Effects of Steel Slag on the Hydration Process of Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Experimental Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. Experimental Procedure
2.3.1. Setting Time
2.3.2. Compressive Strength
2.3.3. pH Value Determination
2.3.4. Isothermal Heat Responses
2.3.5. Characterization
3. Results
3.1. Effect of SS Content on the Evolution of pH Value of Pore Solution
3.2. Effect of SS Content on the Setting Times of Pastes
3.3. Effect of SS Content on the Compressive and Flexural Strengths of Mortars
3.4. Effect of SS Content on Hydration Process and Microstructures
3.4.1. Effect of SS Content on Hydration Heat
3.4.2. Effect of SS Content on Phase Composition and Chemical Characteristic
3.4.3. Effect of SS Content on the Microstructural Morphology
3.4.4. Effect of SS Content on Pore Characteristics
3.4.5. Effect of SS Content on Hydration Degree
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- Within the range of 0% to 60% steel slag content, as the proportion of steel slag increased, the pH value of the solid waste-based cementitious material system was elevated, and the setting time was reduced. In the test group without steel slag addition, there was no setting within 72 h, indicating that steel slag played a significant role in the early hydration stage.
- (2)
- With the optimal steel slag content of 20%, the solid waste-based cementitious materials achieved the best mechanical properties, with the compressive strengths at 3 d and 28 d reaching 19.2 MPa and 58.4 MPa, respectively. The addition of SS improved the early strength gain of solid waste-based binders compared to the reference sample without SS. However, with SS beyond 20%, the compressive strength declined in large scale due to decrease in BFS.
- (3)
- The hydrated solid waste-based cementitious material composed of steel slag, granulated slag, and desulfurization gypsum are primarily AFt and C-S-H gel. In the early stages, AFt primarily contributes to the strength, while in later stages, a substantial amount of AFt and C-S-H gel hydration products are formed. The interlocking and overlapping of AFt with C-S-H gel fills the pores and creates a dense microstructure, thereby ensuring the continuous increase in the strength of the cementitious material system.
- (4)
- The addition of steel slag advanced the main hydration and contributed to more hydration products formation. The bond water contents at seven days were significantly increased with SS addition and reached the maximum with optimal content of SS. The pore structure was also refined by the addition of SS with optimal content of SS. Excess of SS resulted in the pore structure coarsening and poor volume stability of the solid waste-based binder.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | SO3 | P2O5 | Cl | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS | 40.29 | 13.86 | 6.49 | 22.43 | 9.47 | 0.93 | 1.35 | 0.10 | 5.08 |
BFS | 45.69 | 23.39 | 15.43 | 0.59 | 9.97 | 1.54 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 5.38 |
DG | 42.97 | 2.30 | 2.24 | 1.39 | 2.05 | 47.44 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 1.40 |
No. | Materials/wt.% | ||
---|---|---|---|
SS | BFS | DG | |
SS_0 | 0 | 85 | 15 |
SS_20 | 20 | 65 | 15 |
SS_40 | 40 | 45 | 15 |
SS_60 | 60 | 25 | 15 |
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Ren, C.; Wang, J.; Duan, K.; Li, X.; Wang, D. Effects of Steel Slag on the Hydration Process of Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials. Materials 2024, 17, 1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091999
Ren C, Wang J, Duan K, Li X, Wang D. Effects of Steel Slag on the Hydration Process of Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials. Materials. 2024; 17(9):1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091999
Chicago/Turabian StyleRen, Caifu, Jixiang Wang, Kairui Duan, Xiang Li, and Dongmin Wang. 2024. "Effects of Steel Slag on the Hydration Process of Solid Waste-Based Cementitious Materials" Materials 17, no. 9: 1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091999