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14 pages, 6584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Curcumin in Preventing Naturally Occurring Leiomyoma in the Galline Model

by Kazim Sahin, Cemal Orhan, Mehmet Tuzcu, Nurhan Sahin, Ibrahim H. Ozercan, Nashwa Kabil, Omer Kucuk and Bulent Ozpolat

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121732 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Leiomyoma (LM) is the most commonly identified tumor in the genital tract, occurring in 70–80% of women. The only treatment option is surgery, which significantly influences healthcare costs and negatively influences women’s survival and reproductive capacity. Therefore, identifying safe and effective chemopreventive [...] Read more.

Background: Leiomyoma (LM) is the most commonly identified tumor in the genital tract, occurring in 70–80% of women. The only treatment option is surgery, which significantly influences healthcare costs and negatively influences women’s survival and reproductive capacity. Therefore, identifying safe and effective chemopreventive and treatment modalities is needed. Methods: We investigated the effects of 12 months of daily curcumin (0, 25.8, and 53 mg/kg) diet on the incidence and growth of spontaneously developing LM tumors in a galline (hen) model. Results: LM tumors were detected in 58.9% (53/90) of the control hens as spontaneous occurrences, while they were observed in 37.7% (34/90) and 24.5% (22/90) of hens treated with daily doses of 25.8 mg or 53.0 mg, respectively, over 12 months. This reduced LM development by 35% and 58.5%, respectively (p = 0.004). We also observed a dose-dependent inhibition of LM-tumor growth and NF-κB, mTOR, p70S6K1, and 4E-BP1 signaling while inducing Nrf2/HO1 pathway induction LM tumors collected from hens fed with curcumin (p < 0.05). Curcumin intake notably reduced levels of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and collagen type 1, with dose-dependent effects (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings suggest that daily curcumin consumption significantly reduces the incidence of naturally occurring LMs and suppresses tumor growth. This indicates that regular curcumin intake may be an effective preventive measure against LMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Compounds as Potential Anticancer, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents in Medicine)

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32 pages, 11226 KiB

Open AccessReview

Long-Term Follow-Up After Bariatric Surgery: Key to Successful Outcomes in Obesity Management

by Aleksandra Budny, Agata Janczy, Michal Szymanski and Adriana Mika

Nutrients 2024, 16(24), 4399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244399 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Bariatric surgery (BS) is considered one of the most effective interventions for the treatment of obesity. To achieve optimal long-term results, continuous follow-up (FU) within a multidisciplinary treatment team is essential to ensure patient compliance and maximize the benefits of BS. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Bariatric surgery (BS) is considered one of the most effective interventions for the treatment of obesity. To achieve optimal long-term results, continuous follow-up (FU) within a multidisciplinary treatment team is essential to ensure patient compliance and maximize the benefits of BS. However, many patients find it difficult to maintain regular FU, which can affect the quality of care and lead to postoperative complications. This review aims to highlight factors that may hinder compliance with FU after BS, examine potential causes and consequences of inadequate FU, and identify strategies to improve patient participation in long-term FU. Methods: The literature search was conducted between October 2023 and June 2024 in Medline (PubMed) and the Cochrane Library datasets. Studies were selected for their relevance to adherence to FU, multidisciplinary approaches, and long-term bariatric outcomes. Results: The pre- and postoperative period is critical for educating patients and healthcare team members about the importance of FU, addressing potential barriers (e.g., logistical, psychological, and social challenges), and highlighting the risk of relapse to obesity after surgery. The lack of a standardized FU protocol leads to differences between medical centers, further impacting patient adherence. Conclusions: Tailored and regularly updated strategies are essential to address individual patient needs and improve adherence to FU. Further research is needed to identify the specific factors that influence variability in long-term BS outcomes, highlighting the need for a patient-centered approach to obesity treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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15 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NMR and LC-MS-Based Metabolomics to Study the Effect of Surfactin on the Metabolome of Flax

by Omar Abdelaziz Benamar, Mathie Craquelin, Damien Herfurth, Roland Molinié, Jean-Xavier Fontaine, Akeapot Srifa, Marc Ongena, François Mesnard and Ophélie Fliniaux

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11999; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411999 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a versatile plant used in a range of applications, from textiles to nutrition. Surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, has potential as a biocontrol agent or as a plant defense inducer [...] Read more.

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a versatile plant used in a range of applications, from textiles to nutrition. Surfactin, a cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, has potential as a biocontrol agent or as a plant defense inducer in agriculture. This work aims to determine the effects of surfactin treatment at two kinetic points on the metabolism of flax hydroponic cultures, using advanced metabolomic techniques, including ¹H NMR and LC-MS analyses. Surfactin, detected in the roots, has a significant local impact on the metabolic profiles of flax roots, leading mainly to a higher content of cyanogenic compounds and amino acids and a lower content of carbohydrates. Surfactin, which is not detected in the aerial parts, also induces contrasted changes in amino acids, sugars, and secondary metabolite accumulation between stems and leaves. Surfactin treatment of flax leads to both a local and systemic effect on flax metabolism. These changes suggest that plant response to surfactin treatment could induce an enhanced plant defense. This could suggest potential applications of surfactin in the agricultural field as a biostimulant or biocontrol agent, to limit the use of chemical compounds in culture, and to limit their negative impact on both health and the environment. Full article

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11 pages, 6673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study on Flame Inhibition Mechanism of Methane–Coal Dust Hybrid Explosion by Ultrafine Water Mist with Novel Chemical Additives

by Li Liu, Yongheng Jing, Le Sun and Yao Tang

Fire 2024, 7(12), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire7120484 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Coal mining frequently sees explosions caused by methane/coal dust mixtures, resulting in significant harm to people and property damage. This study utilized the Hartmann pipe experiment to investigate the inhibition mechanisms of ultrafine water mist (UWM) containing phosphorus-based sodium inhibitors (sodium dihydrogen phosphate [...] Read more.

Coal mining frequently sees explosions caused by methane/coal dust mixtures, resulting in significant harm to people and property damage. This study utilized the Hartmann pipe experiment to investigate the inhibition mechanisms of ultrafine water mist (UWM) containing phosphorus-based sodium inhibitors (sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄) and sodium phytate (C₆H₆Na₁₂O₂₄P₆)) on methane/coal dust hybrid explosions. The results indicate that UWM containing NaH₂PO₄ and C₆H₆Na₁₂O₂₄P₆ significantly reduces flame propagation velocity, flame height, and flame temperature, thereby effectively inhibiting the development of methane/coal dust hybrid explosion flames. UWM containing C₆H₆Na₁₂O₂₄P₆ exhibited superior inhibition performance, reducing the flame temperature to 157.6 °C, the peak flame propagation velocity by 2.26 m/s, and the flame height by 5.66 mm. The inhibition mechanism of UWM containing phosphorus-based sodium inhibitors primarily involves physical heat absorption and chemical inhibition. The evaporation of UWM absorbs heat, thereby reducing the temperature in the reaction zone. Simultaneously, it generates a large amount of water vapor, which dilutes the fuel concentration per unit volume and reduces the collision frequency between fuel molecules and oxygen. The active free radicals (such as sodium oxygen radical (NaO), metaphosphoric acid (HPO₂), HOPO (peroxyphosphate radical), etc.) produced by the decomposition of NaH₂PO₄ and C₆H₆Na₁₂O₂₄P₆ react with free radicals (O, H, and OH), effectively reducing the concentration of free radicals, interrupting the chain reaction, and weakening the explosive severity. The decomposition products of the phosphorus-sodium components increase the heat capacity of the combustion products, dilute and isolate the combustion zone, and further reduce the explosive severity. These findings provide significant scientific and engineering support for the safe management of coal mines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fire/Explosion Risk Assessment and Loss Prevention of Hazardous Materials, Mines and Natural Gas, 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 2645 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lactate and Lactylation: Dual Regulators of T-Cell-Mediated Tumor Immunity and Immunotherapy

by Zhi-Nan Hao, Xiao-Ping Tan, Qing Zhang, Jie Li, Ruohan Xia and Zhaowu Ma

Biomolecules 2024, 14(12), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14121646 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Lactate and its derivative, lactylation, play pivotal roles in modulating immune responses within the tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly in T-cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy. Elevated lactate levels, a hallmark of the Warburg effect, contribute to immune suppression through CD8⁺ T cell functionality and by [...] Read more.

Lactate and its derivative, lactylation, play pivotal roles in modulating immune responses within the tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly in T-cell-mediated cancer immunotherapy. Elevated lactate levels, a hallmark of the Warburg effect, contribute to immune suppression through CD8⁺ T cell functionality and by promoting regulatory T cell (Treg) activity. Lactylation, a post-translational modification (PTM), alters histone and non-histone proteins, influencing gene expression and further reinforcing immune suppression. In the complex TME, lactate and its derivative, lactylation, are not only associated with immune suppression but can also, under certain conditions, exert immunostimulatory effects that enhance cytotoxic responses. This review describes the dual roles of lactate and lactylation in T-cell-mediated tumor immunity, analyzing how these factors contribute to immune evasion, therapeutic resistance, and immune activation. Furthermore, the article highlights emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting lactate production or disrupting lactylation pathways to achieve a balanced regulation of these dual effects. These strategies offer new insights into overcoming tumor-induced immune suppression and hold the potential to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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20 pages, 8970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake: Optimization, Structural Characterization, and Inhibition of α-Synuclein Aggregation

by Wen Gao, Yang Wang, Fuping Lu and Fufeng Liu

Foods 2024, 13(24), 4150; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244150 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study optimized ultrasound-assisted enzymatic (UAE) extraction of TMP (Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharide) through response surface methodology. The optimal conditions included complex enzyme comprising 1.15% cellulase, 0.60% pectinase, and 0.95% dispase, with ultrasound for 24 min at 84.5 °C and enzyme hydrolysis at [...] Read more.

This study optimized ultrasound-assisted enzymatic (UAE) extraction of TMP (Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharide) through response surface methodology. The optimal conditions included complex enzyme comprising 1.15% cellulase, 0.60% pectinase, and 0.95% dispase, with ultrasound for 24 min at 84.5 °C and enzyme hydrolysis at pH 5.0. This process yielded 19.74 ± 0.51% TMP, exceeding traditional hot water extraction by over four times. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) confirmed that UAE did not alter the structure of TMP. In vitro experiments indicated that TMP-UAE demonstrated enhanced antioxidant properties. Further purification through DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography resulted in a homogenous polysaccharide fraction (TMP). Characterization indicated that TMP has an average molecular weight of 2.79 × 10⁴ Da, composed of fucose, galactose, glucose and mannose in a 2.00:9.44:86.29:2.28 molar ratio. FT–IR indicated the presence of C-O-C glycosidic bonds and pyranyl-type sugar rings. Scanning electron microscopy displayed loose lamellar structures with small pores. Finally, TMP exhibited therapeutic potential against C. elegans in Parkinson’s disease, including reducing α-synuclein aggregation, protecting dopaminergic neurons, and prolonging lifespan. This study provides an efficient extraction method for TMP and an insight into its neuroprotective effect in PD C.elegans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzymes in Food Industry: Fermentation Process, Properties, Rational Design and Applications: 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Water Reduces the Inflammatory Process Induced by the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Human Airway Epithelial Cells In Vitro

by Anna Scanu, Maria Chiara Maccarone, Fabrizio Caldara, Gianluca Regazzo, Roberto Luisetto and Stefano Masiero

Biomedicines 2024, 12(12), 2917; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122917 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Although treatments using thermal water have yielded beneficial effects in respiratory tract infections, the effects of thermal water under experimental conditions similar to those triggered by SARS-CoV-2 have yet to be evaluated. This study aimed to assess whether thermal water could [...] Read more.

Background: Although treatments using thermal water have yielded beneficial effects in respiratory tract infections, the effects of thermal water under experimental conditions similar to those triggered by SARS-CoV-2 have yet to be evaluated. This study aimed to assess whether thermal water could interfere with the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and influence inflammatory factors. Methods: Human nasal epithelial primary cells (HNEpCs) were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the presence or absence of thermal water or tap water. Cell viability, cytokine concentration, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 levels, and ACE2 activity were determined in the cell cultures. Results: Exposure of HNEpCs to spike protein increased IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β production, with decreased production observed in the presence of thermal water at an optimal dose. Treatment of cells with tap water did not affect cytokine release in unstimulated or spike-stimulated cells. Spike-protein-stimulated HNEpCs showed reduced levels of ACE2, which were partially restored only in the presence of thermal water. Spike protein did not affect the TMPRSS2 levels of the cell lysates. Stimulation with spike protein induced an increase in the concentration of both receptors in the supernatants, while treatment with thermal water reduced TMPRSS2 levels in both the cells and supernatants. Stimulation with spike protein increased ACE2 activity, which was reduced with thermal water. Conclusions: This study shows the regulatory effects of mineral-rich thermal water on spike-protein-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and the amount and activity of receptors mainly involved in viral entry, suggesting a potential use of this treatment as a support therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the upper respiratory tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammation, Immunity, and Tissue Regeneration: New Treatments and Future Directions)

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14 pages, 2538 KiB

Open AccessEntry

Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Current Perspectives and Management Strategies

by Felicia H. Z. Chua, Lee Ping Ng and Sharon Y. Y. Low

Encyclopedia 2024, 4(4), 1948-1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4040127 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Definition

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage is a serious condition associated with significant acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Neurosurgical intervention aims to relieve life-threatening raised intracranial pressure and prevent neurological deterioration. In recent years, advancements in disease understanding have paved the way for clinicians to [...] Read more.

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage is a serious condition associated with significant acute and long-term morbidity and mortality. Neurosurgical intervention aims to relieve life-threatening raised intracranial pressure and prevent neurological deterioration. In recent years, advancements in disease understanding have paved the way for clinicians to re-evaluate conventional approaches in the management of affected patients. Examples include various neurosurgical techniques to actively reduce blood products with a view to avoid the consequences of complex hydrocephalus and intraparenchymal injury in the developing brain. In this entry paper, we aim to provide an overview of the current perspectives, pathophysiology and management strategies for this difficult condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicine & Pharmacology)

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19 pages, 10396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of a Bimetallic-Doped Phytate-Melamine Composite as an Efficient Additive for Epoxy Resins with High Fire Safety

by Shunxiang Wang, Jianfeng Huang, An Wei, Yulian Chen, Xulan Lu, Yongjin Zou, Fen Xu, Lixian Sun, Yunhao Lu and Cuili Xiang

Polymers 2024, 16(24), 3586; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16243586 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

The issue of hazardous smoke and toxic gases released from epoxy resins (EP), which often causes casualties in real fires, has limited its application. Therefore, we have developed a novel flame retardant based on a bimetallic-doped phytate-melamine (BPM) structure with Zn²⁺ and [...] Read more.

The issue of hazardous smoke and toxic gases released from epoxy resins (EP), which often causes casualties in real fires, has limited its application. Therefore, we have developed a novel flame retardant based on a bimetallic-doped phytate-melamine (BPM) structure with Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ ions incorporated into the polymer matrix using a straightforward solution-based synthetic method. The combustion performance of the composite was evaluated using a cone calorimeter test, which showed that the peak heat release, total heat release, and total smoke production were reduced by 50%, 31.7%, and 29.2%, respectively, compared to those of EP. Additionally, the fire growth index was noticeably reduced by 60% owing to the synergistic catalytic effect of the bimetallic ions, and the high nitrogen and phosphorus content of the additives. Overall, this study provides new insights into the application of bimetallic doping for flame retardant polymer composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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15 pages, 817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Caused by Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter Organisms in a Pediatric Center: A Randomized Controlled Study

by Mona Moheyeldin AbdelHalim, Seham Awad El Sherbini, El Shimaa Salah Ahmed, Heba Abdullah Abdalbaset Gharib, Marwa O. Elgendy, Ahmed R. N. Ibrahim and Heba Sherif Abdel Aziz

Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2098; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122098 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

A dangerous infection contracted in hospitals, ventilator-associated pneumonia is frequently caused by bacteria that are resistant to several drugs. It is one of the main reasons why patients in intensive care units become ill or die. This research aimed to determine the most [...] Read more.

A dangerous infection contracted in hospitals, ventilator-associated pneumonia is frequently caused by bacteria that are resistant to several drugs. It is one of the main reasons why patients in intensive care units become ill or die. This research aimed to determine the most effective empirical therapy of antibiotics for better ventilator-associated pneumonia control and to improve patient outcomes by using the minimal inhibitory concentration method and the Ameri–Ziaei double antibiotic synergism test and by observing the clinical responses to both single and combination therapies. Patients between the ages of one month and twelve who had been diagnosed with ventilator-associated pneumonia and had been on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h were included in the study, which was carried out in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Cairo University’s Hospital. When ventilator-associated pneumonia is suspected, it is critical to start appropriate antibiotic therapy as soon as possible. This is especially important in cases where multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections may develop. Although using Polymyxins alone or in combination is effective, it is important to closely monitor their administration to prevent resistance from increasing. The combination therapy that showed the greatest improvement was a mix of aminoglycosides, quinolones, and β-lactams. A combination of aminoglycosides and dual β-lactams came next. Although the optimal duration of antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia is still unknown, treatments longer than seven days are usually required to eradicate MDR P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii completely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Stewardship and Antimicrobial Resistance)

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21 pages, 4626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bayesian-Optimized Surrogate Model Integrating Deep Learning Algorithms for Correcting PurpleAir Sensor Measurements

by Masrur Ahmed, Jing Kong, Ningbo Jiang, Hiep Nguyen Duc, Praveen Puppala, Merched Azzi, Matthew Riley and Xavier Barthelemy

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121535 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Lowcost sensors are widely used for air quality monitoring due to their affordability, portability and easy maintenance. However, the performance of such sensors, such as PurpleAir Sensors (PAS), is often affected by changes in environmental (e.g., temperature and humidity) or emission conditions, and [...] Read more.

Lowcost sensors are widely used for air quality monitoring due to their affordability, portability and easy maintenance. However, the performance of such sensors, such as PurpleAir Sensors (PAS), is often affected by changes in environmental (e.g., temperature and humidity) or emission conditions, and hence the resulting measurements require corrections to ensure accuracy and validity. Traditional correction methods, like those developed by the USEPA, have limitations, particularly for applications to geographically diverse settings and sensors with no collocated referenced monitoring stations available. This study introduces BaySurcls, a Bayesianoptimised surrogate model integrating deep learning (DL) algorithms to improve the PurpleAir sensor PM2.5 (PAS2.5) measurement accuracy. The framework incorporates environmental variables such as humidity and temperature alongside aerosol characteristics, to refine sensor readings. The BaySurcls model corrects the PAS2.5 data for both collocated and noncollocated monitoring scenarios. In a case study across multiple locations in New South Wales, Australia, BaySurcls demonstrated significant improvements over traditional correction methods, including the USEPA model. BaySurcls reduced root mean square error (RMSE) by an average of 20% in collocated scenarios, with reductions of up to 25% in highvariation sites. Additionally, BaySurcls achieved Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) scores as high as 0.88 in collocated cases, compared to scores below 0.4 for the USEPA method. In noncollocated scenarios, BaySurcls maintained NSE values between 0.60 and 0.78, outperforming standalone models. This improvement is evident across multiple locations in New South Wales, Australia, demonstrating the model’s adaptability. The findings confirm BaySurcls as a promising solution for improving the reliability of lowcost sensor data, thus facilitating its valid use in air quality research, impact assessment, and environmental management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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13 pages, 5916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Physiological Blood Clot on Osteoblastic Cell Response to a Chitosan-Based 3D Scaffold—A Pilot Investigation

by Natacha Malu Miranda da Costa, Hilary Ignes Palma Caetano, Larissa Miranda Aguiar, Ludovica Parisi, Benedetta Ghezzi, Lisa Elviri, Leonardo Raphael Zuardi, Paulo Tambasco de Oliveira and Daniela Bazan Palioto

Biomimetics 2024, 9(12), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120782 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The use of ex vivo assays associated with biomaterials may allow the short-term visualization of a specific cell type response inserted in a local microenvironment. Blood is the first component to come into contact with biomaterials, providing blood clot formation, being substantial [...] Read more.

Background: The use of ex vivo assays associated with biomaterials may allow the short-term visualization of a specific cell type response inserted in a local microenvironment. Blood is the first component to come into contact with biomaterials, providing blood clot formation, being substantial in new tissue formation. Thus, this research investigated the physiological blood clot (PhC) patterns formed in 3D scaffolds (SCAs), based on chitosan and 20% beta-tricalcium phosphate and its effect on osteogenesis. Initially, SCA were inserted for 16 h in rats calvaria defects, and, after that, osteoblasts cells (OSB; UMR-106 lineage) were seeded on the substrate formed. The groups tested were SCA + OSB and SCA + PhC + OSB. Cell viability was checked by MTT and mineralized matrix formation in OSB using alizarin red (ARS). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) expression in OSB was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). The OSB and PhC morphology was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The SCA + PhC + OSB group showed greater cell viability (p = 0.0169). After 10 days, there was more mineralized matrix deposition (p = 0.0365) and high ALP immunostaining (p = 0.0021) in the SCA + OSB group. In contrast, BSP was more expressed in OSB seeded on SCA with PhC (p = 0.0033). Conclusions: These findings show the feasibility of using PhC in ex vivo assays. Additionally, its inclusion in the experiments resulted in a change in OSB behavior when compared to in vitro assays. This “closer to nature” environment can completely change the scenario of a study. Full article

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9 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Trypanosoma cruzi DNA Identification in Breast Milk from Mexican Women with Chagas Disease

by María del Pilar Crisóstomo-Vázquez, Griselda Rodríguez-Martínez, Verónica Jiménez-Rojas, Leticia Eligio-García, Alfonso Reyes-López, María Hernández-Ramírez, Francisco Hernández-Juárez, José Luis Romero-Zamora, Silvia Guadalupe Vivanco-Tellez, Fortino Solorzano-Santos, Victor M. Luna-Pineda and Guillermina Campos-Valdez

Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2660; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122660 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Chagas disease is a public health problem affecting nearly 2 million women of reproductive age in Latin America. From these, 4–8% can transmit the infection to the foetus through the vertical route, whereas horizontal transmission through milk during breastfeeding remains controversial. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Chagas disease is a public health problem affecting nearly 2 million women of reproductive age in Latin America. From these, 4–8% can transmit the infection to the foetus through the vertical route, whereas horizontal transmission through milk during breastfeeding remains controversial. Therefore, the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) DNA in the milk of women seropositive for Chagas disease was analysed to determine whether a relationship with the infection of their children can exist. (2) Methods: 260 pairs (mother–child) from four hospitals located in rural areas endemic to T. cruzi (state of Oaxaca) were studied. The presence of anti-T. cruzi antibodies in the serum of lactating women were determined by ELISA, whereas parasitic DNA in either breast milk or newborn’s blood was identified by PCR; (3) Results: The seroprevalence of infection in lactating women was 5.76%, and the frequency of infection detected by PCR in breast milk was 1.92%, while the frequency of infection in the blood of newborns was 1.92%. Pochutla-Oaxaca presented the highest number of positive cases in both breast milk and blood. The only risk factor found was the presence of the vector in the geographical area analysed, favouring the parasite’s transmission. Overall, the results suggest a probable transmission of T. cruzi, although whether it was through breastfeeding or through the blood during delivery could not be determined. (4) Conclusions: T. cruzi DNA was identified in lactating women’s milk and newborn blood, which is probable evidence of transmission through breastfeeding; nevertheless, future studies must be performed to confirm the presence of the parasite, alive or dead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitic Infection and Host Immunity, 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 3961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TLR7 Promotes Acute Inflammatory-Driven Lung Dysfunction in Influenza-Infected Mice but Prevents Late Airway Hyperresponsiveness

by Mark A. Miles, Stella Liong, Felicia Liong, Gemma S. Trollope, Hao Wang, Robert D. Brooks, Steven Bozinovski, John J. O’Leary, Doug A. Brooks and Stavros Selemidis

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13699; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413699 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Severe lower respiratory tract disease following influenza A virus (IAV) infection is characterized by excessive inflammation and lung tissue damage, and this can impair lung function. The effect of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), which detects viral RNA to initiate antiviral and proinflammatory responses [...] Read more.

Severe lower respiratory tract disease following influenza A virus (IAV) infection is characterized by excessive inflammation and lung tissue damage, and this can impair lung function. The effect of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), which detects viral RNA to initiate antiviral and proinflammatory responses to IAV, on lung function during peak infection and in the resolution phase is not fully understood. Using wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 and TLR7 knockout (TLR7 KO) mice, we found that IAV infection induced airway dysfunction in both genotypes, although in TLR7 KO mice, this dysfunction manifested later, did not affect lung tissue elastance and damping, and was associated with a different immune phenotype. A positive correlation was found between lung dysfunction and the infiltration of neutrophils and Ly6C^lo patrolling monocytes at day 7 post-infection. Conversely, in TLR7 KO mice, eosinophil and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells were associated with airway hyperactivity at day 14. IL-5 expression was higher in the airways of IAV-infected TLR7 KO mice, suggesting an enhanced Th2 response due to TLR7 deficiency. This study highlights an underappreciated duality of TLR7 in IAV disease: promoting inflammation-driven lung dysfunction during the acute infection but suppressing eosinophilic and CD8+ T cell-dependent hyperresponsiveness during disease resolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Infection and Inflammation: Third Edition)

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16 pages, 3457 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Variations in Rainwater Chemistry in a Rapid Urbanization Area of Shenzhen, China

by Yilong Huang, Jingwei Yang, Chang Liu, Ruiying Jing and Qiaohui Lu

Atmosphere 2024, 15(12), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15121536 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Studying chemical constituents in rainwater can provide insights into the origin, characteristics, concentration, and processes involved in clearing atmospheric pollutants. This study investigated the spatial–temporal variations in rainwater chemistry characteristics in a rapidly urbanizing area of Shenzhen from 2007 to 2022. The mean [...] Read more.

Studying chemical constituents in rainwater can provide insights into the origin, characteristics, concentration, and processes involved in clearing atmospheric pollutants. This study investigated the spatial–temporal variations in rainwater chemistry characteristics in a rapidly urbanizing area of Shenzhen from 2007 to 2022. The mean pH during 2007–2022 was 5.12 ± 0.45, significantly higher than the 4.51 recorded in 2006. The electrical conductivity (EC) of rainfall in Shenzhen was 15.79 ± 2.63 μS/cm and showed a progressive decrease over the years. Human activities influenced the trends of SO₄²⁻, which decreased, while NO₃⁻ and Cl⁻ increased over time. The cations Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ decreased, and Mg²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ increased. In recent years, Na⁺ and Cl⁻, typical sea-salt ions, became dominant with a continually rising contribution. The study also revealed that Shenzhen has been affected by both sulfuric and nitric acid rain, formally ushering in the nitric acid-type era. Spatial variations in rainfall chemicals were observed, especially for pH and conductivity, attributed to urban growth, distance from the coast, and industrial development. Moreover, the total ion concentration of rainwater demonstrated high values in the spring and low values in the summer due to the significant effect of precipitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Atmospheric Chemistry, Aging, and Dynamics)

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34 pages, 2417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relative Survival, Conditional Survival, and Causes of Death in Patients with Early Gastric Cancer, with a Focus on Differences Between Cardia and Non-Cardia Cancer

by Anas Elgenidy, Omar Alomari, Mohamed Marey Hesn, Anas Khaled, Sarah A. Nada, Mostafa Elsayed, Ali Mahmoud, Mohammed Al-mahdi Al-kurdi, Ahmed M. Afifi and George Cholankeril

Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4262; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244262 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Many researchers believe that cardia (CGC) and non-cardia (NCGC) are two different types of tumors, having different features like incidence rate, risk factors, geographical location, and socioeconomic status. This study aims to investigate the causes of death (COD) survival rates among [...] Read more.

Background: Many researchers believe that cardia (CGC) and non-cardia (NCGC) are two different types of tumors, having different features like incidence rate, risk factors, geographical location, and socioeconomic status. This study aims to investigate the causes of death (COD) survival rates among early gastric cancer patients with a focus on differences between CGC and NCGC. Methods: This retrospective study employed SEER*stat software (version 8.3.92) to analyze the SEER 17 plus dataset (2000–2019). Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were computed. Relative survival and conditional survival post-diagnosis were calculated using R software (version 4.1.0) among the different subgroups. Results: Within the follow-up period, 55.4% (5381) died, predominantly within the initial year post-diagnosis. Esophageal cancer was the leading non-gastric cancer cause in CGC, while miscellaneous tumors dominated in NCGC. The 1-year and 5-year relative survival for CGC patients were 76.4% and 48.9% respectively, while for NCGC were 80.4% and 63.9%. The 3-year conditional survival after 1 year and 5e years of survival for CGC were 68.7% and 88.8%, respectively, while for NCGC were 82.2% and 93.5%, respectively. This means that the longer a person has survived after diagnosis with cancer, the greater the likelihood that person will survive for another 3 years. Conclusions: This study sheds light on the substantial impact of non-cancer COD in GC patients, underscoring the necessity of considering comorbidities in their comprehensive management and follow-up. Impact: This study contributes valuable insights for clinical decision-making and informs future research directions regarding CGC and NCGC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastric Cancer Surgery: Gastrectomy, Risk, and Related Prognosis)

20 pages, 5318 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting Perineural Invasion in Pancreatic Cancer

by Ingrid Garajová and Elisa Giovannetti

Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4260; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244260 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive tumor with dismal prognosis. Neural invasion is one of the pathological hallmarks of pancreatic cancer. Peripheral nerves can modulate the phenotype and behavior of the malignant cells, as well as of different components of the tumor microenvironment, and [...] Read more.

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive tumor with dismal prognosis. Neural invasion is one of the pathological hallmarks of pancreatic cancer. Peripheral nerves can modulate the phenotype and behavior of the malignant cells, as well as of different components of the tumor microenvironment, and thus affect tumor growth and metastasis. From a clinical point of view, neural invasion is translated into intractable pain and represents a predictor of tumor recurrence and poor prognosis. Several molecules are implicated in neural invasion and pain onset in PDAC, including neutrophins (e.g., NGF), chemokines, adhesion factors, axon-guidance molecules, different proteins, and neurotransmitters. In this review, we discuss the role of nerves within the pancreatic cancer microenvironment, highlighting how infiltrating nerve fibers promote tumor progression and metastasis, while tumor cells, in turn, drive nerve outgrowth in a reciprocal interaction that fuels tumor advancement. We outline key molecules involved in neural invasion in pancreatic cancer and, finally, explore potential therapeutic strategies to target neural invasion, aiming to both inhibit cancer progression and alleviate cancer-associated pain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Applications of Molecular Subtyping of Pancreatic Cancer)

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12 pages, 2284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Diagnostic Efficacy of Using Pooled Samples for Chronic Wasting Disease Testing and Surveillance

by Monica Hepker, Jianqiang Zhang, Vellareddy Anantharam, Anumantha G. Kanthasamy, Jue Yuan, Wenquan Zou and Rachel M. Ruden

Pathogens 2024, 13(12), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121133 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Disease monitoring informs the opportunities for intervention by natural resource agencies tasked with managing chronic wasting disease (CWD) in wild cervids. However, allocating funds toward testing can reduce those available for education, outreach, and disease reduction. Implementation of more efficient testing strategies can [...] Read more.

Disease monitoring informs the opportunities for intervention by natural resource agencies tasked with managing chronic wasting disease (CWD) in wild cervids. However, allocating funds toward testing can reduce those available for education, outreach, and disease reduction. Implementation of more efficient testing strategies can help meet both an expanding need by resource managers and a burgeoning demand from the hunting public in North America. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of pooled testing using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the current screening test used by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States, and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC), an amplification assay that is being evaluated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture but is not yet approved or commercially available. The samples used in this study consisted of medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLNs) routinely collected by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources during the 2019–2020 surveillance season. The test pools contained tissue from one positive deer diluted in tissue from an increasing number of undetected deer, with each individual contributing an equal tissue volume. ELISA remained positive with pooling thresholds of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:9 at a standard volume of tissue homogenate, whereas RT-QuIC remained positive with pooling thresholds of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:9, 1:19, and 1:49 at a 0.02% tissue dilution. Our results suggest that pooled testing can reduce diagnostic costs multi-fold, and RT-QuIC can be a viable screening test compatible with current field collection standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chronic Wasting Disease)

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19 pages, 3951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geographical Distribution, Host Range and Genetic Diversity of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Causing Fusarium Wilt of Banana in India

by Raman Thangavelu, Hadimani Amaresh, Muthukathan Gopi, Murugan Loganathan, Boopathy Nithya, Perumal Ganga Devi, Chelliah Anuradha, Anbazhagan Thirugnanavel, Kalyansing Baburao Patil, Guy Blomme and Ramasamy Selvarajan

J. Fungi 2024, 10(12), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10120887 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Fusarium wilt of banana is a major production constraint in India, prompting banana growers to replace bananas with less remunerative crops. Effective disease management practices thus need to be developed and implemented to prevent further spread and damage caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt of banana is a major production constraint in India, prompting banana growers to replace bananas with less remunerative crops. Effective disease management practices thus need to be developed and implemented to prevent further spread and damage caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), the cause of Fusarium wilt. Currently, knowledge of disease incidence, affected varieties, and the geographical spread of Foc races in India are only scantily available. An extensive field survey was conducted in 53 districts of 16 major banana-growing states of and one union territory of India that covered both tropical and subtropical regions. Disease incidence ranged from 0 to 95% on farms, with Cavendish bananas (AAA) most affected. No Fusarium wilt symptoms due to Foc R1 were observed in Nendran (AAB) or Red Banana (AAA) in South India. During the survey, 293 Foc isolates were collected from Cavendish, Pisang Awak (ABB), Silk (AAB), Monthan (ABB), Neypoovan (AB), and Mysore (AAB) bananas. Isolate diversity was assessed through Vegetative Compatibility Group (VCG) analyses, sequencing of EF1α gene sequences, phylogenetic analyses, and characterisation by SIX gene composition. Thirteen VCGs were identified, of which VCGs 0124, 0125, 01220, and 01213/16 were dominant and infected Cavendish bananas. Phylogenetic analysis divided the Indian Foc isolates into race 1 (R1), subtropical race 4 (STR4), and tropical race 4 (TR4). Secreted in Xylem (SIX) gene analyses indicated that the effector genes SIX4 and SIX6 were present in the VCGs 0124, 0124/5, 0125, and 01220 of race 1, SIX7 was present only in Foc STR4, and SIX8 was found only in Foc R4 (TR4 and STR4) isolates. Insights into the geographical distribution of Foc races, and their interactions with banana varieties, can guide integrated disease management intervention strategies across India. Full article

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18 pages, 2951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Analysis of an Offshore Multi-Row Arrangement Longline Aquaculture Facility with Lantern Nets Under Environmental Loads

by Yingna Mu, Guoxuan Liang, Changping Chen, Ruitong Zhang, Fei Teng and Yanbin Tan

Fishes 2024, 9(12), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120523 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

The structural hydrodynamic response of longline aquaculture facilities under the influence of waves and currents is complex. Studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of this aquaculture structure in complex sea environments can contribute to sustainable offshore aquaculture solutions. Thus, we established a numerical model using [...] Read more.

The structural hydrodynamic response of longline aquaculture facilities under the influence of waves and currents is complex. Studying the hydrodynamic characteristics of this aquaculture structure in complex sea environments can contribute to sustainable offshore aquaculture solutions. Thus, we established a numerical model using AquaSim2.18, a proven and effective finite element hydrodynamic software for analyzing the maximum tension in mooring lines and main lines, the displacement of the main lines, and the forces on the lantern nets under waves and currents. The results showed that positioning the system in the direction of incidence of waves and currents minimizes tension in both mooring and main lines, making a downstream arrangement optimal; compared with a single row, the maximum reduction in the tension of the mooring lines is 3.3% and 1.8% for five-row and row-row lines, respectively, and the shadow effects reduced the downstream mooring force. Additionally, line tension increased with wave height and current velocity, whereas wave periods had variable effects due to the period range; the lantern net forces increased with wave height and decreased with wave period. Wave height was also shown to influence the horizontal displacement of main lines. The findings can provide a reference for the hydrodynamic characteristics of different components of the structure. Full article

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20 pages, 37498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Deburring Efficiency of EN-AW 7075 Aluminum Alloy Parts with Complex Geometric Shapes Considering the Tool Path Strategy During Multi-Axis Brushing

by Jakub Matuszak, Andrzej Kawalec and Michał Gdula

Materials 2024, 17(24), 6267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246267 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the effect of brushing on the edge condition of workpieces with complex geometric shapes, formed during milling, on a five-axis DMU 100 monoBLOCK machining center. A set of EN-AW 7075 aluminum alloy specimens with [...] Read more.

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the effect of brushing on the edge condition of workpieces with complex geometric shapes, formed during milling, on a five-axis DMU 100 monoBLOCK machining center. A set of EN-AW 7075 aluminum alloy specimens with curvilinear edges requiring multi-axis machining was prepared. The change of edge condition after the milling process was realized using Xebec tools with flexible ceramic fibers. The effects of brush fiber type and parameters related to tool design were analyzed. Different brushing strategies were employed on the five-axis machining center. It was shown that, for curvilinear edges, there were different effects for concave and convex edges depending on the employed tool strategy, including the type of tool, its configuration, and its orientation towards the workpiece. For a lead angle of β = 0°, the machined edge was characterized by variable chamfer widths, in spite of maintaining other machining parameters constant. The use of a lead angle β > 0 produced a stable edge with repeatable characteristics. The range of fiber interaction increased with increasing the lead angle and fiber working length. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Material Surface Topography Measurement, Analysis and Characterization)

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16 pages, 5222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance CP Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna Fed by Printed Ridge Gap Waveguide at Millimeter-Wave

by Zahra Mousavirazi, Mohamed Mamdouh M. Ali, Peyman PourMohammadi, Peng Fei and Tayeb A. Denidni

Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8183; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248183 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a high-performance circularly polarized (CP) magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna optimized for wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies, specifically targeting advancements in 5G and 6G technologies. The CP antenna is excited through a transverse slot in a printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW), which [...] Read more.

This paper presents a high-performance circularly polarized (CP) magneto-electric (ME) dipole antenna optimized for wideband millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequencies, specifically targeting advancements in 5G and 6G technologies. The CP antenna is excited through a transverse slot in a printed ridge gap waveguide (PRGW), which operates in a quasi-transverse electromagnetic (Q-TEM) mode. Fabricated on Rogers RT 3003 substrate, selected for its low-loss and cost-effective properties at high frequencies, the design significantly enhances both impedance and axial ratio (AR) bandwidths. The antenna achieves an impressive impedance bandwidth of 31% (25.24–34.50 GHz) and an AR bandwidth of 24.9% (26.40–33.91 GHz), with a peak gain of up to 8.4 dBic, demonstrating a high cross-polarization level. The experimental results validate the high-performance characteristics of the antenna, making it a robust candidate for next-generation wireless communication systems requiring CP capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Communications)

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15 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Boundary Estimation of Suspended Sediment Plume Benefit by the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Sensing

by Yanxin Zhang and Shaoyuan Li

Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8182; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248182 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

The suspended sediment plume generated in the deep-sea mining process significantly impacts the marine environment and seabed ecosystem. Accurate boundary estimation can effectively monitor the scope of environmental impact, guiding mining operations to prevent ecological damage. In this paper, we propose a dynamic [...] Read more.

The suspended sediment plume generated in the deep-sea mining process significantly impacts the marine environment and seabed ecosystem. Accurate boundary estimation can effectively monitor the scope of environmental impact, guiding mining operations to prevent ecological damage. In this paper, we propose a dynamic boundary estimation approach for the suspended sediment plume, leveraging the sensing capability of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). Based on the plume model and the point-by-point sensor measurements, a Luenberger-type observer is established for designing the AUV control algorithm. To address the challenge of unknown and time-varying environmental parameters, the estimation errors are reduced by using the projection modification unit. Rigorous convergence and stability analyses of the proposed control algorithm are provided by the Lyapunov method. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the improved algorithm enhances the estimation accuracy of unknown parameters and enables the AUV to patrol along the dynamic boundary in a shorter time, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the boundary estimation algorithm based on AUV sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)

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20 pages, 2348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy System for Detection of Wind Turbine Blade Defects

by Lesia Dubchak, Anatoliy Sachenko, Yevgeniy Bodyanskiy, Carsten Wolff, Nadiia Vasylkiv, Ruslan Brukhanskyi and Volodymyr Kochan

Energies 2024, 17(24), 6456; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246456 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Wind turbines are the most frequently used objects of renewable energy today. However, issues that arise during their operation can greatly affect their effectiveness. Blade erosion, cracks, and other defects can slash turbine performance while also forcing maintenance costs to soar. Modern defect [...] Read more.

Wind turbines are the most frequently used objects of renewable energy today. However, issues that arise during their operation can greatly affect their effectiveness. Blade erosion, cracks, and other defects can slash turbine performance while also forcing maintenance costs to soar. Modern defect detection applications have significant computing resources needed for training and insufficient accuracy. The goal of this study is to develop the improved adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for wind turbine defect detection, which will reduce computing resources and increase its accuracy. Unmanned aerial vehicles are deployed to photograph the turbines, and these images are beamed back and processed for early defect detection. The proposed adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system processes the data vectors with lower complexity and higher accuracy. For this purpose, the authors explored grid partitioning and subtractive clustering methods and selected the last one because it uses three rules only for fault detection, ensuring low computational costs and enabling the discovery of wind turbine defects quickly and efficiently. Moreover, the proposed ANFIS is implemented in a controller, which has an accuracy of 91%, that is 1.4 higher than the accuracy of the existing similar controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Optimization and Renewable Integrated Energy System)

22 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

KLR-KGC: Knowledge-Guided LLM Reasoning for Knowledge Graph Completion

by Shengwei Ji, Longfei Liu, Jizhong Xi, Xiaoxue Zhang and Xinlu Li

Electronics 2024, 13(24), 5037; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13245037 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2024

Abstract

Knowledge graph completion (KGC) involves inferring missing entities or relationships within a knowledge graph, playing a crucial role across various domains, including intelligent question answering, recommendation systems, and dialogue systems. Traditional knowledge graph embedding (KGE) methods have proven effective in utilizing structured data [...] Read more.

Knowledge graph completion (KGC) involves inferring missing entities or relationships within a knowledge graph, playing a crucial role across various domains, including intelligent question answering, recommendation systems, and dialogue systems. Traditional knowledge graph embedding (KGE) methods have proven effective in utilizing structured data and relationships. However, these methods often overlook the vast amounts of unstructured data and the complex reasoning capabilities required to handle ambiguous queries or rare entities. Recently, the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated exceptional potential in text comprehension and contextual reasoning, offering new prospects for KGC tasks. By using traditional KGE to capture the structural information of entities and relations to generate candidate entities and then reranking them with a generative LLM, the output of the LLM can be constrained to improve reliability. Despite this, new challenges, such as omissions and incorrect responses, arise during the ranking process. To address these issues, a knowledge-guided LLM reasoning for knowledge graph completion (KLR-KGC) framework is proposed. This model retrieves two types of knowledge from the knowledge graph—analogical knowledge and subgraph knowledge—to enhance the LLM’s logical reasoning ability for specific tasks while injecting relevant additional knowledge. By integrating a chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting strategy, the model guides the LLM to filter and rerank candidate entities, constraining its output to reduce omissions and incorrect responses. The framework aims to learn and uncover the latent correspondences between entities, guiding the LLM to make reasonable inferences based on supplementary knowledge for more accurate predictions. The experimental results demonstrate that on the FB15k-237 dataset, KLR-KGC outperformed the entity generation model (CompGCN), achieving a 4.8% improvement in MRR and a 5.8% improvement in Hits@1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Graph-Based Data Mining)

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