Journal Description
Polymers
Polymers
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal of polymer science published semimonthly online by MDPI. Belgian Polymer Group (BPG), European Colloid & Interface Society (ECIS), National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) and North American Thermal Analysis Society (NATAS) are affiliated with Polymers and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, PubMed, PMC, FSTA, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Polymer Science) / CiteScore - Q1 (Polymers and Plastics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in MDPI journals, in appreciation of the work.
- Testimonials: See what our authors and editors say about Polymers.
Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.0 (2022)
Latest Articles
Chitosan-2D Nanomaterial-Based Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101327 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) and two-dimensional nanomaterial (2D nanomaterials)-based scaffolds have received widespread attention in recent times in biomedical applications due to their excellent synergistic potential. CS has garnered much attention as a biomedical scaffold material either alone or in combination with some other material
[...] Read more.
Chitosan (CS) and two-dimensional nanomaterial (2D nanomaterials)-based scaffolds have received widespread attention in recent times in biomedical applications due to their excellent synergistic potential. CS has garnered much attention as a biomedical scaffold material either alone or in combination with some other material due to its favorable physiochemical properties. The emerging 2D nanomaterials, such as black phosphorus (BP), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), etc., have taken huge steps towards varying biomedical applications. However, the implementation of a CS-2D nanomaterial-based scaffold for clinical applications remains challenging for different reasons such as toxicity, stability, etc. Here, we reviewed different types of CS scaffold materials and discussed their advantages in biomedical applications. In addition, a different CS nanostructure, instead of a scaffold, has been described. After that, the importance of 2D nanomaterials has been elaborated on in terms of physiochemical properties. In the next section, the biomedical applications of CS with different 2D nanomaterial scaffolds have been highlighted. Finally, we highlighted the existing challenges and future perspectives of using CS-2D nanomaterial scaffolds for biomedical applications. We hope that this review will encourage a more synergistic biomedical application of the CS-2D nanomaterial scaffolds and their utilization clinical applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Polymer Composites: 2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Utilization of Silica Filler as Reinforcement Material of Polylactic Acid (PLA) in 3D Printing Applications: Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Performance
by
Vasileios Stratiotou Efstratiadis, Apostolos Argyros, Pavlos Efthymiopoulos, Georgios Maliaris, Nektarios K. Nasikas and Nikolaos Michailidis
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101326 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Glass was introduced as an additive to filaments used for the manufacturing of composite materials, employed by Additive Manufacturing applications. Glass accounts for a large waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) percentage, and its recovery and recycling can lead to the production of
[...] Read more.
Glass was introduced as an additive to filaments used for the manufacturing of composite materials, employed by Additive Manufacturing applications. Glass accounts for a large waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) percentage, and its recovery and recycling can lead to the production of sustainable composite materials. In this work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/commercially available silicon oxide composite filaments were manufactured and their structural, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties were assessed. Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the 1:2 ratio of silicon: oxygen, along with the relatively low adhesion between the filler and the matrix. Differential Scanning Calorimetry presented steady glass transition and melting temperatures of composites, whereas a crystallization temperature of 10% wt. and a crystallinity of 15% wt. composite slightly increased. Rheological analysis showcased that the viscosity of the composite filaments decreased compared to PLA (10–100 compared to 300–400 Pa·s), with a more shear-thinning behavior. Dynamic mechanical analysis exhibited increased elastic, flexural moduli, and flexural strength of composites (up to 16, 23, and 11%, respectively), whereas tensile strength and elongation decreased. The affordability of raw materials (with the future introduction of recycled ones) and the minimal processing steps can lead to the potential scaling up of the study.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Rheology and Processing of Polymer Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Preparation of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer on Polyethylene Terephthalate Platform Using Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization for Tartrazine Analysis via Smartphone
by
Christian Jacinto Hernández, Raúl Medina, Ily Maza Mejía, Mario Hurtado, Sabir Khan, Gino Picasso, Rosario López and María D. P. T. Sotomayor
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101325 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This work describes the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) platform on polyethylene terephthalate (MIP-PET) via RAFT polymerization for analyzing tartrazine using a smartphone. The MIP-PET platform was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and
[...] Read more.
This work describes the preparation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) platform on polyethylene terephthalate (MIP-PET) via RAFT polymerization for analyzing tartrazine using a smartphone. The MIP-PET platform was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and confocal microscopy. The optimal pH and adsorption time conditions were determined. The adsorption capacity of the MIP-PET plates with RAFT treatment (0.057 mg cm−2) was higher than that of the untreated plates (0.028 mg cm−2). The kinetic study revealed a pseudo-first-order model with intraparticle diffusion, while the isotherm study indicated a fit for the Freundlich model. Additionally, the MIP-PET demonstrated durability by maintaining its adsorption capacity over five cycles of reuse without significant loss. To quantify tartrazine, images were captured using a smartphone, and the RGB values were obtained using the ImageJ® free program. A partial least squares regression (PLS) was performed, obtaining a linear range of 0 to 7 mg L−1 of tartrazine. The accuracy of the method was 99.4% (4.97 ± 0.74 mg L−1) for 10 samples of 5 mg L−1. The concentration of tartrazine was determined in two local soft drinks (14.1 mg L−1 and 16.5 mg L−1), with results comparable to the UV–visible spectrophotometric method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: Latest Advances and Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Impact of PCBM as a Third Component on Optical and Electrical Properties in Ternary Organic Blends
by
Laura Hrostea, Anda Oajdea and Liviu Leontie
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1324; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101324 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of constituent weight ratios on optical and electrical properties, with a particular focus on the intrinsic properties (such as electrical mobility) of ternary organic blends, highlighting the role of a third component. The study explores novel donor:acceptor1:acceptor2 (D:A
[...] Read more.
This paper investigates the influence of constituent weight ratios on optical and electrical properties, with a particular focus on the intrinsic properties (such as electrical mobility) of ternary organic blends, highlighting the role of a third component. The study explores novel donor:acceptor1:acceptor2 (D:A1:A2) matrix blends with photovoltaic potential, systematically adjusting the ratio of the two acceptors in the mixtures, while keeping constant the donor:acceptor weight ratio (D:A = 1:1.4). Herein, depending on this adjustment, six different samples of 100–400 nm thickness are methodically characterized. Optical analysis demonstrates the spectral complementarity of the component materials and exposes the optimal weight ratio (D:A1:A2 = 1:1:0.4) for the highest optical absorption coefficient. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis reveals improved and superior morphological attributes with the addition of the third component (fullerene). In terms of the electrical mobility of charge carriers, this study finds that the sample in which A1 = A2 has the greatest recorded value [)]. This thorough study on ternary organic blends reveals the crucial relationship between acceptor ratios and the properties of the final blend, highlighting the critical function of the third component in influencing the intrinsic factors such as electrical mobility, offering valuable insights for the optimization of ternary organic solar cells.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials in Energy Conversion and Storage)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Preparation of Single-Helical Curdlan Hydrogel and Its Activation with Coagulation Factor G
by
Geying Ru, Xiaoshuang Yan, Huijuan Wang and Jiwen Feng
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1323; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101323 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
β-1,3-glucans are a kind of natural polysaccharide with immunomodulatory, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Curdlan, as the simplest linear β-1,3-glucan, possesses a variety of biological activities and thermogelation properties. However, due to the complexity and variability of the conformations of curdlan, the exact structure–activity
[...] Read more.
β-1,3-glucans are a kind of natural polysaccharide with immunomodulatory, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Curdlan, as the simplest linear β-1,3-glucan, possesses a variety of biological activities and thermogelation properties. However, due to the complexity and variability of the conformations of curdlan, the exact structure–activity relationship remains unclear. We prepare a chemically crosslinked curdlan hydrogel with the unique single-helical skeleton (named S gel) in 0.4 wt% NaOH at 40 °C, confirmed by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). X-ray diffractometry (XRD) data show that S gel maintains the single-helical crystal structure, and the degree of crystallinity of the S gel is ~24%, which is slightly lower than that of the raw powder (~31%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that S gel has a continuous network structure, with large pores measuring 50–200 μm, which is consistent with its high swelling property. Using the 13C high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) method, we determine that most of the single-helical skeleton carbon signals in the swollen S gel are visible, suggesting that the single-helical skeleton of S gel exhibits fascinating mobility at room temperature. Finally, we reveal that the binding of S gel to coagulation Factor G from tachypleus amebocyte lysate increases and saturates at 20 μL tachypleus amebocyte lysate per mg of S gel. Our prepared S gel can avoid the transformation of curdlan conformations and retain the bioactivity of binding to coagulation Factor G, making it a valuable material for use in the food industry and the pharmaceutical field. This work deepens the understanding of the relationship between the single-helical structure and the activity of curdlan, promoting the development and application of β-1,3-glucans.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer-Based Materials in Medical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Green Synthesis of Bioplastics from Microalgae: A State-of-the-Art Review
by
Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji and Mariana Erasmus
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1322; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101322 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The synthesis of conventional plastics has increased tremendously in the last decades due to rapid industrialization, population growth, and advancement in the use of modern technologies. However, overuse of these fossil fuel-based plastics has resulted in serious environmental and health hazards by causing
[...] Read more.
The synthesis of conventional plastics has increased tremendously in the last decades due to rapid industrialization, population growth, and advancement in the use of modern technologies. However, overuse of these fossil fuel-based plastics has resulted in serious environmental and health hazards by causing pollution, global warming, etc. Therefore, the use of microalgae as a feedstock is a promising, green, and sustainable approach for the production of biobased plastics. Various biopolymers, such as polyhydroxybutyrate, polyurethane, polylactic acid, cellulose-based polymers, starch-based polymers, and protein-based polymers, can be produced from different strains of microalgae under varying culture conditions. Different techniques, including genetic engineering, metabolic engineering, the use of photobioreactors, response surface methodology, and artificial intelligence, are used to alter and improve microalgae stocks for the commercial synthesis of bioplastics at lower costs. In comparison to conventional plastics, these biobased plastics are biodegradable, biocompatible, recyclable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, and sustainable, with robust mechanical and thermoplastic properties. In addition, the bioplastics are suitable for a plethora of applications in the agriculture, construction, healthcare, electrical and electronics, and packaging industries. Thus, this review focuses on techniques for the production of biopolymers and bioplastics from microalgae. In addition, it discusses innovative and efficient strategies for large-scale bioplastic production while also providing insights into the life cycle assessment, end-of-life, and applications of bioplastics. Furthermore, some challenges affecting industrial scale bioplastics production and recommendations for future research are provided.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Four-Component Statistical Copolymers by RAFT Polymerization
by
Dimitrios Vagenas and Stergios Pispas
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101321 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This manuscript serves as the starting point for in-depth research of multicomponent, statistical, methacrylate-based copolymers that potentially mimic the behavior of proteins in aqueous solutions. These synthetic macromolecules are composed of specially chosen comonomers: methacrylic acid (MAA), oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA
[...] Read more.
This manuscript serves as the starting point for in-depth research of multicomponent, statistical, methacrylate-based copolymers that potentially mimic the behavior of proteins in aqueous solutions. These synthetic macromolecules are composed of specially chosen comonomers: methacrylic acid (MAA), oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA475), 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and benzyl methacrylate (BzMA). Monomer choice was based on factors such as the chemical nature of pendant functional groups, the polyelectrolyte/polyampholyte and amphiphilic character and the overall hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance (HLB) of the obtained quaterpolymers. Their synthesis was achieved via a one-pot reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in two distinct compositions and molecular architectures, linear and hyperbranched, respectively, in order to explore the effects of macromolecular topology. The resulting statistical quaterpolymers were characterized via 1H-NMR and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies. Their behavior in aqueous solutions was studied by dynamic (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FS), producing vital information concerning their self-assembly and the structure of the formed aggregates. The physicochemical studies were extended by tuning parameters such as the solution pH and ionic strength. Finally, the quaterpolymer behavior in FBS/PBS solutions was investigated to test their colloid stability and biocompatibility in an in vivo-mimicking, biological fluid environment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)
Open AccessArticle
Modification of the Dielectric and Thermal Properties of Organic Frameworks Based on Nonterminal Epoxy Liquid Crystal with Silicon Dioxide and Titanium Dioxide
by
Lidia Okrasa, Magdalena Włodarska, Maciej Kisiel and Beata Mossety-Leszczak
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101320 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
A nonterminal liquid crystal epoxy monomer is used to create an epoxy–amine network with a typical diamine 4,4′diaminodiphenylmethane. The plain matrix is compared to matrices modified with inorganic fillers: TiO2 or SiO2. Conditions of the curing reaction and glass transition
[...] Read more.
A nonterminal liquid crystal epoxy monomer is used to create an epoxy–amine network with a typical diamine 4,4′diaminodiphenylmethane. The plain matrix is compared to matrices modified with inorganic fillers: TiO2 or SiO2. Conditions of the curing reaction and glass transition temperatures in the cured products are determined through differential scanning calorimetry and broadband dielectric spectroscopy. The curing process is also followed through optical and electrical observations. The dielectric response of all investigated networks reveals a segmental α-process related to structural reorientation (connected to the glass transition). In all products, a similar process associated with molecular motions of polar groups also appears. The matrix modified with TiO2 exhibits two secondary relaxation processes (β and γ). Similar processes were observed in the pure monomer. An advantage of the network with the TiO2 filler is a shorter time or lower temperature required for optimal curing conditions. The physical properties of cured matrices depend on the presence of a nematic phase in the monomer and nonterminal functional groups in the aliphatic chains. In effect, such cured matrices can have more flexibility and internal order than classical resins. Additional modifiers used in this work shift the glass transition above room temperature and influence the fragility index in both cases.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Liquid Crystal Polymers)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Modelling the Melting Kinetics of Polyetheretherketone Depending on Thermal History: Application to Additive Manufacturing
by
Adel Benarbia, Vincent Sobotka, Nicolas Boyard and Christophe Roua
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101319 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Recent techniques for forming thermoplastics, such as welding, automated fibre placement or additive manufacturing, generate successive rapid heating and cooling cycles that cause the partial melting of crystals during the process. The melting of an interface is essential to guarantee a good molecular
[...] Read more.
Recent techniques for forming thermoplastics, such as welding, automated fibre placement or additive manufacturing, generate successive rapid heating and cooling cycles that cause the partial melting of crystals during the process. The melting of an interface is essential to guarantee a good molecular diffusion across the welded parts. Nevertheless, no model can correctly predict the melting kinetics and consequently the evolution of the crystalline degree during the layers’ deposition process. The purpose of this paper was to define the melting kinetics depending on the crystallization conditions for polyetheretherketone (PEEK). Firstly, a non-isothermal crystallization model was proposed over a wide range of cooling rates from 0.1 K.s−1 to 150 K.s−1. Experimental results have highlighted a dual-mode behaviour of melting and demonstrated the dependence of melting temperatures on crystallization conditions. Based on these observations, a model was developed to predict the melting behaviour after non-isothermal crystallization. The melting model revealed that after high cooling rates, primary and secondary crystals melt separately at low temperatures, while after slow cooling rates, both structures melt simultaneously at higher temperatures. Finally, the melting model was applied to the FFF thermal cycle to illustrate the influence of process parameters on the melting kinetics during deposition.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Synthesis and Properties of Bio-Based Polycarbonates Containing Silicone Blocks
by
Mengjuan Liu, Hui Wang, Wei Fang, Tao Lu, Jinsen Wang and Guozhang Wu
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101318 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of different hydroxy-terminated silicones on the properties of polycarbonate-silicone copolymers (ICS-PC) by introducing flexible and hydrophobic silicone into isosorbide-based polycarbonate through melt transesterification- polycondensation method. Through compatibility and transesterification experiments, it is confirmed that the alcohol-hydroxyl
[...] Read more.
This study aims to investigate the effects of different hydroxy-terminated silicones on the properties of polycarbonate-silicone copolymers (ICS-PC) by introducing flexible and hydrophobic silicone into isosorbide-based polycarbonate through melt transesterification- polycondensation method. Through compatibility and transesterification experiments, it is confirmed that the alcohol-hydroxyl polydimethylsiloxane (a-PDMS) has higher reactivity and silicone conversion than the phenol-hydroxyl polydimethylsiloxane (p-PDMS), but the conversion does not exceed 81%. Polyether-modified silicone (PEMS) exhibits better compatibility and higher reactivity, thus resulting in higher conversion that can reach 86%. Effects of the type and content of silicone on the glass transition temperature (Tg), optical transparency, saturated water absorption, and mechanical strength of ICS-PCs were also discussed. It is found that p-PDMS has higher Tg, hydrophobicity, and mechanical strength with similar silicone content, but the total transmittance does not exceed 60%. In contrast, the PEMS system exhibits better optical transparency due to its improved compatibility with the PC matrix, with a total transmittance of up to 73%, Tg exceeding 150 °C while maintaining excellent flexibility and hydrophobicity. These results are helpful to further improve the comprehensive properties of bio-based polycarbonates.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structure-Property Relationship of Polymer Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Green Flame-Retardant Blend Used to Improve the Antiflame Properties of Polypropylene
by
Christian J. Cabello-Alvarado, Marlene Andrade-Guel, Marissa Pérez-Alvarez, Gregorio Cadenas-Pliego, Pascual Bartolo-Pérez, Diego Martínez-Carrillo and Zoe V. Quiñones-Jurado
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101317 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The flammability properties of polymers and polymeric composites play an important role in ensuring the safety of humans and the environment; moreover, flame-retardant materials ensure a greater number of applications. In the present study, we report the obtaining of polypropylene (PP) composites contain
[...] Read more.
The flammability properties of polymers and polymeric composites play an important role in ensuring the safety of humans and the environment; moreover, flame-retardant materials ensure a greater number of applications. In the present study, we report the obtaining of polypropylene (PP) composites contain a mixture of two green flame retardants, lignin and clinoptilolite, by melt extrusion. These additives are abundantly found in nature. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), cone calorimetry, UL-94, and carbonized residues analysis were carried out. TGA analysis shows that PPGFR-10 and PPGFR-20 compounds presented better thermal stability with respect to PP without flame retardants. The conical calorimetric evaluation of the composites showed that PPGFR-10 and PPGFR-20 presented decreases in peak heat release rates (HRRs) of 9.75% and 11.88%, respectively. The flammability of the composites was evaluated with the UL-94 standard, and only the PPGFR-20 composite presented the V-0 and 5VB classification, which indicates good flame-retardant properties. Additives in the polymer matrix showed good dispersion with few agglomerates. The PPGFR-20 composite showed an FRI value of 1.15, higher percentage of carbonized residues, and UL-94 V-0 and 5VB rating, suggesting some kind of synergy between lignin and clinoptilolite, but only at high flame-retardant concentrations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
An Injectable, Self-Healing, Adhesive Multifunctional Hydrogel Promotes Bacteria-Infected Wound Healing
by
Ling Zhang, Yan Wang, Mingrui Yang, Wen Yu, Zheng Zhao and Yichao Liu
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101316 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Bacterial infections have a serious impact on public health. It is urgent to develop antibacterial hydrogels with good biocompatibility to reduce the use of antibiotics. In this study, poly(lipoic acid-co-sodium lipoate)–phytic acid (P(LA-SL)-PA) hydrogels are prepared by a simple mixture of the natural
[...] Read more.
Bacterial infections have a serious impact on public health. It is urgent to develop antibacterial hydrogels with good biocompatibility to reduce the use of antibiotics. In this study, poly(lipoic acid-co-sodium lipoate)–phytic acid (P(LA-SL)-PA) hydrogels are prepared by a simple mixture of the natural small molecules lipoic acid (LA) and phytic acid (PA) in a mild and green reaction environment. The crosslinking network is constructed through the connection of covalent disulfide bonds as well as the hydrogen bonds, which endow the injectable and self-healing properties. The P(LA-SL)-PA hydrogels exhibit an adjustable compression modulus and adhesion. The in vitro agar plates assay indicates that the antibacterial rate of hydrogels against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is close to 95%. In the rat-infected wound model, the P(LA-SL)-PA hydrogels adhere closely to the tissue and promote epithelialization and collagen deposition with a significant effect on wound healing. These results prove that the P(LA-SL)-PA hydrogels could act as effective wound dressings for promoting the healing of infected wounds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Chitosan-graft-Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Hybrid Copolymer and Its Complexation with DNA
by
Marius-Mihai Zaharia, Florin Bucatariu, Maria Karayianni, Elena-Daniela Lotos, Marcela Mihai and Stergios Pispas
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101315 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
A hybrid synthetic-natural, thermoresponsive graft copolymer composed of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) side chains, prepared via RAFT polymerization, and a chitosan (Chit) polysaccharide backbone, was synthesized via radical addition-fragmentation reactions using the “grafting to” technique, in aqueous solution. ATR-FTIR, TGA, polyelectrolyte titrations
[...] Read more.
A hybrid synthetic-natural, thermoresponsive graft copolymer composed of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) side chains, prepared via RAFT polymerization, and a chitosan (Chit) polysaccharide backbone, was synthesized via radical addition-fragmentation reactions using the “grafting to” technique, in aqueous solution. ATR-FTIR, TGA, polyelectrolyte titrations and 1H NMR spectroscopy were employed in order to validate the Chit-g-PNIPAM copolymer chemical structure. Additionally, 1H NMR spectra and back conductometric titration were utilized to quantify the content of grafted PNIPAM side chains. The resulting graft copolymer contains dual functionality, namely both pH responsive free amino groups, with electrostatic complexation/coordination properties, and thermoresponsive PNIPAM side chains. Particle size measurements via dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to study the thermoresponsive behavior of the Chit-g-PNIPAM copolymer. Thermal properties examined by TGA showed that, by the grafting modification with PNIPAM, the Chit structure became more thermally stable. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymer solution was determined by DLS measurements at 25–45 °C. Furthermore, dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering measurements demonstrated that the Chit-g-PNIPAM thermoresponsive copolymer is suitable of binding DNA molecules and forms nanosized polyplexes at different amino to phosphate groups ratios, with potential application as gene delivery systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Pharmaceutical Technology II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Comparison of Three-Layer and Single-Layer Small Vascular Grafts Manufactured via the Roto-Evaporation Method
by
Gualberto Antonio Zumbardo-Bacelis, Laura Peponi, Rossana Faride Vargas-Coronado, Eustolia Rodríguez-Velázquez, Manuel Alatorre-Meda, Pascale Chevallier, Francesco Copes, Diego Mantovani, Gustavo A. Abraham and Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101314 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This study used the roto-evaporation technique to engineer a 6 mm three-layer polyurethane vascular graft (TVG) that mimics the architecture of human coronary artery native vessels. Two segmented polyurethanes were synthesized using lysine (SPUUK) and ascorbic acid (SPUAA), and the resulting materials were
[...] Read more.
This study used the roto-evaporation technique to engineer a 6 mm three-layer polyurethane vascular graft (TVG) that mimics the architecture of human coronary artery native vessels. Two segmented polyurethanes were synthesized using lysine (SPUUK) and ascorbic acid (SPUAA), and the resulting materials were used to create the intima and adventitia layers, respectively. In contrast, the media layer of the TVG was composed of a commercially available polyurethane, Pearlbond 703 EXP. For comparison purposes, single-layer vascular grafts (SVGs) from individual polyurethanes and a polyurethane blend (MVG) were made and tested similarly and evaluated according to the ISO 7198 standard. The TVG exhibited the highest circumferential tensile strength and longitudinal forces compared to single-layer vascular grafts of lower thicknesses made from the same polyurethanes. The TVG also showed higher suture and burst strength values than native vessels. The TVG withstood up to 2087 ± 139 mmHg and exhibited a compliance of 0.15 ± 0.1%/100 mmHg, while SPUUK SVGs showed a compliance of 5.21 ± 1.29%/100 mmHg, akin to coronary arteries but superior to the saphenous vein. An indirect cytocompatibility test using the MDA-MB-231 cell line showed 90 to 100% viability for all polyurethanes, surpassing the minimum 70% threshold needed for biomaterials deemed cytocompatibility. Despite the non-cytotoxic nature of the polyurethane extracts when grown directly on the surface, they displayed poor fibroblast adhesion, except for SPUUK. All vascular grafts showed hemolysis values under the permissible limit of 5% and longer coagulation times.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Polymeric Materials: Recent Study)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Identification of Damping of Spruce Wood (Picea abies) under Various Levels of Moisture Content Using Time-Scale Decomposition
by
Miran Merhar
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101313 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The damping of spruce wood is analysed at different moisture content levels for the first three vibration modes of tangentially and radially vibrating samples. Two methods were used to determine the damping. The first was the vibration envelope fitting as an improved version
[...] Read more.
The damping of spruce wood is analysed at different moisture content levels for the first three vibration modes of tangentially and radially vibrating samples. Two methods were used to determine the damping. The first was the vibration envelope fitting as an improved version of the well-known logarithmic decrement, and the second was the newer and recently increasingly used wavelet transform. Both methods showed that the damping of spruce wood first decreases and then increases with moisture content, with the damping in the first vibration mode being about 9% higher in the radial direction than in the tangential direction. In the second and third vibration modes, the damping in the tangential direction was higher than in the radial direction by about 10% and 8.8%, respectively. The measured damping factors from the envelope fitting had, on average, 15.9% higher values than those from the wavelet transform. It can be concluded from the results that the wavelet transform is more accurate for determining the damping factor, as it enables the decoupling of multi-degree of freedom systems if mode coupling is present.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood-Based Materials and Wood Polymer Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Production and Characterization of Nanocellulose from Maguey (Agave cantala) Fiber
by
Erwin C. Sumarago, Mary Frahnchezka M. dela Cerna, Andrea Kaylie B. Leyson, Noel Peter B. Tan and Kendra Felizimarie Peñol Magsico
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101312 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Plant fibers have been studied as sources of nanocellulose due to their sustainable features. This study investigated the effects of acid hydrolysis parameters, reaction temperature, and acid concentration on nanocellulose yield from maguey (Agave cantala) fiber. Nanocellulose was produced from the
[...] Read more.
Plant fibers have been studied as sources of nanocellulose due to their sustainable features. This study investigated the effects of acid hydrolysis parameters, reaction temperature, and acid concentration on nanocellulose yield from maguey (Agave cantala) fiber. Nanocellulose was produced from the fibers via the removal of non-cellulosic components through alkali treatment and bleaching, followed by strong acid hydrolysis for 45 min using sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The temperature during acid hydrolysis was 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C, and the H2SO4 concentration was 40, 50, and 60 wt. % H2SO4. Results showed that 53.56% of raw maguey fibers were isolated as cellulose, that is, 89.45% was α-cellulose. The highest nanocellulose yield of 81.58 ± 0.36% was achieved from acid hydrolysis at 50 °C using 50 wt. % H2SO4, producing nanocellulose measuring 8–75 nm in diameter and 72–866 nm in length, as confirmed via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated the chemical transformation of fibers throughout the nanocellulose production process. The zeta potential analysis showed that the nanocellulose had excellent colloidal stability with a highly negative surface charge of −37.3 mV. Meanwhile, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis validated the crystallinity of nanocellulose with a crystallinity index of 74.80%. Lastly, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated that the inflection point attributed to the cellulose degradation of the produced nanocellulose is 311.41 °C.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Preparation and Application of Cellulose)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Pressing of Functionalized Polymer Composite Materials to Improve Mössbauer Measurement Signals
by
Justus Pawlak, Jules Brehme, Maximilian Seydi Kilic, Kevin Tran, Justin Koch, Mohammad Beyki, Ralf Sindelar, Robert Patzke and Franz Renz
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101311 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Coordination compounds, like iron(II) triazole complexes, exhibit spin crossover (SCO) behavior at around room temperature. Therefore, they are interesting for a variety of possible applications, and it is convenient to integrate them into polymers. Due to a reduction of the iron content and
[...] Read more.
Coordination compounds, like iron(II) triazole complexes, exhibit spin crossover (SCO) behavior at around room temperature. Therefore, they are interesting for a variety of possible applications, and it is convenient to integrate them into polymers. Due to a reduction of the iron content and thus also 57Fe content in the sample through integration in polymers, Mössbauer measurements are only possible with greater difficulty or very long measurement times without expensive enrichment of the samples with 57Fe. So, other ways of improving the Mössbauer signal for these composite materials are necessary. Therefore, we pressed these composite materials to improve the Mössbauer spectra. In this study, we synthesized an iron(II) triazole spin crossover complex and an electrospun polymer complex composite nanofiber material including the same complex. For both products, Mössbauer measurements were performed at room temperature before and after using a press to show that the complex composite is not harmed through pressing. We investigate the influence of the pressing impact on the Mössbauer measurements in the context of measurement statistics and the measured signals. We show that pressing is not connected to any changes in the sample regarding the spin and oxidation state. We present that pressing improves the statistics of the Mössbauer measurements significantly. Furthermore, we use SEM measurements and PXRD to investigate whether or not the obtained fiber mats are destroyed in the pressing process.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Polymer Materials and Advanced Processing Technology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Challenges of Green Transition in Polymer Production: Applications in Zero Energy Innovations and Hydrogen Storage
by
Iva Rezić and Ernest Meštrović
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101310 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
The green transition in the sustainable production and processing of polymers poses multifaceted challenges that demand integral comprehensive solutions. Specific problems of presences of toxic trace elements are often missed and this prevents shifting towards eco-friendly alternatives. Therefore, substantial research and the development
[...] Read more.
The green transition in the sustainable production and processing of polymers poses multifaceted challenges that demand integral comprehensive solutions. Specific problems of presences of toxic trace elements are often missed and this prevents shifting towards eco-friendly alternatives. Therefore, substantial research and the development of novel approaches is needed to discover and implement innovative, sustainable production materials and methods. This paper is focused on the most vital problems of the green transition from the aspect of establishing universally accepted criteria for the characterization and classification of eco-friendly polymers, which is essential to ensuring transparency and trust among consumers. Additionally, the recycling infrastructure needs substantial improvement to manage the end-of-life stage of polymer products effectively. Moreover, the lack of standardized regulations and certifications for sustainable polymers adds to the complexity of this problem. In this paper we propose solutions from the aspect of standardization protocols for the characterization of polymers foreseen as materials that should be used in Zero Energy Innovations in Hydrogen Storage. The role model standards originate from eco-labeling procedures for materials that come into direct or prolonged contact with human skin, and that are monitored by different methods and testing procedures. In conclusion, the challenges of transitioning to green practices in polymer production and processing demands a concerted effort from experts in the field which need to emphasize the problems of the analysis of toxic ultra trace and trace impurities in samples that will be used in hydrogen storage, as trace impurities may cause terrific obstacles due to their decreasing the safety of materials. Overcoming these obstacles requires the development and application of current state-of-the-art methodologies for monitoring the quality of polymers during their recycling, processing, and using, as well as the development of other technological innovations, financial initiatives, and a collective commitment to fostering a sustainable and environmentally responsible future for the polymer industry and innovations in the field of zero energy applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Circular and Green Polymer Science)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Constructing Self-Healing Polydimethylsiloxane through Molecular Structure Design and Metal Ion Bonding
by
Lvchao Qiu, Yutong Zhou, Zhoufeng Zhao, Qi Wang, Lijun Chu and Shipeng Wen
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101309 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
Self-healing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has garnered significant attention due to its potential applications across various fields. In this study, a functionalized modification of PDMS containing di-aminos was initially conducted using 2,6-pyridinedicarbonyl chloride to synthesize pyridine-PDMS (Py-PDMS). Subsequently, rare earth metal europium ions (Eu3+
[...] Read more.
Self-healing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has garnered significant attention due to its potential applications across various fields. In this study, a functionalized modification of PDMS containing di-aminos was initially conducted using 2,6-pyridinedicarbonyl chloride to synthesize pyridine-PDMS (Py-PDMS). Subsequently, rare earth metal europium ions (Eu3+) were incorporated into Py-PDMS. Due to the coordination interaction between Eu3+ and organic ligands, a coordination cross-linking network was created within the Py-PDMS matrix, resulting in the fabrication of Eu3+-Py-PDMS elastomer. At a molar ratio of Eu3+ to ligands of 1:1, the tensile strength of Eu3+-Py-PDMS reached 1.4 MPa, with a fracture elongation of 824%. Due to the dynamic reversibility of coordination bonds, Eu3+-Py-PDMS with a metal-to-ligand molar ratio of 1:2 exhibited varying self-healing efficiencies at different temperatures. Notably, after 4 h of repair at 60 °C, its self-healing efficiency reached nearly 100%. Furthermore, the gas barrier properties of Eu3+-Py-PDMS with a molar ratio of 1:1 was improved compared with that of Eu3+-Py-PDMS with a molar ratio of 1:1. This study provides an effective strategy for the design and fabrication of PDMS with high mechanical strength, high gas barrier properties, and exceptional self-healing efficiency.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Functional and Intelligent Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Polymer Nanocomposite Based on Pyrolyzed Polyacrylonitrile Doped with Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, and Mechanism of Formation
by
Irina Zaporotskova, Olesya Kakorina, Lev Kozhitov, Dmitriy Muratov, Natalia Boroznina, Sergei Boroznin and Alexandra Panchenko
Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101308 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
The paper investigates the possibility of fabricating a carbon nanotubes (CNT)-modified nanocomposite based on pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PPAN). The layered structure of PPAN ensures the attachment of nanotubes (NT) to the polymer matrix, forming enhanced PPAN/CNT nanocomposites. We synthesized a PPAN/CNT polymer nanocomposite and
[...] Read more.
The paper investigates the possibility of fabricating a carbon nanotubes (CNT)-modified nanocomposite based on pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (PPAN). The layered structure of PPAN ensures the attachment of nanotubes (NT) to the polymer matrix, forming enhanced PPAN/CNT nanocomposites. We synthesized a PPAN/CNT polymer nanocomposite and investigated its mechanical, conductive, and electronic properties. Using the quantum chemical method density functional theory (DFT), we studied an interaction mechanism between PPAN and single-walled carbon nanotubes. We described the structural features and electron energy structure of the obtained systems. We found that the attachment of a CNT to the PPAN matrix increases tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal stability in the complex. The obtained materials were exposed to electromagnetic radiation and the dielectric constant, reflection, transmission, and absorption coefficients were measured. The study demonstrates the possibility of using carbon nanotubes for reinforcing polyacrylonitrile polymer matrix, which can result in the development of an enhanced class of materials possessing the properties of both polymers and CNTs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Polymers Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Materials, Nanomaterials, Photonics, Polymers, Applied Sciences, Sensors
Optical and Optoelectronic Properties of Materials and Their Applications
Topic Editors: Zhiping Luo, Gibin George, Navadeep ShrivastavaDeadline: 20 May 2024
Topic in
Biomedicines, Cancers, JFB, Nanomaterials, Polymers
Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine
Topic Editors: Antonino Morabito, Luca ValentiniDeadline: 6 June 2024
Topic in
Bioengineering, JMMP, Materials, Micromachines, Polymers
Advances in Filament Engineering for Biomaterials
Topic Editors: Ming-Wei Chang, Zeeshan Ahmad, Hui-Min David WangDeadline: 30 June 2024
Topic in
Foods, Materials, Polymers, Sensors, Applied Sciences
Scientific Advances in STEM: Synergies to Achieve Success, 3rd Volume
Topic Editors: Yadir Torres Hernández, Ana María Beltrán Custodio, Manuel Félix ÁngelDeadline: 31 July 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Polymers
Polymeric Materials in Sensor Applications
Guest Editors: Granch Tseghai, Lieva Van LangenhoveDeadline: 10 May 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Soft Polymeric Materials: Synthesis, Characterizations and Applications
Guest Editors: Kumkum Ahmed, MD Nahin Islam Shiblee, Chanchal Kumar Roy, Hidemitsu FurukawaDeadline: 15 May 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Artificial Intelligence Enhanced Design of Polymer Materials and Manufacturing
Guest Editors: Blake Herren, Yingtao Liu, Changjie CaiDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Polymers
Permanently Porous Polymers
Guest Editors: Marta Grochowicz, Magdalena Rogulska, Małgorzata MaciejewskaDeadline: 15 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Polymers
Progress in Theory of Polymers at Interfaces
Collection Editors: Jens-Uwe Sommer, Martin Kröger
Topical Collection in
Polymers
State-of-the-Art Polymer Science and Technology in Poland (2021,2022)
Collection Editors: Marek M. Kowalczuk, Mirosława El Fray, Łukasz Klapiszewski, Dorota Neugebauer, Michał Cegłowski
Topical Collection in
Polymers
Proteins and Peptides
Collection Editors: Horia Iovu, Vladimir N. Uversky