The Effect of Ultrafine-Grained (UFG) Structure Formed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing in AA7075 on Wear and Friction in Sliding against Steel and Ceramic Counterbodies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Microstructure, Phase Composition and Mechanical Properties
3.2. CoF, Vibration and Acoustic Emission
3.3. Worn Surface and Adhesion Transfer Layer Thickness
3.3.1. Confocal Laser Scan Study of AA7075 Worn Surface and Counterbody Surface
3.3.2. SEM Study of AA7075 Worn Surfaces
3.4. Subsurface Deformation of AA7075
- 1.
- Adhesive interaction between the ball and AA7075 samples, which also determines the transfer layer generation conditions.
- 2.
- Subsurface deformation of the samples with the following subsurface fracture, as well as the reversed transfer of material from the counterbody layer.
- 3.
- Mechanical vibrations of tribocoupling, which, through microimpacts on the surface, lead to more intensive hardening of the material and thereby accelerate its fracture.
- 1.
- The minimal wear of AA7075 samples during sliding against the steel ball is partly due to the lowest hardness of the material of 52100 steel itself, compared to Al2O3 and Si3N4, i.e., harder ceramic counterbodies will mean more intensive abrasive wear.
- 2.
- The maximal wear of the AA7075 samples was observed in sliding against the Al2O3 counterbody due to the high hardness of the counterbody material. On the other hand, the rationale may be the insufficiently effective formation of the reversed transfer layer.
- 3.
- The medium-intensity wear of AA7075 samples during sliding in pair with a Si3N4 ball is due to the intensive formation of a reversed transfer layer, which acts as a protective coating. Despite the high hardness of the counterbody, this layer effectively protects the surface of the sample from the mechanical impact of the ball. It was also noticed that there were minor differences in wear among the ECAPed AA7075 samples in sliding against the silicon nitride ball, which may be explained by the generation of a thick layer I. Although not providing sufficiently strong bonding with the base material, this layer is capable of providing some protection against wear due to its fast restoration. In addition, a moderate level of run RMS (the average from the three balls) ensures less damage to this protective layer and, therefore, its higher stability throughout the entire friction.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Baydoğan, M.; Çimenoğlu, S.; Kayali, E.S. A study on sliding wear of a 7075 aluminum alloy. Wear 2004, 257, 852–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rigney, D.A. Transfer, mixing and associated chemical and mechanical processes during the sliding of ductile materials. Wear 2000, 245, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Z.-R.; Sun, Y.; Li, X.-X.; Wang, S.-Q.; Mao, T.-J. Dry sliding wear performance of 7075 Al alloy under different temperatures and load conditions. Rare Met. 2022, 41, 1057–1062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanmughasundaram, P. Statistical analysis on influence of heat treatment, load and velocity on the dry sliding wear behavior of aluminium alloy 7075. Mater. Phys. Mech. 2015, 22, 118–124. [Google Scholar]
- Bhatia, P.K.; Tiwari, S.; Yadav, G. Sliding Wear Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 7075 Grade in Dry and Wet Conditions. Int. J. Sci. Res. Dev. 2016, 4, 525–527. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, P.; Xiong, Q.; Cai, Y.; Zhai, W.; Cai, M.; Cai, Z.; Zhu, J.; Gu, L. Dry fretting and sliding wear behavior of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy under linear reciprocating motion: A comparative study. Wear 2023, 526–527, 204942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P.; Zeng, L.; Mi, X.; Lu, Y.; Luo, S.; Zhai, W. Comparative study on the fretting wear property of 7075 aluminum alloys under lubricated and dry conditions. Wear 2021, 474–475, 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, Z.-B.; Zhu, M.-H.; Lin, X.-Z. Friction and wear of 7075 aluminum alloy induced by torsional fretting. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 2010, 20, 371–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, M.X.; Cai, Z.B.; Peng, J.F.; Song, C.; Mo, J.L.; Shen, H.M.; Zhu, M.H. Dual-rotary fretting wear of 7075 alloy in media of oil and water. Wear 2013, 301, 540–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, M.X.; Zhu, M.H.; Cai, Z.B.; Xie, X.Y.; Zuo, K.C. Dual-rotary fretting wear behavior of 7075 aluminum alloy. Tribol. Int. 2012, 48, 162–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, M.-X.; Cai, Z.-B.; Mo, J.-L.; Peng, X.-D.; Zhu, M.-H. Local fatigue and wear behaviors of 7075 aluminium alloy induced by rotational fretting wear. Int. J. Surf. Sci. Eng. 2015, 9, 520–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mo, J.L.; Zhu, M.H.; Zheng, J.F.; Luo, J.; Zhou, Z.R. Study on rotational fretting wear of 7075 aluminum alloy. Tribol. Int. 2010, 43, 912–917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cai, Z.; Zhu, M.; Shen, H.; Zhou, Z.; Jin, X. Torsional fretting wear behaviour of 7075 aluminium alloy in various relative humidity environments. Wear 2009, 267, 330–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, J.; Jin, X.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, J.; Cai, Z.; Luo, Z.; Zhu, M. Study on the damage evolution of torsional fretting fatigue in a 7075 aluminum alloy. Wear 2018, 402–403, 160–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mao, L.; Cai, M.; Liu, Q.; He, Y. Effects of sliding speed on the tribological behavior of AA 7075 petroleum casing in simulated drilling environment. Tribol. Int. 2020, 145, 106194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abeens, M.; Muruganatham, R.; Arulvel, S. Friction-wear behavior of shot peened aluminium 7075-T651 alloy. Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 2019, 26, 20–26. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, M.; Zhang, L.; Shi, Y.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, N. Research on the Improvement Effect and Mechanism of Micro-Scale Structures Treated by Laser Micro-Engraving on 7075 Al Alloy Tribological Properties. Materials 2019, 12, 630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chegini, M.; Shaeri, M.H. Effect of equal channel angular pressing on the mechanical and tribological behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy. Mater. Charact. 2018, 140, 147–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chegini, M.; Fallahi, A.; Shaeri, M.H. Effect of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) on Wear Behavior of Al-7075 Alloy. Procedia Mater. Sci. 2015, 11, 95–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vafaeenezhad, H.; Chegini, M.; Kalaki, A.; Serajian, H. Micromechanical Finite Element Simulation of Low Cycle Fatigue Damage Occurring During Sliding Wear Test of ECAP-Processed AA7075 Alloy. Met. Mater. Int. 2023, 30, 143–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yilmaz, T.A.; Totik, Y.; Senoz, G.M.L.; Bostan, B. Microstructure evolution and wear properties of ECAP-treated Al-Zn-Mg alloy: Effect of route, temperature and number of passes. Mater. Today Commun. 2022, 33, 104628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elhefnawey, M.; Shuai, G.L.; Li, Z.; Zhang, D.T.; Tawfik, M.M.; Li, L. On achieving ultra-high strength and improved wear resistance in Al–Zn–Mg alloy via ECAP. Tribol. Int. 2021, 163, 107188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elhefnawey, M.; Shuai, G.L.; Li, Z.; Zhang, D.T.; Tawfik, M.M.; Li, L. On dry sliding wear of ECAPed Al-Mg-Zn alloy: Wear rate and coefficient of friction relationship. Alex. Eng. J. 2021, 60, 927–939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avcu, E. The influences of ECAP on the dry sliding wear behaviour of AA7075 aluminium alloy. Tribol. Int. 2017, 110, 173–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palacios-Robledo, D.; Fresneda-García, J.; Lorenzo-Bonet, E.; Guerra-Fuentes, L.; Deaquino-Lara, R.; Hernández-Rodríguez, M.A.L.; García-Sánchez, E. Tribological analysis in Al–Mg–Zn alloy casting processed through equal channel angular pressing, compared with Al-7075 T6 alloy. Wear 2021, 476, 203680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.H.; Liao, X.Z.; Jin, Z.; Valiev, R.Z.; Zhu, Y.T. Microstructures and mechanical properties of ultrafine grained 7075 Al alloy processed by ECAP and their evolutions during annealing. Acta Mater. 2004, 52, 4589–4599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaeri, M.H.; Salehi, M.T.; Seyyedein, S.H.; Abutalebi, M.R.; Park, J.K. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-7075 alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing combined with aging treatment. Mater. Des. 2014, 57, 250–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, S.R.; Gudimetla, K.; Venkatachalam, P.; Ravisankar, B.; Jayasankar, K. Microstructural and mechanical properties of Al 7075 alloy processed by Equal Channel Angular Pressing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2012, 533, 50–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mogonye, J.E.; Scharf, T.W. Tribological properties and mechanisms of self-mated ultrafine-grained titanium. Wear 2017, 376–377, 931–939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, G.; Chong, Y.; Su, L.; Zhan, L.; Wei Pe Zhao, X.; Zhang, L.; Tian, Y.; Zhu, H.; Tsuji, N. Mechanisms of remarkable wear reduction and evolutions of subsurface microstructure and nano-mechanical properties during dry sliding of nano-grained Ti6Al4V alloy: A comparative study. Tribol. Int. 2022, 169, 107464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, G.; Zhao, X.; Su, L.; Wei, P.; Zhang, L.; Zhan, L.; Chong, Y.; Zhu, H.; Tsuji, N. Effect of high pressure torsion process on the microhardness, microstructure and tribological property of Ti6Al4V alloy. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2021, 94, 183–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seenuvasaperumal, P.; Doi, K.; Basha, D.A.; Singh, A.; Elayaperumal, A.; Tsuchiya, K. Wear behavior of HPT processed UFG AZ31B magnesium alloy. Mater. Lett. 2018, 227, 194–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, H.; Fan, J.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, Y.; Li, W.; Dong, H.; Xu, B. The preparation and mechanical properties of nano-magnesium alloy bulks. J. Alloys Compd. 2020, 819, 153253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Li, W.; Sun, Y.; Luo, M. Effect of microstructure evolution on the mechanical properties of a Mg–Y–Nd–Zr alloy with a gradient nanostructure produced via ultrasonic surface rolling processing. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 923, 166495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sankuru, A.B.; Ahirwar, V.; Ravisankar, B.; Kumaresh, B.S. Mechanical and wear behavior of room-temperature ECAPed Mg-4Li alloy. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 2024, 238, 2120–2130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filippov, A.V.; Tarasov, S.Y.; Fortuna, S.V.; Podgornykh, O.A.; Shamarin, N.N.; Rubtsov, V.E. Microstructural, mechanical and acoustic emission-assisted wear characterization of equal channel angular pressed (ECAP) low stacking fault energy brass. Tribol. Int. 2018, 123, 273–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, R.; Liu, B.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, S. Microstructure evolution and properties of 7075 aluminum alloy recycled from scrap aircraft aluminum alloys. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2022, 19, 354–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hembram, M.; Singh, P.; Kumar, N. High Strain Behaviour of Ultrafine-grained Aluminium Alloys Processed Through the Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques: A Review. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 2022, 11, 684–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, K.; Logé, R.E. A review of dynamic recrystallization phenomena in metallic materials. Mater. Des. 2016, 111, 548–574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakai, T.; Belyakov, A.; Kaibyshev, R.; Miura, H.; Jonas, J.J. Dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization under hot, cold and severe plastic deformation conditions. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2014, 60, 130–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Imai, K.; Hase, A. Identification of Tribological Phenomena in Glass Grinding by Acoustic Emission Sensing. Tribol. Online 2022, 17, 86–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hase, A. In Situ Measurement of the Machining State in Small-Diameter Drilling by Acoustic Emission Sensing. Coatings 2024, 14, 193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koga, T.; Hase, A.; Ninomiya, K.; Okita, K. Acoustic emission technique for contact detection and cutting state monitoring in ultra-precision turning. Mech. Eng. J. 2019, 6, 2187–9745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Savchenko, N.L.; Filippov, A.V.; Tarasov, S.Y.; Dmitriev, A.I.; Shilko, E.V.; Grigoriev, A.S. Acoustic emission characterization of sliding wear under condition of direct and inverse transformations in low-temperature degradation aged Y-TZP and Y-TZP-AL2O3. Friction 2018, 6, 323–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filippov, A.V.; Rubtsov, V.E.; Tarasov, S.Y.; Podgornykh, O.A.; Shamarin, N.N. Detecting transition to chatter mode in peakless tool turning by monitoring vibration and acoustic emission signals. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2018, 95, 157–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filippov, A.V.; Nikonov, A.Y.; Rubtsov, V.E.; Dmitriev, A.I.; Tarasov, S.Y. Vibration and acoustic emission monitoring the stability of peakless tool turning: Experiment and modeling. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2017, 246, 224–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filippov, A.V.; Tarasov, S.Y.; Fortuna, S.V.; Podgornykh, O.A.; Shamarin, N.N.; Vorontsov, A.V. Wear, vibration and acoustic emission characterization of sliding friction processes of coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained copper. Wear 2019, 424–425, 78–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Filippov, A.V.; Rubtsov, V.E.; Tarasov, S.Y. Acoustic emission study of surface deterioration in tribocontacting. Appl. Acoust. 2017, 117, 106–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarasov, S.Y.; Filippov, A.V.; Kolubaev, E.A.; Kalashnikova, T.A. Adhesion transfer in sliding a steel ball against an aluminum alloy. Tribol. Int. 2017, 115, 191–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arık, H.; Erden, İ.O.; Aydın, M. Diffusion welding of Al-α-Si3N4 composite materials. Politek. Derg. 2020, 23, 497–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laganá, S.; Mikkelsen, E.K.; Marie, R.; Hansen, O.; Mølhave, K. Direct bonding of ALD Al2O3 to silicon nitride thin films. Microelectron. Eng. 2017, 176, 71–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sample State | Counterbody | Steel Ball 52100 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chem. elem. wt.% | O | Mg | Al | Si | Fe | Cu | Zn | |
Spectrum Number | ||||||||
As-annealed | 1 | 14.5 | 1.2 | 76.5 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 4.6 |
2 | 36.9 | 1.8 | 54.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 3.8 | |
3 | 24.5 | 1.6 | 58.1 | 3.5 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 7.3 | |
1-pass ECAP | 1 | 41.2 | 1.6 | 43.6 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 2.3 |
2 | 32.9 | 0.4 | 63.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 0.4 | |
3 | 53.3 | 1.1 | 41.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 0.9 | |
2-pass ECAP | 1 | 32.5 | 0.8 | 63.8 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
2 | 23.1 | 0.6 | 70.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 0.6 | |
3 | 24.1 | 1.4 | 65.5 | 2.1 | 0.8 | 5.2 | 0.9 | |
4 | 36.7 | 0.9 | 60.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | |
4-pass ECAP | 1 | 41.6 | 0.8 | 53.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.5 |
2 | 39.9 | 1.1 | 54.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 0.9 | |
3 | 33.3 | 1.7 | 58.2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 0.9 | |
4 | 40.5 | 1.1 | 53.0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0.7 |
Sample State | Counterbody | Ceramic Ball Al2O3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chem. elem. wt.% | O | Mg | Al | Si | Fe | Cu | Zn | |
Spectrum Number | ||||||||
As-annealed | 1 | 35.0 | 0.4 | 60.6 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.6 |
2 | 11.5 | 1.5 | 71.0 | 7.4 | 2.2 | 4.7 | 1.7 | |
1-pass ECAP | 1 | 28.6 | 0.7 | 65.4 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 0.9 |
2 | 42.5 | 0.4 | 55.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.2 | |
3 | 37.8 | 0.9 | 57.9 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 2.2 | 0.3 | |
4 | 37.8 | 1.0 | 58.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |
5 | 24.9 | 0.8 | 72.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | |
6 | 39.3 | 1.2 | 57.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | |
2-pass ECAP | 1 | 9.4 | 0.9 | 85.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 0.4 |
2 | 38.4 | 1.0 | 56.7 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | |
3 | 12.2 | 1.6 | 70.5 | 5.0 | 1.6 | 6.5 | 2.6 | |
4-pass ECAP | 1 | 33.3 | 0.4 | 62.9 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0.2 |
2 | 45.5 | 0.4 | 49.5 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | |
3 | 46.0 | 0.3 | 50.8 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | |
4 | 29.6 | 0.7 | 66.9 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.2 | |
5 | 39.4 | 0.9 | 55.4 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 |
Sample State | Counterbody | Ceramic Ball Si3N4 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chem. elem. wt.% | O | Mg | Al | Si | Fe | Cu | Zn | |
Spectrum Number | ||||||||
As-annealed | 1 | 7.1 | 3.8 | 73.3 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 8.6 |
2 | 28.9 | 1.6 | 58.1 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 5.2 | |
3 | 14.2 | 2.6 | 68.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 8.2 | |
4 | 31.4 | 1.1 | 62.4 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 2.8 | |
5 | 32.8 | 2.1 | 57.9 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 3.8 | |
1-pass ECAP | 1 | 50.9 | 0.8 | 46.6 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
2 | 25.1 | 1.3 | 71.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | |
3 | 34.1 | 0.7 | 58.6 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.4 | |
4 | 35.0 | 1.0 | 62.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.5 | |
5 | 46.2 | 4.9 | 33.3 | 7.9 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 2.5 | |
2-pass ECAP | 1 | 42.6 | 0.7 | 53.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.6 |
2 | 22.0 | 1.2 | 73.5 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 0.1 | |
3 | 10.7 | 0.5 | 84.9 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.3 | |
4 | 32.8 | 0.4 | 63.9 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.4 | |
4-pass ECAP | 1 | 11.1 | 1.2 | 82.8 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 0.9 |
2 | 41.2 | 0.3 | 45.9 | 8.8 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.0 | |
3 | 13.4 | 3.6 | 53.0 | 3.3 | 5.4 | 15.5 | 5.8 | |
4 | 17.8 | 1.3 | 74.7 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.4 | |
5 | 6.1 | 1.5 | 87.8 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.3 |
Parameters | Worn Surface Area | Adhesion Layer Thickness | AE Energy | AE F Median |
---|---|---|---|---|
CoF | −0.9 | −0.89 | 0.97 | 0.73 |
runRMS | −0.89 | −0.86 | 0.98 | 0.7 |
AE energy | −0.81 | −0.76 | - | 0.56 |
AE F (median) | −0.92 | −0.96 | 0.56 | - |
Yield strength (tension) | −0.9 | −0.99 | 0.68 | 0.95 |
Ultimate tension strength | −0.89 | −0.98 | 0.76 | 0.89 |
Parameters | Worn Surface Area | Adhesion Layer Thickness | AE Energy | AE F Median |
---|---|---|---|---|
CoF | −0.95 | −0.91 | 0.99 | 0.83 |
runRMS | −0.78 | −0.86 | 0.7 | 0.98 |
AE energy | −0.92 | −0.87 | - | 0.8 |
AE F (median) | −0.89 | −0.94 | 0.8 | - |
Yield strength (tension) | −0.96 | −0.93 | 0.99 | 0.86 |
Ultimate tension strength | −0.97 | −0.96 | 0.96 | 0.93 |
Parameters | Worn Surface Area | Adhesion Layer Thickness | AE Energy | AE F Median |
---|---|---|---|---|
CoF | −0.67 | −0.95 | 0.82 | 0.99 |
runRMS | −0.63 | −0.82 | 0.91 | 0.99 |
AE energy | −0.84 | −0.76 | - | 0.85 |
AE F(median) | −0.62 | −0.88 | 0.85 | - |
cYield strength (tension) | −0.94 | −0.89 | 0.95 | 0.84 |
Ultimate tension strength | −0.88 | −0.91 | 0.96 | 0.92 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Filippov, A.V.; Tarasov, S.Y.; Filippova, E.O. The Effect of Ultrafine-Grained (UFG) Structure Formed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing in AA7075 on Wear and Friction in Sliding against Steel and Ceramic Counterbodies. Metals 2024, 14, 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050527
Filippov AV, Tarasov SY, Filippova EO. The Effect of Ultrafine-Grained (UFG) Structure Formed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing in AA7075 on Wear and Friction in Sliding against Steel and Ceramic Counterbodies. Metals. 2024; 14(5):527. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050527
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilippov, Andrey V., Sergei Y. Tarasov, and Ekaterina O. Filippova. 2024. "The Effect of Ultrafine-Grained (UFG) Structure Formed by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing in AA7075 on Wear and Friction in Sliding against Steel and Ceramic Counterbodies" Metals 14, no. 5: 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050527