MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

13 pages, 5342 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Hybrid Therapy with SBRT Target-Tailored Tumor Resection for High-Grade Metastatic Epidural Spinal Cord Compression (MESCC): Illustrative Case

by Mario De Robertis, Lorenzo Lo Faro, Linda Bianchini, Ali Baram, Leonardo Anselmi, Elena Clerici, Pierina Navarria, Marco Riva, Marta Scorsetti, Federico Pessina and Carlo Brembilla

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(5), 1688; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14051688 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Spinal metastases affect approximately 40% of patients with systemic cancers; metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) occurs in up to 20% of cases and leads to potential significant morbidity. Recent advancements in high-dose conformal radiation techniques, such as Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy [...] Read more.

Background: Spinal metastases affect approximately 40% of patients with systemic cancers; metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) occurs in up to 20% of cases and leads to potential significant morbidity. Recent advancements in high-dose conformal radiation techniques, such as Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) and Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS), enable histology-independent ablative treatments, yet optimal dose fractionation remains undetermined. Methods and Results: This case of vertebral metastases with high-grade ESCC exemplifies the model of a comprehensive treatment workflow that emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, within the framework of a personalized medicine. The “Hybrid Therapy” combines Separation Surgery, aimed at achieving circumferential spinal cord decompression, with SBRT/SRS. The oncologic resection has been performed in a navigation-assisted technique that is tailored to the SBRT target, pre-operatively defined on the neuronavigation station. Conclusions: This seamless integration during initial planning of surgery with the ideal radio-oncological target is aimed at avoiding delays in referral and limitations in subsequent treatment options. This integrative holistic strategy not only prioritizes functional preservation, minimizing surgical invasiveness, but also promotes tumor control, thus offering potential promising new avenues for patient-centered oncologic care. Future high-quality studies are warranted to validate the widespread potential utility and safety of this approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Management of Spinal Tumor: Surgical Treatment, Radiotherapy and Systemic Therapy)

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36 pages, 4150 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Factors Shaping Sustainability Through Female Entrepreneurship in the GCC: A Systematic Review with Multi-Level and Institutional Perspective

by Rabia Naguib and Julia Barbar

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2163; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052163 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

This article explores the intersection of gender, entrepreneurship, and sustainability in the context of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The article proposes a comprehensive analytical framework that incorporates multiple levels of analysis and examines the institutional pressures influencing women’s entrepreneurial participation using [...] Read more.

This article explores the intersection of gender, entrepreneurship, and sustainability in the context of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The article proposes a comprehensive analytical framework that incorporates multiple levels of analysis and examines the institutional pressures influencing women’s entrepreneurial participation using a systematic literature review. It provides insights into the interconnectedness of individual (micro level), organizational-sectoral (meso Level), and societal and national (macro-level) factors, offering policy recommendations to foster a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem and support women’s contributions to sustainable economic development in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Economic Development)

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14 pages, 352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Game Theory Framework for Mitigating the Cost Pendulum in Public Construction Projects

by Yahel Giat and Amichai Mitelman

Games 2025, 16(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/g16020011 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

The coexistence of the winner’s curse and cost overruns in the construction industry implies a cost pendulum in which the winning bid is undervalued, whereas the final payment to the contractor is overvalued. We posit that this results from a strategic interaction between [...] Read more.

The coexistence of the winner’s curse and cost overruns in the construction industry implies a cost pendulum in which the winning bid is undervalued, whereas the final payment to the contractor is overvalued. We posit that this results from a strategic interaction between three stakeholders: the public agency (PA), the project manager (PM), and the winning contractor, and we propose a game-theoretic framework to model this dynamic. In the current state of practice, the subgame between the contractor and the PM leads to opportunistic contractor behavior and lenient supervision, resulting in increased costs for the PA. We analyze how procedural and cultural interventions by the PA, specifically shifting from a low-bid to an average-bid auction and incentivizing stricter PM oversight, alter the strategic equilibrium. Our findings indicate that while each change alone provides limited improvement, implementing both significantly reduces cost overruns by aligning stakeholder incentives. The findings of this analysis provide insight into how public agencies can mitigate the widespread problem of cost overruns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Game Theory)

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12 pages, 1903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a New Non-Invasive System Delivering Microwave Energy for the Treatment of Abdominal Adipose Tissue: Results of an Immunohistochemical Study

by Elena Zappia, Stefano Bennardo, Gaia Fasano, Valerio Raffaele, Tiziano Zingoni, Laura Pieri, Lara Ronconi, Paolo Bonan, Luigi Bennardo, Antonella Tammaro, Klaus Hoffmann and Steven Paul Nisticò

Cosmetics 2025, 12(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics12020042 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Unwanted abdominal fat is a common aesthetic concern treated through various interventions, including surgical and energy-based devices, often leading to inconsistent results. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a localized, non-invasive microwave (MW) device for preferential heating of subcutaneous adipose tissue [...] Read more.

Unwanted abdominal fat is a common aesthetic concern treated through various interventions, including surgical and energy-based devices, often leading to inconsistent results. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a localized, non-invasive microwave (MW) device for preferential heating of subcutaneous adipose tissue using a controlled electromagnetic field. Five female volunteers scheduled for abdominoplasty were enrolled, each undergoing a single MW treatment session five days prior to surgery. Histological analyses of adipose tissue and skin samples were conducted using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for Perilipin-1 and CD68. Epidermal and dermal layers remained unaffected, as evidenced by unaltered morphology in treated samples. In contrast, the absence of Perilipin-1 expression in disrupted fat cell membranes indicated adipocyte non-viability and irreversible injury. Inflammatory responses, including CD68-positive macrophages surrounding damaged adipocytes, were observed, suggesting the activation of the monocyte/macrophage system for the clearance of adipocyte residues. Microscopic and immunohistochemical findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the MW device in reducing subcutaneous fat. This study also discussed the underlying mechanisms involved in macrophage recruitment and the removal of adipocyte residues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Trends in Cosmetics Research: The 10th Anniversary of Cosmetics)

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20 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence and Green Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Competitive-Advantage Drive Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals

by Panteha Farmanesh, Niloofar Solati Dehkordi, Asim Vehbi and Kavita Chavali

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052162 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

A significant portion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are usually allocated to the construction sector, which plays a vital role in many economies. SMEs currently face serious concerns regarding the pursuit of sustainability. Limited financial resources (FRs) frequently prevent SMEs from implementing [...] Read more.

A significant portion of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are usually allocated to the construction sector, which plays a vital role in many economies. SMEs currently face serious concerns regarding the pursuit of sustainability. Limited financial resources (FRs) frequently prevent SMEs from implementing sustainable practices. Therefore, these enterprises should mitigate expenses to invest in environmentally friendly initiatives. Enhancing resources and developing ways to accelerate Turkish SMEs’ shift toward sustainability is vital. Moreover, adopting artificial intelligence (AI) and green innovation strategies (GISs) can boost sustainable competitive advantage (SCA) and lead them to success. This study utilized the natural resource-based view theory (NRBV), developed to compensate for the RBV’s shortcomings by incorporating the natural environment into the RBV’s framework. This study uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the causal effect between the study variables based on the responses received from 228 executives within SMEs in Turkey’s construction sector. The findings of this study reveal that FRs significantly impact the SCA among SMEs, while GIS serves as a mediator in the relationship. Additionally, the moderating impact of AI adoption promotes sustainability development in this industry. This study is significant because it contributes to the body of knowledge regarding the relationship between the study’s constructs that align with Sustainable Development Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), presented by the United Nations in 2015. This goal promotes robust infrastructure, encourages sustainable and inclusive industrialization, and stimulates innovation in the SME construction industry. Although these variables have been studied individually in previous studies, this study integrates them into a thorough framework that emphasizes the function of GIS as a mediator in the relationship between FRs and SCA, and the interaction effect of AI adoption. This study offers useful information to managers, stakeholders, politicians, and SME leaders, enabling them to make well-informed decisions about sustainable practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Transformation and Economic Development: Strategies for Sustainable Industrial Competitiveness)

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18 pages, 10958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction of Uneven Brightness and Ghosts of Aerial Images Using a Prism in a Micromirror Array Plate

by Kaito Shoji, Yuto Osada, Atsutoshi Kurihara and Yue Bao

J. Imaging 2025, 11(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11030075 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

A micro-mirror array plate is a type of aerial image display that allows an observer to touch the aerial image directly. The problem with this optical element is that it produces stray light, called a ghost, which reduces the visibility of the aerial [...] Read more.

A micro-mirror array plate is a type of aerial image display that allows an observer to touch the aerial image directly. The problem with this optical element is that it produces stray light, called a ghost, which reduces the visibility of the aerial image. Conventional methods can suppress the occurrence of ghosts; however, depending on the observation position, uneven luminance is produced in aerial images. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a method for eliminating ghosts while suppressing the unevenness in the luminance of an aerial image using a prism. In the proposed device, a prism is placed between the liquid crystal display and the diffuser, which is the light source of the aerial display. The experimental results showed that the proposed method can suppress the unevenness in the luminance of aerial images better than the conventional ghost removal methods and can reduce the formation of ghosts better than the micromirror array plate alone. Therefore, the proposed method can be shown to be a ghost removal method that can suppress unevenness in the brightness of aerial images. Full article

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14 pages, 1673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Key Factors Affect Patient Satisfaction on Online Medical Consultation Platforms? A Case Study from China

by Feng Yang, Yuexin Cheng, Ruiyang Yao and Xiaoqian Zhang

Healthcare 2025, 13(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13050540 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Online medical consultation (OMC) platforms have become an essential tool for facilitating communication between doctors and patients, providing an efficient way for patients to access healthcare services. However, research on the key drivers of patient satisfaction within this context remains limited. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Online medical consultation (OMC) platforms have become an essential tool for facilitating communication between doctors and patients, providing an efficient way for patients to access healthcare services. However, research on the key drivers of patient satisfaction within this context remains limited. This study aims to identify and prioritize the key factors influencing patient satisfaction on OMC platforms, with a focus on the Chinese “Chunyu Doctor” app as a case study. Methods: Data from patient comments on the “Chunyu Doctor” app were collected and analyzed using grounded theory to identify the influencing factors of patient satisfaction. The decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) method was then applied to assess and prioritize the factors influencing patient satisfaction, identifying the key determinants from a complex set of potential influences. Results: The study identified 11 key factors out of 23 that significantly impact patient satisfaction. These factors include doctors provide professional treatment plans, doctors accurately understand patients’ concerns, doctors explain and advise on prescriptions, doctors personally respond, doctors provide comprehensive replies, cost-effectiveness, consultation fees, effectiveness of treatment outcomes, reasonableness of the doctors’ consultation process, avoidance of templated responses by doctors, and alignment of doctors responses with patient expectations. Conclusions: This study enriches the understanding of patient satisfaction in the context of online medical consultations. The findings offer theoretical insights for future research and provide practical implications for enhancing the management and development of OMC platforms, improving the quality of healthcare services, and boosting patient satisfaction. Full article

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7 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Body Image Perception in a Patient with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome over a Decade: A Case Report

by Álvaro Loewen and Sabina Aranda-Guerrero

Obesities 2025, 5(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/obesities5010013 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 10% of women and is associated with weight gain, insulin resistance, and potential negative body image. In some cases, PCOS can lead to eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, due to the psychological impact of [...] Read more.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 10% of women and is associated with weight gain, insulin resistance, and potential negative body image. In some cases, PCOS can lead to eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, due to the psychological impact of the condition’s physical symptoms. Early identification and intervention are crucial to preventing long-term health consequences. Detailed Case Description: A 25-year-old female diagnosed with PCOS at age 15 began restricting food intake to avoid weight gain, developing anorexia nervosa. By age 17, her body mass index (BMI) had dropped to 16.65, indicating moderate thinness. At that point, she started cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with strong social support. Over time, her eating behaviors normalized, and ten years later, her BMI was 21.16. She also scored 4.3/5 on the Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2), indicating a healthy body image. Conclusions: Early detection and intervention are crucial for women with PCOS at risk of eating disorders and body image issues. CBT plays a key role in addressing cognitive distortions, while a supportive social network strengthens recovery. Ongoing monitoring of physical and psychological health, including BMI and BAS-2, ensures effective treatment and improved long-term outcomes for these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Prevention and Therapy)

14 pages, 918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Reporting Guideline for Trochim’s Concept Mapping

by Sandesh Pantha, Martin Jones and Richard Gray

Methods Protoc. 2025, 8(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps8020024 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Reporting guidelines are created with the intention to enhance the quality and transparency of reporting different research methods. Trochim’s concept mapping (often referred to as group concept mapping) is a six-phase, participatory mixed-method approach to understanding complex constructs. Currently, there is no reporting [...] Read more.

Reporting guidelines are created with the intention to enhance the quality and transparency of reporting different research methods. Trochim’s concept mapping (often referred to as group concept mapping) is a six-phase, participatory mixed-method approach to understanding complex constructs. Currently, there is no reporting guideline for concept mapping. Developing a reporting guideline typically follows a three-step process: 1. a systematic review to establish the need for a reporting guideline, 2. a Delphi study to identify candidate items, and 3. consolidation process to inform a draft guideline. We have previously reported our step 1, a systematic review of health-related concept mapping studies. In this paper, we report on steps 2 and 3, guideline development. In developing our reporting guideline, we opted to use concept mapping rather than the Delphi method. Stakeholders including researchers and experts in concept mapping were identified from papers included in our systematic review and invited to participate. Thirty-two stakeholders participated in the brainstorming phase of the concept mapping generating 96 discrete statements. The prioritisation and clustering phase involved 24 stakeholders. The final concept map included 11 clusters that represented key concepts for inclusion in the reporting guideline. The clusters were relatively small and positioned in a circle around the edge of the map, suggesting each was of equal importance and conceptually discreet. In phase 3, a guideline was drafted using the findings from both the phase 1 systematic review and phase 2 concept mapping study. The draft was reviewed by eight stakeholders (who had participated in our phase 2 concept mapping study) to check the completeness and clarity of expression of the items included in the guideline. The final reporting guideline (called the ConMapT) has 27-items organised under 14 headings. The guideline will be made freely available via the EQUATOR network. Registration: The study protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework (OSF) before recruiting the first study participant. The EQUATOR network has listed the study as a guideline under development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Public Health Research)

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14 pages, 6864 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Orthodontic and Surgical Treatment of Delayed Eruption of Mandibular Central Incisors and Canines: A Case Report

by Ioanna Pouliezou, Eirini Vasoglou, Zoi Papafilippopoulou and Michail Vasoglou

Oral 2025, 5(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5010014 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Delayed tooth eruption (DTE) is a very challenging clinical situation, and the pathogenesis has been associated with local, systemic, and genetic factors. The aim of this presentation is to describe the management of such a case with delayed eruption of mandibular central [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Delayed tooth eruption (DTE) is a very challenging clinical situation, and the pathogenesis has been associated with local, systemic, and genetic factors. The aim of this presentation is to describe the management of such a case with delayed eruption of mandibular central incisors and canines. Methods: An 11-year-old female patient presented with DTE involving lower incisors (32, 42) and canines, seeking orthodontic treatment. Furthermore, lower permanent central incisors were congenitally missing while lower deciduous incisors were still in place. After a year-and-a-half of just monitoring the case and having suggested the extraction of deciduous first molars and canines, orthodontic treatment started with fixed appliances in the upper and lower jaw. First and second premolars gradually erupted after the precursor’s extraction. Lower canines and the two existing incisors were, after several months, surgically exposed and a gold chain apparatus was bonded on each one, while the closed eruption technique was chosen. A 0.17 × 0.25 stainless steel (SS) lingual wire, leaning on the buccal tubes of the lower molar bands and properly manipulated around them, was fitted in conjunction with the labial brackets and wires in order to facilitate the traction of the impacted teeth, which was carried out for one after the other using either an elastic chain or a second super-elastic wire. Results: All impacted teeth were finally restored to their proper place. The root of 71 did not present resorption, so the tooth was maintained in the lower arch while inter-proximal reduction was performed in the upper arch in the anterior region, in order to anticipate the lower missing incisor. Finally, a stable occlusion with proper contacts was achieved. Conclusions: Proper diagnosis, on-time extractions of deciduous teeth, and a well-designed treatment plan regarding space management and orthodontic traction of impacted teeth contributed to successful treatment outcomes in this DTE case. Full article

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13 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment of Canine Atlantoaxial Subluxation with a Modified Cervical Distraction–Stabilization Technique and Clinical Outcomes

by Giuseppe Barillaro, Marco Tabbì, Simone Minniti, Nicola Maria Iannelli, Francesco Macrì and Claudia Interlandi

Animals 2025, 15(5), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15050716 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) is a neurosurgical condition caused by joint hyperflexion and is characterized by the development of compressive cervical myelopathy. Various ventral fixation techniques have been described to permanently reduce the subluxation by long-term stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint. However, the rate [...] Read more.

Atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) is a neurosurgical condition caused by joint hyperflexion and is characterized by the development of compressive cervical myelopathy. Various ventral fixation techniques have been described to permanently reduce the subluxation by long-term stabilization of the atlantoaxial joint. However, the rate of complications related to implant failure with these techniques remains high. The aim of this study was to describe a cervical distraction–stabilization technique using screws and PMMA to treat AAS and evaluate the clinical outcomes based on neurological and radiographic follow-up. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to confirm the diagnosis of AAS and identify any associated intraparenchymal lesions. Computed tomography (CT) scans were performed for surgical planning. No complications resulting in irreversible damage, surgical revision, or euthanasia protocol were observed. In the immediate postoperative period, the neurological scores showed an improvement of approximately two points from the preoperative values in all subjects. At the 6-month neurological examination (medium-term follow-up), 93% (13/14) of the dogs showed normal neurological function with no signs of pain. Based on clinical follow-up data, the cervical distraction–stabilization technique described in this study appears to be a valuable surgical alternative to treat AAS in toy-breed dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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10 pages, 1899 KiB

Open AccessReview

Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Associated with Crohn’s Disease—Toward a Medical Treatment Strategy Based on the Differences Between Japan and Western Countries

by Yuki Sekido, Takayuki Ogino, Mitsunobu Takeda, Tsuyoshi Hata, Atsushi Hamabe, Norikatsu Miyoshi, Mamoru Uemura, Tsunekazu Mizushima, Yuichiro Doki and Hidetoshi Eguchi

Cancers 2025, 17(5), 860; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17050860 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

With advances in the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD), the number of long-term cases is increasing, along with the incidence of CD-related cancers. Here, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and surveillance of CD-related cancers. There are regional differences in the [...] Read more.

With advances in the treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD), the number of long-term cases is increasing, along with the incidence of CD-related cancers. Here, we discuss the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and surveillance of CD-related cancers. There are regional differences in the common sites and histological types of CD-related cancers, with right-sided colon cancer accounting for 40% of cases in Europe and the US, and squamous cell carcinoma being common. In Japan, rectal and anal cancers account for 80% of cases, and mucinous carcinoma is common. The prognosis of CD-associated colon cancer and sporadic colon cancer is the same; however, the prognosis of CD-associated rectal cancer is clearly worse than that of sporadic rectal cancer. Early diagnosis is important to improve the prognosis of CD-associated rectal cancer, and it is necessary to establish a surveillance method for CD-associated cancer that combines colonoscopy, anesthetic proctoscopy, and imaging, as appropriate. The basic treatment for CD-related cancer is surgical resection; however, the criteria for selecting the surgical procedure are unclear, and there is no clear evidence for multidisciplinary perioperative treatment including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Additionally, CD-related rectal and anal cancers have a higher local recurrence rate than that of sporadic rectal cancers; therefore, thorough local control is important. Furthermore, CD-related cancers have different epidemiologies in different regions; therefore, unique diagnostic and treatment strategies must be established for each region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgery for Colorectal Cancer)

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3 pages, 133 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Lactic Acid Bacteria: An Inexhaustible Source of Scientific Knowledge and Food Innovation

by Luis M. Medina and Fernando Pérez-Rodríguez

Foods 2025, 14(5), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050858 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

For thousands of years, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been involved in food processes that have given rise to a wide range of traditional foods, mainly fermented foods [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lactic Acid Bacteria and Metabolite for Food Quality)

12 pages, 2489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Tube Additives on Baseline Cell-Free DNA, Blood Nuclease Activity, and Cell-Free DNA Degradation in Serum and Plasma Samples: A Comparative Study

by Gustavo Barcelos Barra, Ticiane Henriques Santa Rita, Rafael Henriques Jácomo and Lídia Freire Abdalla Nery

LabMed 2025, 2(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/labmed2010004 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis is a pivotal tool in non-invasive diagnostics, including cancer monitoring and prenatal testing. However, the preanalytical phase, particularly the choice of anticoagulant, significantly impacts cfDNA integrity and yield. This study aims to compare cfDNA yield, stability, and DNase activity [...] Read more.

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) analysis is a pivotal tool in non-invasive diagnostics, including cancer monitoring and prenatal testing. However, the preanalytical phase, particularly the choice of anticoagulant, significantly impacts cfDNA integrity and yield. This study aims to compare cfDNA yield, stability, and DNase activity in plasma-citrate and plasma-heparin, using plasma-EDTA and serum as established controls, to explore more deeply the impact of blood DNAse activity on cfDNA in these specimens. Blood samples from 15 healthy volunteers were collected in four types of tubes (citrate, heparin, EDTA, and serum). cfDNA was extracted and quantified using qPCR, and endogenous DNase activity was assessed through hydrolysis probe assays. Samples were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h to evaluate cfDNA degradation rates. Heparin-plasma exhibited the highest DNase activity, with baseline cfDNA levels intermediate—higher than EDTA but lower than serum—leading to substantial cfDNA degradation (85.3%). Combined with its known PCR inhibition, this renders heparin-plasma unsuitable for cfDNA analysis. Citrate-plasma, with baseline cfDNA levels similar to EDTA, showed partial DNase inhibition, resulting in intermediate cfDNA degradation (13.3%), a limitation that diminishes its viability compared to EDTA-plasma. Serum, with the highest baseline cfDNA levels, exhibited high DNase activity and significant cfDNA degradation (55.6%), making it unsuitable for cfDNA preservation. EDTA-plasma demonstrated complete DNase inhibition and minimal cfDNA degradation (8%), confirming it as the most suitable specimen for cfDNA analysis. These findings emphasize the importance of anticoagulant selection, highlighting critical limitations of heparin-plasma and citrate-plasma while reinforcing EDTA-plasma as the gold standard for preserving cfDNA integrity in diagnostic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Laboratory Medicine)

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11 pages, 3649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diabetes Differentially Alters Glial Cells in Different Brain Regions

by Rashmi Kumari, Lisa Willing and Patricia J. McLaughlin

Diabetology 2025, 6(3), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6030016 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The chronic metabolic condition of hyperglycemia in type-2 diabetics is known to cause various neurological disorders and compromise recovery from brain insults. Previously, we reported a delayed and reduced glial cell response and a greater neuronal cell death in different brain regions [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The chronic metabolic condition of hyperglycemia in type-2 diabetics is known to cause various neurological disorders and compromise recovery from brain insults. Previously, we reported a delayed and reduced glial cell response and a greater neuronal cell death in different brain regions of diabetic, db/db, mice following cerebral hypoxic- ischemic injury. In this study, we explored the changes in baseline activation of astrocytes and microglia and its impact on vascular permeability in different brain regions. Methods: The numbers of activated astrocytes (GFAP-positive) and microglia/macrophage (Iba-1-positive) in the motor cortex, caudate and hippocampal regions of 12-week old, type-2 diabetic db/db and non-diabetic db/+ mice were quantitated. The leakage of serum IgG and loss of occludin, a tight junctional protein observed in the cortex and caudate of db/db mice, indicated a compromised blood brain barrier. Results: Results indicated significant differences in activation of glial cells in the cortex and caudate along with increased vessel permeability in diabetic mice. Conclusions: The study suggests that a constant activation of glial cells in the diabetic brain may be the cause of impaired inflammatory response and/or degenerating cerebral blood vessels which contribute to neuronal cell death upon CNS injury. Full article

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Graphical abstract

2 pages, 120 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Food Proteins: Processing, Interactions, Functionality and Bioavailability

by Mike Boland, Lovedeep Kaur and Alejandra Acevedo-Fani

Foods 2025, 14(5), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050857 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Protein is an essential part of our diet [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Proteins: Processing, Interactions, Functionality and Bioavailability)

15 pages, 1791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of Phasor Measurement Units Using Particle Swarm Optimization: An Electric Grid Planning Perspective

by Mohammed Haj-ahmed, Mais M. Aldwaik and Dia Abualnadi

Energies 2025, 18(5), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051225 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to optimally allocate phasor measurement units (PMUs) within standard test systems and a real-world power system. PMUs are allocated at system substations in a manner that ensures complete system observability while minimizing [...] Read more.

In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is used to optimally allocate phasor measurement units (PMUs) within standard test systems and a real-world power system. PMUs are allocated at system substations in a manner that ensures complete system observability while minimizing installation costs. This study considers IEEE 14-, 30-, and 57-bus standard test systems, along with the Jordanian national high-voltage grid. The optimal allocation was performed separately on the 132 kV and 400 kV buses of the Jordanian grid. Additionally, a novel technique for further minimization of measurement units, considering electric grid planning, is investigated. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully reduces the required number of PMUs while maintaining full system observability. For instance, the IEEE 14-bus system achieved complete observability with only four PMUs, while the IEEE 30-bus and 57-bus systems required ten and seventeen PMUs, respectively. For the Jordanian transmission network, the 400 kV system required only three PMUs, and the 132 kV system required twenty-six PMUs. Furthermore, it was found that integrating power system planning and grid expansion strategies into the PMU placement problem may further reduce installation costs. The results emphasize the effectiveness of the proposed approach in enhancing situational awareness, improving state estimation accuracy, and facilitating reliable protection, control, and monitoring schemes. This study concludes that an optimal PMU allocation strategy shall be incorporated into power system planning studies to maximize cost efficiency while ensuring full observability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage, Energy Conversion, and Multifunctional Materials 2024 - 2025)

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9 pages, 9259 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Plasma Modification of Technical Carbon with Nitrogen and Sulfur-Containing Functional Groups for Application in Catalytic Systems

by Ksenia Kharisova, Evgenii Beletskii, Oleg Levin, Ruopeng Li, Peixia Yang and Elena Alekseeva

ChemEngineering 2025, 9(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering9020027 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study presents an effective plasma treatment method for doping technical carbon by nitrogen- and sulfur-containing functional groups. Nitrogen incorporation shifted the oxygen reduction reaction onset potential by 0.25 V and increased the limiting current by 1 mA cm⁻², while sulfuration [...] Read more.

This study presents an effective plasma treatment method for doping technical carbon by nitrogen- and sulfur-containing functional groups. Nitrogen incorporation shifted the oxygen reduction reaction onset potential by 0.25 V and increased the limiting current by 1 mA cm⁻², while sulfuration showed a more pronounced effect, with a 0.31 V shift in onset potential and an increase in the limiting current to 6.23 mA cm⁻². These enhancements are attributed to the formation of additional active sites and improved surface properties. The proposed plasma-based approach is simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly, minimizing the use of hazardous reagents and eliminating the need for multistep processes. This method demonstrates the potential for industrial applications using commercially available raw materials such as technical carbon and to be extended to other carbon-based materials. Full article

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15 pages, 4276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Impact of Climate Change on Traffic Accidents in Jordan

by Maen Qaseem Ghadi

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052161 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

This research studies the impact of a number of climate change features on the severity of traffic accidents in Jordan. This case study is based on monthly data collected from six meteorological stations. The relationship between climate and accident severity is delicate and [...] Read more.

This research studies the impact of a number of climate change features on the severity of traffic accidents in Jordan. This case study is based on monthly data collected from six meteorological stations. The relationship between climate and accident severity is delicate and hard to observe in the short term; therefore, three validation techniques were used: feature selection, correlation testing, and time series modeling. In the first two techniques, Recursive Feature Elimination with Random Forest and a correlation matrix were employed to select the features with the greatest influence on the target variable. Applying the feature selection algorithm highlighted rainfall as the feature with the greatest influence on the target variable, followed by CO₂ emissions and average temperatures. For a more precise explanation, the selected features were used as inputs for the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. Unlike conventional linear models, ARDL can handle a non-linear time series dataset, which is fit for our case study. The developed model has confirmed the positive impact of average rainfalls and mean temperatures on accident risk in the long run and CO₂ emissions in the short run. This finding highlights the importance of implementing adaptive strategies and policies to strengthen resilience against the growing effects of climate change on road safety in Jordan. Full article

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14 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability of a Three-Species Predator–Prey Model in Tumor-Immune Dynamics with Periodic Treatment

by Avan Al-Saffar and Eun-jin Kim

Entropy 2025, 27(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27030264 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Using a tumor-immune growth model, we investigate how immunotherapy affects its dynamical characteristics. Specifically, we extend the prey–predator model of tumor cells and immune cells by including periodic immunotherapy, the nonlinear damping of cancer cells, and the dynamics of a healthy cell population, [...] Read more.

Using a tumor-immune growth model, we investigate how immunotherapy affects its dynamical characteristics. Specifically, we extend the prey–predator model of tumor cells and immune cells by including periodic immunotherapy, the nonlinear damping of cancer cells, and the dynamics of a healthy cell population, and investigate the effects of the model parameters. The ideal value of immunotherapy, which promotes the growth of immune (and healthy) cells while contributing to the elimination or control of the cancer cells, is determined by using Fisher information as a measure of variability throughout our study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Dynamics and Applications—In Honor of Professor Osvaldo Anibal Rosso's 70th Birthday)

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18 pages, 3606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Bio-Fermented Distillers Grain on Growth, Intestines, and Caecal Microbial Community in Broilers

by Ping Xu, Changsong Liu, Hongxia Ding, Pinpin Chen, Xin Fan, Xu Wang, Shijie Li, Jintao Peng, Zutao Zhou, Deshi Shi, Shengbo Cao and Yuncai Xiao

Fermentation 2025, 11(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11030118 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

The impact of nutritional enrichment with bio-fermented distillers grain (FDG) on broiler growth, intestines, and cecal microbial community were evaluated. A total of 240 five-day-old male chicks were randomly and evenly distributed into three treatment groups (each with eight biological replicates of 10 [...] Read more.

The impact of nutritional enrichment with bio-fermented distillers grain (FDG) on broiler growth, intestines, and cecal microbial community were evaluated. A total of 240 five-day-old male chicks were randomly and evenly distributed into three treatment groups (each with eight biological replicates of 10 chicks): 0% FDG (group A), 2.5% FDG (group B), and 5% FDG (group C). In this study, we observed that FDG caused no significant variations in the body weight and feed intake of broilers (p > 0.05). The FDG significantly enhanced villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio (VCR) of the small intestine compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota revealed a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the cecal samples of broilers from groups B and C compared to the control group (p < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Bacteroides and Phascolarctobacterium were increased with the addition of FDG to broiler diets, whereas the relative abundance of the Christensenellaceae_R-7_group was decreased. These results suggest that fermented feeds significantly influence the composition of cecal microbiome in broilers, potentially affecting growth performance, nutritional status, and intestinal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Bio-Fermented Feed on Livestock Health)

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13 pages, 2058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological, Molecular and Pathological Characterization of Phytophthora pseudocryptogea Associated with Rosmarinus officinalis Dieback in Tuscany, Central Italy

by Alessandra Benigno, Chiara Aglietti, Santa Olga Cacciola and Salvatore Moricca

Microorganisms 2025, 13(3), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13030567 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

A severe dieback of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants was observed in a medicinal/culinary herb plantation in Casole d’Elsa, Siena, central Italy. Symptoms included stunted growth, crown desiccation, root rot, collar rot and internal tissue necrosis, strongly indicative of Phytophthora root and [...] Read more.

A severe dieback of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants was observed in a medicinal/culinary herb plantation in Casole d’Elsa, Siena, central Italy. Symptoms included stunted growth, crown desiccation, root rot, collar rot and internal tissue necrosis, strongly indicative of Phytophthora root and crown rot syndrome. Morphological and molecular identification (ITS and Cox1 sequencing) of strains isolated from symptomatic stems, roots and soil revealed the occurrence of two Phytophthora species: Phytophthora pseudocryptogea, which constituted 94% of isolates obtained from the stem, root apparatus and rhizosphere; and Phytophthora megasperma, which was not recovered from plant organs or tissue, being exclusively isolated from rhizosphere soil samples at a low isolation rate (6%). The pathogenicity of the obtained strains was assessed by inoculating eighteen-month-old R. officinalis plants in a soil infestation trial. Plants inoculated with P. pseudocryptogea strains died 10 days after artificial inoculation. P. pseudocryptogea was subsequently re-isolated from the roots of inoculated, symptomatic plants, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Plants inoculated with P. megasperma strains were in good vegetative condition and did not show any visible symptoms, suggesting P. megasperma to be nonpathogenic. Artificial inoculation tests thus confirmed P. pseudocryptogea to be the aetiological agent responsible for the death of R. officinalis plants in the plantation under study. This is the first report of root, collar and crown rot caused by P. pseudocryptogea on R. officinalis in Italy. There is evidence that poorly drained soils and climate constraints facilitate the spread of this oomycete. These findings highlight the critical role of nursery trade in the introduction of Phytophthora species in agroecosystems and emphasize the need for more stringent control measures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytopathogens: Detection and Control)

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18 pages, 7929 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The Relationship Between Stiff Knee Gait Runner’s Dystonia and Musculoskeletal Knee Pathology: A Case Series

by Jared A. Stowers, Derek S. Day, Steven Jow, Sarah Heins, Euan Forrest, Yonathan M. Assefa, Paige M. Lind, Afreen Mushtaheed, Frances T. Sheehan and Katharine E. Alter

Toxins 2025, 17(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17030121 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Runner’s dystonia (RD), a rare task-specific lower-limb dystonia affecting high-mileage runners, presents as abnormal lower-extremity muscle contractions during running. Treatment of RD is challenging and often confounded by significant diagnostic delays due to overlapping symptomatology with other conditions. This case series examines [...] Read more.

Background: Runner’s dystonia (RD), a rare task-specific lower-limb dystonia affecting high-mileage runners, presents as abnormal lower-extremity muscle contractions during running. Treatment of RD is challenging and often confounded by significant diagnostic delays due to overlapping symptomatology with other conditions. This case series examines the relationship between stiff knee gait RD and musculoskeletal (MSK) knee pathology. Methods: Eight RD cases, evaluated at the NIH Movement Disorders Clinic since 2018, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients underwent neurological, biomechanical, and MSK evaluations, including 3D motion analysis, surface electromyography, and knee ultrasound. Therapeutic interventions, including botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections, were assessed. Results: Seven patients demonstrated stiff knee gait subtypes, with all having ipsilateral and/or contralateral knee effusions or tendinopathies. Three patients who received MSK interventions (e.g., aspiration, corticosteroid injections) combined with BoNT therapy experienced significant symptom improvement. One patient with isolated foot dystonia displayed different biomechanical patterns without knee pathology. Conclusions: RD patients with stiff knee gait often exhibit knee pathology, most likely due to altered biomechanics and running history. Addressing both issues is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes, reducing pain, and improving function, especially since pain can trigger dystonia. Future research should determine the ideal sequence of interventions for RD patients with MSK issues to develop effective, personalized treatment algorithms. Full article

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32 pages, 1014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncertainty, Risk, and Opaque Stock Markets

by José Gabriel Astaíza-Gómez

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13010035 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study examined how uncertainty and global risk affect financial markets in emerging economies, focusing on foreign investment, CDS spreads, exchange rates, and stock return volatility. Using over 8.6 million ticker transaction observations and structural vector autoregression (VAR) models, the research found that [...] Read more.

This study examined how uncertainty and global risk affect financial markets in emerging economies, focusing on foreign investment, CDS spreads, exchange rates, and stock return volatility. Using over 8.6 million ticker transaction observations and structural vector autoregression (VAR) models, the research found that increases in Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) significantly reduce foreign net buys, more than global market volatility (VIX). While global volatility drives CDS spreads, these spreads influence exchange rates, causing currency depreciation. The findings highlight the interconnectedness of uncertainty, global risk, and market instability, offering insights for managing risks in opaque markets and improving financial stability. Full article

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12 pages, 5349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Electrochemical Characterisation of Silica–Zirconia Oxide Nanostructured Materials for Fuel Cells

by Rudzani Sigwadi, Touhami Mokrani and Fulufhelo Nemavhola

ChemEngineering 2025, 9(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering9020026 (registering DOI) - 3 Mar 2025

Abstract

Silica–zirconia nanoparticles were successfully synthesised using the precipitation process. The surface area and shape of the Si-ZrO₂ nanoparticles were investigated using BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The HRTEM results demonstrate that silica was successfully [...] Read more.

Silica–zirconia nanoparticles were successfully synthesised using the precipitation process. The surface area and shape of the Si-ZrO₂ nanoparticles were investigated using BET, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The HRTEM results demonstrate that silica was successfully integrated into ZrO₂ nanoparticles with a mixture of nanorod and nanosphere shapes. The element analysis (EDX) reveals the presence of silica (14.61%) and zirconia (1.18%) nanoparticles, as well as oxygen (83.65) on the surface. The BET results demonstrate a larger surface area of 185 m²/g and pore volume (0.14 cm³/g). The XRD measurements confirmed the transition of amorphous silica into the monoclinic phase of the zirconia nanoparticles. The electrochemical characteristics of the silica–zirconia nanoparticles were tested in a potassium chloride solution. With a large specific surface area and an appropriate pore size distribution, a pair of broad and symmetric redox peaks were centred at −0.15 V and 0.6 V. Full article

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14 pages, 5195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Sex-Specific Gene Expression Differences in Human Chorion Trophoblast Cells

by Daphne D. Arena Goncharov, Ryan C. V. Lintao, Rheanna Urrabaz-Garza, Enkhtuya Radnaa, Ananth K. Kammala, Lauren S. Richardson and Ramkumar Menon

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052239 (registering DOI) - 2 Mar 2025

Abstract

Differences in male (M) and female (F) neonates’ premature birth outcomes and placental trophoblast inflammation have been observed but are unknown to occur within the fetal membrane trophoblast layer (chorion trophoblasts [CTC]). This study examined whether sex-based differences in gene expression and inflammatory [...] Read more.

Differences in male (M) and female (F) neonates’ premature birth outcomes and placental trophoblast inflammation have been observed but are unknown to occur within the fetal membrane trophoblast layer (chorion trophoblasts [CTC]). This study examined whether sex-based differences in gene expression and inflammatory marker expression can be observed in CTCs under control or infectious inflammatory conditions modeling preterm birth. CTCs from six different patient-derived fetal membrane samples (3M/3F) were cultured and divided into experimental (Lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and control groups for 6, 12, or 24 h. RNA from CTCs was subjected to RNA-seq, while cytokine multiplex or ELISA detected pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, progesterone, and soluble HLA-G in cell supernatants. CTC-M and CTC-F showed sex, time, and stimulant-dependent differential gene expression profiles. Cytokine analysis demonstrated a significantly lower IL-6 production in control CTC-M than in CTC-F. No sex-dependent responses were observed after LPS treatment regarding cytokines. CTC-M produced significantly lower progesterone than CTC-F. The theories of sexual dimorphism linked to placental inflammation may not extend to CTCs. This study supports that the chorion acts as a “great wall” protecting the fetus by being refractory to insults. Further examination into the weaknesses of the chorion barrier and sex-dependent responses of fetal membranes is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Uterine Biology and Pathophysiology, 2nd Edition)

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