performance data from 12 young canoeists at the Mar Menor High-Performance Sports Center. The custom-developed algorithm processed velocity–time data through polynomial fitting and phase detection methods. Results showed distinctive patterns in the acceleration phase, with initial rapid acceleration (5 s to stabilization) deteriorating in subsequent trials (9–10 s). Athletes maintained consistent stabilized speeds (14.62–14.98 km/h) but required increasing space for stabilization (13.49 to 31.70 m), with slope values decreasing from 2.58% to 0.74% across trials. Performance deterioration was evident through decreasing maximum speeds (18.58 to 17.30 km/h) and minimum speeds (11.17 to 10.17 km/h) across series. The algorithm successfully identified phase transitions and provided real-time feedback on key performance indicators. This technological approach enables automated detection of training phases and provides quantitative metrics for technique assessment, offering coaches and athletes an objective tool for performance optimization in canoeing. Our aim is to automate the analysis task that is currently performed manually by providing an algorithm that the coaches can understand, using very basic mathematical tools, and that saves time for them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Distributed AI for Smart Environments)

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20 pages, 10968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study on the Dynamic Diffusion Characteristics of Ammonia Leakage in Ship Engine Room

by Xinyu Liu, Guogang Yang, Baixun Sun, Jihui Li and Yinhui Sun

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3826; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093826 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study established a numerical model for ammonia leakage and diffusion in confined ship engine room spaces and validated its effectiveness through existing experiments. The research revealed the evolution patterns of ammonia cloud dispersion under various working conditions. Multi-parameter coupling analysis demonstrated that [...] Read more.

This study established a numerical model for ammonia leakage and diffusion in confined ship engine room spaces and validated its effectiveness through existing experiments. The research revealed the evolution patterns of ammonia cloud dispersion under various working conditions. Multi-parameter coupling analysis demonstrated that the combined effect of leakage source location and obstacle distribution alters the spatial configuration of gas clouds. When leakage jets directly impact obstacles, the resulting vortex structures maximize the coverage area of high-concentration ammonia near the ground. Ventilation system efficiency shows a significant negative correlation with hazardous zone volume. The hazardous zone volume was reduced by 50% when employing a bottom dual-side air intake combined with a top symmetric exhaust scheme, compared to the bottom single-side intake with an opposite-side top exhaust configuration. By enhancing the synergistic effect between longitudinal convection and top suction, harmful gas accumulation in lower spaces was effectively controlled. These findings not only provide a theoretical basis for ventilation system design in ammonia-fueled ships but also offer practical applications for risk prevention and control of maritime ammonia leakage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Hazards and Sustainability)

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11 pages, 1708 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

General Dentists and Dental Specialists’ Knowledge of Treatment, Diagnosis, Referral, and Risk Factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Systematic Review

by Shahad A. Alkharouby, Sumayyah L. Alkhudhayri, Shahad L. Alhassani, Hamed S. Alghamdi, Rashed A. Alsahafi, Nivetha Mariappan, Mohammed A. Barashi and Hesham A. Alhazmi

Dent. J. 2025, 13(5), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj13050187 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate general dentists and dental specialists’ knowledge regarding obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis, referral, risk factors, and treatment. Methods: A systematic search of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest, was conducted for studies published up [...] Read more.

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate general dentists and dental specialists’ knowledge regarding obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) diagnosis, referral, risk factors, and treatment. Methods: A systematic search of databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest, was conducted for studies published up to 25 September 2023, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Inclusion criteria included cross-sectional studies that assessed the knowledge of general dentists or dental specialists. A quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Results: The seven included studies demonstrated varied knowledge levels among respondents regarding polysomnography as the gold standard for diagnosing OSA, with percentages ranging from 40.18% to 90%. While recognition of craniofacial structure as a risk factor for OSA was consistently high, knowledge about body weight as a risk factor varied. Additionally, the understanding of continuous positive airway pressure as the standard treatment showed discrepancies across the studies. Conclusions: Given that some of the included articles displayed a moderate to high risk of bias, the results highlight the varying levels of OSA knowledge among dentists and specialists across the studies. This indicates a potential need for targeted educational programs to improve their understanding and management of OSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Education)

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16 pages, 3777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Potential of Magnetic Water Treatment of Groundwater for Calcium Carbonate Scale Mitigation in Drinking Water Distribution Networks

by David Sanchez, Eduardo Herrera-Peraza, Carmen Navarro-Gomez and Jesus Ruben Sanchez-Navarro

Water 2025, 17(9), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17091265 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Mineral scaling and corrosion pose significant challenges in groundwater distribution, increasing hydraulic resistance, reducing flow rates, and raising operational costs. Magnetic water treatment (MWT) has gained attention as a non-chemical method to mitigate scale formation by promoting the transformation of calcite, a hard [...] Read more.

Mineral scaling and corrosion pose significant challenges in groundwater distribution, increasing hydraulic resistance, reducing flow rates, and raising operational costs. Magnetic water treatment (MWT) has gained attention as a non-chemical method to mitigate scale formation by promoting the transformation of calcite, a hard and adherent CaCO₃ polymorph, into aragonite, a softer and less adherent form. In Chihuahua, Mexico, mineral scaling has disrupted the drinking water distribution system, reducing flow and impairing service. This study evaluates MWT’s potential to mitigate scaling by analyzing magnetized water treated under various MWT configurations. Comparative analyses were conducted via XRD and SEM to assess changes in calcium carbonate polymorphs. Finite element method (FEM) simulations in COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 were used to evaluate the magnetic field distribution. The results show no systematic trend in CaCO₃ polymorph transformation following MWT exposure, and FEM simulations indicate negligible magnetic field gradients in certain configurations. These findings highlight the critical role of optimizing magnetic field alignment and gradient strength. Future research should refine MWT configurations and incorporate real-time monitoring to enhance its effectiveness in scale prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Groundwater Flow and Transport Modeling in Aquifer Systems)

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24 pages, 1639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Impact of Construction 4.0 on Industrial Relations: A Comprehensive Thematic Synthesis of Workforce Transformation in the Digital Era of Construction

by Aso Hajirasouli, Ayrin Assadimoghadam, Muhammad Atif Bashir and Saeed Banihashemi

Buildings 2025, 15(9), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15091428 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rise of Construction 4.0—driven by digitalisation, automation, and data-intensive technologies—is radically reshaping the construction industry. While its technological innovations are widely acknowledged, their implications for industrial relations remain underexplored. In this study, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of 91 peer-reviewed [...] Read more.

The rise of Construction 4.0—driven by digitalisation, automation, and data-intensive technologies—is radically reshaping the construction industry. While its technological innovations are widely acknowledged, their implications for industrial relations remain underexplored. In this study, we conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) of 91 peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024, aiming to synthesise emerging knowledge on how Construction 4.0 is transforming workforce dynamics, employment models, and labour relations. Using NVivo software and an inductive thematic approach, we identify seven key themes: workforce transformation, the attraction of new generations and women, skill requirements and workforce development, supply chain and logistics optimisation, digital twin technology in project management, the emergence of new business models, and safety and risk assessment. Our findings highlight both opportunities—such as improved collaboration, skill diversification, and enhanced productivity—and challenges, including job displacement, digital ethics, and widening disparities between developed and developing countries. Recent studies from 2023 and 2024 underscore routine-biased changes in workforce structure, evolving project management practices through digital twins, and critical skill shortages within the sector. Furthermore, contemporary policy shifts and increasing labour tensions in some regions reveal deeper socio-economic implications of digital construction. This review contributes to a more holistic understanding of how technological innovation intersects with social systems in the built environment. The insights presented offer valuable guidance for policymakers, educators, and industry leaders seeking to navigate the evolving landscape of Construction 4.0. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the “24th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality—CONVR2024”)

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12 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Neonatal Viremia a Possible Predictor of the Timing of Maternal Infection in Asymptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection? A Retrospective Study

by Fabio Natale, Giovanni Boscarino, Giuseppina Liuzzi, Fabrizia Bonci, Giuseppe Maria Albanese, Raffaella Cellitti, Antonella Giancotti, Francesco Franco, Barbara Caravale, Rosaria Turchetta, Ombretta Turriziani, Maria Giulia Conti and Gianluca Terrin

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(5), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15050165 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (acCMV) infections represent 85–90% of all congenital CMV infection. The incidence of late-onset sequelae in these cases significantly contribute to the burden of CMV disease. The timing of maternal infection (TMI) has been identified as the main predictor of [...] Read more.

Background: Asymptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (acCMV) infections represent 85–90% of all congenital CMV infection. The incidence of late-onset sequelae in these cases significantly contribute to the burden of CMV disease. The timing of maternal infection (TMI) has been identified as the main predictor of late-onset sequelae in acCMV infants, and follow-up programs in Europe are currently calibrated according to the TMI. Our aim was to evaluate neonatal viremia as a possible predictor of the TMI in acCMV infections. Methods: Plasma viral loads (PVLs) were assessed in the first month of life in a population of acCMV-infected newborns delivered by women who suffer a primary CMV infection during pregnancy. TMI was assigned to a trimester of pregnancy according to the maternal serological screening. PVLs were evaluated in relation to the TMI and gestational age (GA) at birth. Results: One hundred and ten newborns were, respectively, assigned to preconceptional (6.4%), 1st (27.3%), 2nd (38.2%), and 3rd (28.2%) trimester infections. Median neonatal PVLs values were significantly different between groups (p < 0.001). First-trimester infections exhibited significantly higher PVLs when compared with third-trimester ones (p < 0.001). Overall, PVLs showed an inverse correlation with GA at birth (p = 0.003). Conclusions: Median neonatal PVLs are significantly higher in 1st trimester infections if compared with 3rd trimester ones, but a wide overlap between PVL values prevent their possible use as a predictor of the TMI. In our population, a significant inverse relationship, mainly dependent on 1st and 2nd trimester infections, is demonstrated between PVLs and GA. Overall, fetal viremia is already decreasing weeks before the term of pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Transmission-Based Human Behavior Recognition Algorithm

by Ruixuan Tong, Peng Zheng, Yuan Yao, Ninglun Gu, Shaowei Zhao, Kai Guan, Xiaolong Wang and Xiaolong Yang

Electronics 2025, 14(9), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14091727 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the contemporary field of wireless sensing, passive sensing leveraging channel state information (CSI) has found widespread applications across diverse scenarios, including behavior recognition, keystroke recognition, breath detection, and indoor localization. To ensure optimal sensing performance, wireless devices often collect a substantial number [...] Read more.

In the contemporary field of wireless sensing, passive sensing leveraging channel state information (CSI) has found widespread applications across diverse scenarios, including behavior recognition, keystroke recognition, breath detection, and indoor localization. To ensure optimal sensing performance, wireless devices often collect a substantial number of CSI packets. However, when these packets need to be transmitted to a server or the cloud for time series analysis, the transmission load on the passive sensing system escalates rapidly, thereby impeding the system’s real-time performance. To address this challenge, we introduce the KCS algorithm, a novel compressed sensing (CS) algorithm grounded in K-Singular Value Decomposition (KSVD). The primary objective of the KCS algorithm is to enable the efficient transmission of CSI data. Departing from the use of a universal sparse matrix in traditional CS, the KCS algorithm constructs an overcomplete sparse matrix. This construction not only substantially bolsters the sparse representation capacity but also fine-tunes the compression performance. By doing so, it ensures the secure and efficient transmission of data. We applied the KCS algorithm to human behavior recognition and prediction. The experimental outcomes reveal that even when the volume of CSI data is reduced by 90%, the system still attains an average accuracy of 90%. This showcases the effectiveness of the KCS algorithm in balancing data compression and recognition performance, offering a promising solution for realistic applications where efficient data transmission and accurate sensing are crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Time Series Analysis and Forecasting in Computer Science, 2nd Edition)

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