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22 pages, 3682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Characteristics and Properties of the RNA-Binding Protein hnRNPK at Multiple Physical States

by Quang D. Le, Amanda Lewis, Alice Dix-Matthews, Philippe Ringler, Anthony Duff, Andrew E. Whitten, Rob Atkin, Manuel Brunner, Diwei Ho, K. Swaminathan Iyer, Andrew C. Marshall, Archa H. Fox and Charles S. Bond

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031356 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) is an RNA-binding protein containing low-complexity domains (LCDs), which are known to regulate protein behavior under stress conditions. This study demonstrates the ability to control hnRNPK’s transitions into four distinct material states—monomer, soluble aggregate, liquid droplet, and fibrillar [...] Read more.

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNPK) is an RNA-binding protein containing low-complexity domains (LCDs), which are known to regulate protein behavior under stress conditions. This study demonstrates the ability to control hnRNPK’s transitions into four distinct material states—monomer, soluble aggregate, liquid droplet, and fibrillar hydrogel—by modulating environmental factors such as temperature and protein concentration. Importantly, the phase-separated and hydrogel states are newly identified for eGFP-hnRNPK, marking a significant advancement in understanding its material properties. A combination of biophysical techniques, including DLS and SEC-LS, were used to further characterize hnRNPK in monomeric and soluble aggregate states. Structural methods, such as SANS, SAXS, and TEM, revealed the elongated morphology of the hnRNPK monomer. Environmental perturbations, such as decreased temperature or crowding agents, drove hnRNPK into phase-separated or gel-like states, each with distinct biophysical characteristics. These novel states were further analyzed using SEM, X-ray diffraction, and fluorescence microscopy. Collectively, these results demonstrate the complex behaviors of hnRNPK under different conditions and illustrate the properties of the protein in each material state. Transitions of hnRNPK upon condition changes could potentially affect functions of hnRNPK, playing a significant role in regulation of hnRNPK-involved processes in the cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biophysics)

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18 pages, 7226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive Investigation of 19th-Century Photographs: Enrico Van Lint’s Historical Collection in Pisa

by Francesco Poggialini, Beatrice Campanella, Claudia Giostrella, Giulia Lorenzetti, Vincenzo Palleschi, Simona Raneri and Stefano Legnaioli

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020059 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Enrico Van Lint (Pisa, 1808–1884) was a very prolific photographer, active in Pisa in the 19th century where he had a prominent photographic atelier. He was a meticulous experimenter, investigating the evolving photographic activity of his historical period. While his early works included [...] Read more.

Enrico Van Lint (Pisa, 1808–1884) was a very prolific photographer, active in Pisa in the 19th century where he had a prominent photographic atelier. He was a meticulous experimenter, investigating the evolving photographic activity of his historical period. While his early works included calotypes using Fox Talbot’s methods, he rapidly adopted the collodion processes, becoming one of the most important Italian photographers that used this technique. At the present time, a vast number of examples of the works from Van Lint’s ateliers are preserved and archived in Pisa, under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of Culture in the Photographic Archive of the “Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio per le provincie di Pisa e Livorno” (SABAP). This collection is composed of positive prints as well as glass plate negatives, from both Van Lint himself and his colleagues. To this day, Van Lint’s collection has not been studied using analytical techniques, and the identification of the photographic processes involved in the preparation of the positive prints has relied exclusively on thorough observation by historians and conservators. This provides a unique occasion for a first study of Van Lint’s collection, using multiple non-invasive and non-destructive techniques (multispectral imaging, XRF, and FTIR) that can identify the photographic process used to make the positives, as well as highlight significant differences or degradation phenomena. In this preliminary work, we investigated a selection of ten positive prints, attributed to both Van Lint himself and later reproductions from the original glass negatives. The selected samples include prints previously classified as albumen prints and gelatin prints, displaying slight differences in conservation status as well as in print finish. This analytical approach allowed for a proper characterization of these Van Lint’s prints, improving the historical and conservation knowledge to implement the best preventive preservation actions in the near future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Novel Approaches to Preserve and Monitor the Cultural Heritage Materials)

19 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Memory as Part of an Event, and Events as Signification of Memories: Focusing on Philippe Claudel’s Brodeck’s Report

by Yongtaek Jeong

Religions 2025, 16(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16020185 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

This paper attempts to reconceptualize memory as an event from a theological perspective, drawing on the recent dialog between memory studies and Critical Event Studies. To this end, it analyzes the narrative and themes of the 2007 novel Brodeck’s Report by Philippe Claudel, [...] Read more.

This paper attempts to reconceptualize memory as an event from a theological perspective, drawing on the recent dialog between memory studies and Critical Event Studies. To this end, it analyzes the narrative and themes of the 2007 novel Brodeck’s Report by Philippe Claudel, classified as a third-generation Holocaust (narrative) writer in France, within the framework of event studies. The novel has been praised for successfully depicting the tragedy as a universal event transcending spatial–temporal specificity by utilizing the genre of allegory while minimizing references to the historical and geographical specificity of the Holocaust. Extending this evaluation, this paper particularly focuses from a theological perspective on how the protagonist and narrator, Brodeck, simply names the subject of his report—a past event that happened to an unidentified other (Autre) called the ‘Anderer’—as ‘Ereignis’ (event). This is noteworthy because Ereignis is not only the most famous concept representing late Heideggerian philosophy but also holds significant importance in post-Heideggerian modern philosophy as the speculative source of the ‘evental turn’, which, along with the ‘material turn’, constitutes one axis of the ‘ontological turn’ in contemporary humanities and social sciences. In this regard, this work, which narrativizes the universality of the Holocaust, provides interesting implications for the possibility of a disjunctive synthesis between memory studies in the humanities and social sciences and theological event studies. Above all, it stimulates a reconsideration of the conventional dichotomy between memory and event—namely, the commonplace premise of “events that occurred in the past” and “present memories of past events”—as revealed in the definition of memory studies as “naming pasts, transforming futures”. Thus, this paper explores the possibility of reconceptualizing the moment of memory as part of the ongoing event itself from past to present, and the event as a process of symbolic construction of meaning through memory. Full article

69 pages, 6770 KiB

Open AccessReview

Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eucoccidiorida) of Freshwater Fish

by Simuzar Mamedova and Panagiotis Karanis

Microorganisms 2025, 13(2), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020347 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

The phylum Apicomplexa includes endoparasites of fish worldwide, which cause parasitic infections that can adversely affect productivity in aquaculture. They are considered bioindicators of water pollution. Piscine apicomplexan parasites can be divided into two major groups: the intracellular blood parasites (Adeleorina) and the [...] Read more.

The phylum Apicomplexa includes endoparasites of fish worldwide, which cause parasitic infections that can adversely affect productivity in aquaculture. They are considered bioindicators of water pollution. Piscine apicomplexan parasites can be divided into two major groups: the intracellular blood parasites (Adeleorina) and the coccidians (Eimeriorina), which can infect the gastrointestinal tract and several organs. This work aims to compile, as completely as possible and for the first time, the available information concerning the species of coccidia (Apicomplexa: Conoidasida), which has been reported from freshwater fish. A comprehensive bibliographic search was performed using all available databases and fields, including Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. In the freshwater fish found, there were 173 described species. This review demonstrates that freshwater fish’s eimeriid coccidia are better studied than adeleid coccidia. Studies of coccidian freshwater fish fauna indicate a high infection with Eimeria and Goussia species. The wealthiest coccidia fauna were found in the Cypriniformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes and Cichliformes fishes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogens in Aquaculture Environments)

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21 pages, 1316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cultural Dimensions of Territorial Development: A Plan to Safeguard the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Guano’s Knotted Carpet Weaving Tradition, Chimborazo, Ecuador

by Claudia Patricia Maldonado-Erazo, Susana Monserrat Zurita-Polo, María de la Cruz del Río-Rama and José Álvarez-García

Heritage 2025, 8(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8020060 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

The current research article focuses on safeguarding the knotted carpet weaving tradition in Guano, an endangered intangible cultural heritage (ICH) threatened by globalisation and a lack of intergenerational transmission. The research aims to revitalise this artisanal technique through a comprehensive safeguarding plan, using [...] Read more.

The current research article focuses on safeguarding the knotted carpet weaving tradition in Guano, an endangered intangible cultural heritage (ICH) threatened by globalisation and a lack of intergenerational transmission. The research aims to revitalise this artisanal technique through a comprehensive safeguarding plan, using a participatory action research approach. Activities included in-depth interviews, workshops, and the documentation of seven key cultural practises related to the weaving, such as spinning, natural dyeing, and design. The study found that 86% of these practises are highly vulnerable. To address this, the research developed strategies to promote generational transmission, strengthen local collaboration, and connect the craft to territorial identity and sustainable tourism. Proposed actions include intergenerational education programmes, tourism initiatives, and local fairs to boost carpet marketing. The study contributes to the field of ICH by highlighting the role of cultural tourism in preserving at-risk artisanal techniques and community identity. It emphasizes the need for collaborative approaches to safeguard living heritage in a globalized world. The research findings underscore the importance of integrating traditional practices into modern contexts to ensure their long-term sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heritage Tourism and Sustainable City Dynamics)

23 pages, 2437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protease-Resistant, Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Peptides with High Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity

by Tanil Kocagoz, Betul Zehra Temur, Nihan Unubol, Merve Acikel Elmas, Zeynep Kanlidere, Sumeyye Cilingir, Dilan Acar, Gizem Boskan, Sumeyye Akcelik Deveci, Esma Aybakan, Aslihan Ozcan Yoner, Neval Yurttutan Uyar, Mustafa Serteser, Seray Sahsuvar, Yigit Erdemgil, Zeynep Zulfiye Yildirim Keles, Deniz Demirhan, Sandra Sakalauskaite, Rimantas Daugelavicius, Tugba Arzu Ozal Ildeniz, Ahmet Emin Atik, Erkan Mozioglu, Tarik Eren, Serap Arbak, Guldal Suyen and Ozge Can Show full author list Hide full author list

Life 2025, 15(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15020242 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of small, naturally occurring molecules that orchestrate the innate immune response of various organisms, from microorganisms to humans. Characterized by their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses, AMPs are increasingly recognized for their potential as [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of small, naturally occurring molecules that orchestrate the innate immune response of various organisms, from microorganisms to humans. Characterized by their broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi and viruses, AMPs are increasingly recognized for their potential as novel therapeutic agents in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. Here, we present several newly designed AMPs, one of which, DTN6, exerts significant activity against several organisms with MIC values as low as 0.5 µg/mL. The D-TN6 peptide influences both bacteria and yeasts. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the bacterial membrane is affected by D-TN6, which is resistant to proteases and is effective against antibiotic-resistant pathogens with hemolytic activity and low toxicity. The D-TN6 peptide is effective in vivo against standard S. aureus strains in wounds. Thus, D-TN6 is a potent antibiotic candidate with a broad spectrum of activity. Overall, AMPs are a promising tool for the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents that could mitigate global health threats posed by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

18 pages, 3024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dobutamine, Epinephrine, and Milrinone Accelerate Particle Transport Velocity in Murine Tracheal Epithelium via Ca²⁺ Release from Caffeine-Sensitive Internal Stores

by Götz Schmidt, Frederic Borchers, Sabrina Müller, Amir Ali Akbari, Fabian Edinger, Michael Sander, Christian Koch and Michael Henrich

Cells 2025, 14(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14030228 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Mucociliary clearance, the ability of the respiratory tract to protect the integrity of the airways through the mechanical removal of potentially harmful substances, is of enormous importance during intensive care treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of clinically relevant inotropic [...] Read more.

Mucociliary clearance, the ability of the respiratory tract to protect the integrity of the airways through the mechanical removal of potentially harmful substances, is of enormous importance during intensive care treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of clinically relevant inotropic agents on mucociliary clearance. The particle transport velocity (PTV) of isolated murine tracheae was measured as a surrogate for mucociliary clearance in the presence of dobutamine, epinephrine, and milrinone. Inhibitory substances were applied to elucidate the signal transduction cascades and the value and origin of calcium ions which provoke alterations in mucociliary clearance function. Dobutamine, epinephrine, and milrinone increased the PTV in a dose-dependent manner with half maximal effective concentrations of 75.7 nM, 87.0 nM, and 13.7 µM, respectively. After the depletion of intracellular calcium stores, no increase in PTV was observed after administering any of the three inotropic agents. While dobutamine and epinephrine activated β-adrenergic receptors, epinephrine used both the phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase A (PKA) pathway to promote the release of intracellular Ca²⁺. However, dobutamine primarily acted on the PKA pathway, having only a minor influence on the PLC pathway. The induced changes in PTV following milrinone administration required both the PKA and PLC pathway, although the PKA pathway was responsible for most of the induced changes. In conclusion, the common inotropic agents dobutamine, epinephrine, and milrinone increase murine PTV in a concentration-dependent manner and ultimately release Ca²⁺ from intracellular calcium stores, suggesting the function of changes in mucociliary clearance in the respiratory tract. Full article

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17 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Acute and Chronic Cardiovascular Adverse Events in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review

by Konstantinos C. Siaravas, Amalia I. Moula, Ioannis S. Tzourtzos, Christos E. Ballas and Christos S. Katsouras

Cancers 2025, 17(3), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030541 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a higher propensity for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, primarily due to the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. The purpose of this systematic review is to explore the association of acute myeloid leukemia treatment with adverse cardiovascular [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a higher propensity for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, primarily due to the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents. The purpose of this systematic review is to explore the association of acute myeloid leukemia treatment with adverse cardiovascular events. Methods: We systematically screened the literature for studies providing comparative data on cardiovascular toxicities in patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia. After the initial search, 3649 papers were screened and a final total number of 46 were included for the review process. Results: Common chemotherapeutic agents used in AML may cause cardiovascular (CV) toxicities. A plethora of pathophysiological mechanisms are incriminated for these effects. Drug combinations may increase the risk in a synergistic way. In addition, common mutations of AML, personal history of previous cardiovascular disease and impaired heart function carry an increased complication risk. Biomarkers, as well as multimodality imaging, may be used for the early detection of cardiovascular toxicities. Conclusions: Increased risks of CV toxicity and comorbidities are observed among AML patients. With all the available diagnostic modalities, early detection and CV prevention strategies can improve the patient’s prognosis and quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Clinical Trials and Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia)

13 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocontrol of Crown Gall Disease of Cherry Trees by Bacillus velezensis

by Yongfeng Li, Zhaoliang Gao, Weiliang Kong, Yueting Xiao, Mark Owusu Adjei and Ben Fan

Plants 2025, 14(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14030475 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Crown gall disease (CGD), caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is a common plant disease that leads to significant economic losses. Biological control is a sustainable and scalable method for managing CGD. In this study, we isolated three Bacillus strains from the rhizosphere soil [...] Read more.

Crown gall disease (CGD), caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, is a common plant disease that leads to significant economic losses. Biological control is a sustainable and scalable method for managing CGD. In this study, we isolated three Bacillus strains from the rhizosphere soil of healthy cherry trees and investigated their biocontrol activities and the underlying mechanisms against CGD of cherry trees. The results demonstrate that the three Bacillus strains can effectively inhibit the growth of the pathogenic A. tumefaciens strain XYT58 in vitro under different culture conditions. The pot experiments showed that the three strains could prevent CGD in cherry seedlings. Using PCR amplification, we identified the genes responsible for the synthesis of difficidin, macrolactin, and bacilysin in the three strains. In addition, inoculation with strains WY66 and WY519 significantly enhanced the expression of JA, ET, and SA pathway-related genes in cherry plants. The presence of antibiotic synthesis-related genes in the Bacillus strains and the trigger of plant ISR may explain their ability to control CGD in cherry trees. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for the application and development of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus strains in the control of CGD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Control of Agricultural and Forestry Plant Diseases)

24 pages, 10874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Pedestrian-Perceived Comfort on Urban Streets Using Multi-Source Data: A Case Study in Nanjing, China

by Jiarui Qin, Yizhe Feng, Yehua Sheng, Yi Huang, Fengyuan Zhang and Kaixuan Zhang

ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14020063 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Urban street comfort is a crucial measure of street environmental quality. However, traditional evaluations primarily focus on physical elements, often neglecting pedestrian perceptions. In this study, considering five core evaluation dimensions—safety, mobility, aesthetics, perceptibility, and convenience—an innovative quantitative evaluation model is proposed to [...] Read more.

Urban street comfort is a crucial measure of street environmental quality. However, traditional evaluations primarily focus on physical elements, often neglecting pedestrian perceptions. In this study, considering five core evaluation dimensions—safety, mobility, aesthetics, perceptibility, and convenience—an innovative quantitative evaluation model is proposed to assess pedestrian-perceived comfort on urban streets by integrating physical environmental factors and subjective experiences. This analysis comprises two steps: evaluation indicator extraction and weight application. Indicators are extracted from multi-source data (street-view images, real-time traffic data, points of interest, and pedestrian surveys) using a deep learning method. A comprehensive weighting method combining entropy weight and the analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the relative importance of each factor. This study focuses on Nanjing as a case study, and the results reveal significant variations across the five dimensions and their 11 secondary indicators. Street environment safety (0.143) is critical for street safety, while the degree of street traffic congestion (0.121) dominates street mobility. Street aesthetics is primarily influenced by building enclosure (0.105), and street convenience is strongly affected by the number of surrounding bus stops (0.260). Spatial analysis indicates higher comfort levels in urban centers due to well-developed infrastructure, whereas peripheral areas face challenges from inadequate facilities. Notably, areas around parks demonstrate elevated pedestrian-perceived comfort levels, highlighting the importance of green spaces. Overall, the proposed evaluation system provides new insights from the perspective of pedestrian experience and offers valuable guidance for urban planning and policy. Full article

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19 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Type of Self-Compacting Recycled Pervious Concrete Under Sulfate Drying–Wetting Exposure

by Xiancui Yan, Zimo He, Qun Xia, Cen Zhao, Pinghua Zhu, Meirong Zong and Minqi Hua

Materials 2025, 18(3), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030704 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Traditional pervious concrete poses significant challenges in optimizing both mechanical properties and permeability. To address this issue, a novel type of self-compacting recycled pervious concrete (SCRPC) featuring vertical and penetrating channels has been developed. The vertical channels were created by pulling out the [...] Read more.

Traditional pervious concrete poses significant challenges in optimizing both mechanical properties and permeability. To address this issue, a novel type of self-compacting recycled pervious concrete (SCRPC) featuring vertical and penetrating channels has been developed. The vertical channels were created by pulling out the reinforcement in the pre-drilled holes that were artificially created in the mold, after the concrete had been poured. However, whether this concrete has superior durability and can be employed in different sulfate drying–wetting situations remains to be investigated. This study explored the sulfate resistance and permeability of SCRPC under five drying–wetting exposure regimes: full soaking in Na₂SO₄ solution with drying–wetting ratios of 3:18, 9:12, and 18:3; semi-soaking in Na₂SO₄ solution; and full soaking in MgSO₄ solution. The results showed that the SCRPC soaked in MgSO₄ solution suffered the largest compressive strength loss (13.4%) after 150 drying–wetting cycles. Furthermore, as the drying–wetting ratio increased, the sulfate degradation of the SCRPC increased. Despite the comparable relative dynamic modulus of elasticity of SCRPC after full soaking (95.54%) and semi-soaking (92.89%), ettringite and gypsum were identified as the predominant sulfate deterioration products of SCRPC, respectively. In contrast to the two stages for traditional pervious concrete, the effective porosity of SCRPC was divided into three stages during sulfate attack: an initial rapid decline stage, a subsequent increase stage, and a final slow decline stage. The permeability coefficient of SCRPC varied from 6.00 to 6.82 mm/s under different sulfate drying–wetting exposures. In summary, SCRPC has superior sulfate resistance and permeability, and it could be more applicable in environments containing Na₂SO₄ compared to MgSO₄. This study provides basic data for the enhancement and application of pervious concrete with artificial vertical and penetrating channels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Construction Materials for Sustainable and Greener Applications)

18 pages, 3855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Enhanced Contrastive Ensemble Learning Method for Anomaly Sound Detection

by Jingneng Liao, Fei Yang and Xiaoqing Lu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031624 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes an enhanced contrastive ensemble learning method for anomaly sound detection. The proposed method achieves approximately

6 %

in the AUC metric in some categories and achieves state-of-the-art performance among self-supervised models on multiple benchmark datasets. The proposed method is effective [...] Read more.

This paper proposes an enhanced contrastive ensemble learning method for anomaly sound detection. The proposed method achieves approximately

6 %

in the AUC metric in some categories and achieves state-of-the-art performance among self-supervised models on multiple benchmark datasets. The proposed method is effective in automatically monitoring the operating conditions of the production equipment by detecting the sounds emitted by the machine, to provide an early warning of potential production accidents. This method can significantly reduce industrial monitoring costs and increase monitoring efficiency to improve manufacturing facility productivity effectively. Existing detection methods face challenges with data imbalance caused by the scarcity of anomalous samples, leading to performance degradation. This paper proposes an enhanced data augmentation method that improves model robustness by allowing the data to retain the original features while adding noise close to the real environment through a simple operation. Secondly, model feature extraction is enhanced by using channel attention to fuse time-frequency features. Thirdly, this paper proposes a simple anomaly sample generation method, which can automatically generate real pseudo anomaly samples to help the model gain anomaly detection capability and reduce the impact of data imbalance. Finally, this paper proposes a statistical-based bias compensation that further mitigates the impact of data imbalance by distributing samples through statistical induction. Experimental verification confirms that these changes enhance anomalous sound detection capability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Fault Diagnosis and Signal Processing)

23 pages, 1305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Enhanced Stress Prediction Models for Fixed Traffic Loads on Flexible Pavements Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Machine Learning (ML) Techniques

by Adham Mohammed Alnadish, Madhusudhan Bangalore Ramu, Abdullah O. Baarimah and Aawag Mohsen Alawag

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031623 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Pavement design is influenced by traffic load, which affects its lifespan. Traditional methods classify traffic load into fixed traffic, fixed vehicle, variable traffic, and vehicle/axle loads. In fixed traffic, pavement thickness is based on the maximum expected wheel load without considering load repetitions. [...] Read more.

Pavement design is influenced by traffic load, which affects its lifespan. Traditional methods classify traffic load into fixed traffic, fixed vehicle, variable traffic, and vehicle/axle loads. In fixed traffic, pavement thickness is based on the maximum expected wheel load without considering load repetitions. Meanwhile, in fixed vehicle scenarios, it is calculated by the repetitions of a standard axle load. For nonstandard axle loads, the equivalent axle load is determined by multiplying repetitions by the corresponding equivalent load factor. In variable traffic, each axle and its repetitions are analyzed independently. This study proposes enhanced models for fixed traffic loads, focusing on single, dual, and tridem axles in a single-layer pavement model, to improve stress prediction accuracy. The results show that a quadratic model with a base-10 logarithmic transformation accurately predicts stresses. Additionally, machine learning models, especially Gradient Boosting, provided more accurate predictions than traditional models, with lower mean squared error (MSE) and root mean squared error (RMSE). The results show that these models are effective in predicting the stress in pavement. These findings provide valuable insights that can lead to better pavement design and more effective maintenance practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Long-Life Road Infrastructures: Materials and Structures, 2nd Edition)

18 pages, 820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced External Beam Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Skull Base Reirradiation

by He Wang, Fahed M. Alsanea, Dong Joo Rhee, Xiaodong Zhang, Wei Liu, Jinzhong Yang, Zhifei Wen, Yao Zhao, Tyler D. Williamson, Rachel A. Hunter, Peter A. Balter, Tina M. Briere, Ronald X. Zhu, Anna Lee, Amy C. Moreno, Jay P. Reddy, Adam S. Garden, David I. Rosenthal, Gary B. Gunn and Jack Phan

Cancers 2025, 17(3), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17030540 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for skull base reirradiation is particularly challenging, as patients have already received substantial radiation doses to the region, and nearby normal organs may have approached their tolerance limit from prior treatments. In this study, we reviewed the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for skull base reirradiation is particularly challenging, as patients have already received substantial radiation doses to the region, and nearby normal organs may have approached their tolerance limit from prior treatments. In this study, we reviewed the characteristics and capabilities of four advanced external beam radiation delivery systems and four modern treatment planning systems and evaluated the treatment plan quality of each technique using skull base reirradiation patient cases. Methods: SBRT plans were generated for sixteen skull base reirradiation patients using four modalities: the GK plan for the Elekta Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion/ICON, the CyberKnife (CK) plan for the Accuray CyberKnife, the intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plan for the Hitachi ProBeat-FR proton therapy machine, and the volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan for the Varian TrueBeam STx. These plans were evaluated and compared using two novel gradient indices in addition to traditional dosimetry metrics for targets and organs at risk (OARs). The steepest border gradient quantified the percent prescription dose fall-off per millimeter at the boundary between the target and adjacent critical structures. This gradient index highlighted the system’s ability to spare nearby critical OARs. The volume gradient assessed the extent of dose spread outside the target toward the patient’s body. Results: All plans achieved comparable target coverage and conformity, while IMPT and VMAT demonstrated significantly better uniformity. The GK plans exhibited the highest border gradient, up to 20.9%/mm, followed by small-spot-size IMPT plans and CK plans. Additionally, IMPT plans showed the benefit of reduced dose spread in low-dose regions and the lowest maximum and mean doses to the brainstem and carotid artery. Conclusions: The advanced external beam radiotherapy modalities evaluated in this study are well-suited for SBRT in skull base reirradiation, which demands precise targeting of tumors with highly conformal doses and steep dose gradients to protect nearby normal structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stereotactic Body Radiation and Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy Therapy for Cancers)

24 pages, 6047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Investigation of the Diffusion Mechanisms and Thermodynamic Behaviors in Warm Mix Recycled Asphalt Binders with and Without Rejuvenators

by Qisheng Hu, Derun Zhang and Peixin Xu

Materials 2025, 18(3), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030703 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the employment of rejuvenators and warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives for reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has been recognized as a popular approach to increase the recycling rate of waste materials and promote the sustainable development of pavement engineering. However, the [...] Read more.

In recent years, the employment of rejuvenators and warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives for reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) has been recognized as a popular approach to increase the recycling rate of waste materials and promote the sustainable development of pavement engineering. However, the composition of warm mix recycled asphalt binder is complicated, and the microstructural changes brought about by the rejuvenators and WMA additives are critical in determining its macroscopic mechanical properties. This research focuses on the atomic modeling of the rejuvenators and WMA additives diffusion behavior of the warm mix recycled asphalt binder. The objective is to reveal the thermodynamic performance and diffusion mechanism of the WMA binder under the dual presence of rejuvenators and WMA additives. Three types of mutual diffusion systems (Aged and oil + virgin + wax, Aged + virgin + wax, and Aged and oil + virgin) were established, respectively, for a comparative investigation of the glass transition temperature, viscosity, thermodynamics, free volume, and diffusion behavior. The results indicate a 44.27% and 31.33% decrease in the glass transition temperature and apparent viscosity, respectively, after the incorporation of 5% oil rejuvenators in the Aged + virgin + wax asphalt binder, demonstrating the improved cracking resistance and construction workability. The presence of the RAP binder and organic WMA additives raised the cohesion of the asphalt binder and decreased self-healing ability and free volume, and these detrimental influences can be offset by the introduction of rejuvenators. The combined use of rejuvenators and organic WMA additives remarkably enhanced the de-agglomeration to asphaltenes, stimulated the activity of aged RAP macromolecular components, and ultimately improved the blending efficiency of virgin binders with the overall structure of RAP binders. Full article

20 pages, 11056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Role of GhTAT2 Genes in Tyrosine Metabolism and Drought Stress Tolerance in Cotton

by Teame Gereziher Mehari, Jungfeng Tang, Haijing Gu, Hui Fang, Jinlei Han, Jie Zheng, Fang Liu, Kai Wang, Dengbing Yao and Baohua Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031355 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Gossypium hirsutum is a key fiber crop that is sensitive to environmental factors, particularly drought stress, which can reduce boll size, increase flower shedding, and impair photosynthesis. The aminotransferase (AT) gene is essential for abiotic stress tolerance. A total of 3 Gossypium species [...] Read more.

Gossypium hirsutum is a key fiber crop that is sensitive to environmental factors, particularly drought stress, which can reduce boll size, increase flower shedding, and impair photosynthesis. The aminotransferase (AT) gene is essential for abiotic stress tolerance. A total of 3 Gossypium species were analyzed via genome-wide analysis, and the results unveiled 103 genes in G. hirsutum, 47 in G. arboreum, and 53 in G. raimondii. Phylogenetic analysis, gene structure examination, motif analysis, subcellular localization prediction, and promoter analysis revealed that the GhAT genes can be classified into five main categories and play key roles in abiotic stress tolerance. Using RNA-seq expression and KEGG enrichment analysis of GhTAT2, a coexpression network was established, followed by RT-qPCR analysis to identify hub genes. The RT-qPCR results revealed that the genes Gh_A13G1261, Gh_D13G1562, Gh_D10G1155, Gh_A10G1320, and Gh_D06G1003 were significantly upregulated in the leaf and root samples following drought stress treatment, with Gh_A13G1261 identified as the hub gene. The GhTAT2 genes were considerably enriched for tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, and phenylalanine metabolism and isoquinoline alkaloid, tyrosine, tryptophan, tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis. Under drought stress, KEGG enrichment analysis manifested significant upregulation of amino acids such as L-DOPA, L-alanine, L-serine, L-homoserine, L-methionine, and L-cysteine, whereas metabolites such as maleic acid, p-coumaric acid, quinic acid, vanillin, and hyoscyamine were significantly downregulated. Silencing the GhTAT2 gene significantly affected the shoot and root fresh weights of the plants compared with those of the wild-type plants under drought conditions. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that GhTAT2 expression in VIGS-treated seedlings was lower than that in both wild-type and positive control plants, indicating that silencing GhTAT2 increases sensitivity to drought stress. In summary, this thorough analysis of the gene family lays the groundwork for a detailed study of the GhTAT2 gene members, with a specific focus on their roles and contributions to drought stress tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plant Stress Tolerance: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neonatal Electroencephalogram Recording with a Dry Electrode Cap: A Feasibility Study

by Amirreza Asayesh, Indhika Fauzhan Warsito, Jens Haueisen, Patrique Fiedler and Sampsa Vanhatalo

Sensors 2025, 25(3), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030966 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the feasibility of a dry electrode cap design for neonatal electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Recordings on a phantom and a real infant are compared between a novel dry electrode cap and a clinically used gel-based electrode cap. The phantom recordings included [...] Read more.

This study investigates the feasibility of a dry electrode cap design for neonatal electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Recordings on a phantom and a real infant are compared between a novel dry electrode cap and a clinically used gel-based electrode cap. The phantom recordings included measuring both the electrode contact force and the signal quality during still and respiration-like head motion. The real infant recordings were assessed for the EEG signals’ spectral characteristics, including powerline interference. Compared to gel-based caps, the dry caps showed a largely comparable skin force, an expectedly greater sensitivity to motion-induced artifacts, and a slightly lower powerline interference. Recordings on the real infant showed no significant skin marks after using the dry electrode, and the spectral compositions were comparable between dry- and gel-based electrode caps. These findings suggest that neonatal EEG recordings with a dry electrode cap are technically feasible, but movement-related artifacts, such as respiration in a supine lying infant, may challenge long-term recordings of spontaneous EEG activity. Yet, the ease of use of dry electrode caps calls for future studies to define the optimal use case in neonatal recordings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wearables)

12 pages, 15792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Wear Potential of Hybrid Ceramic to Tooth Enamel

by Pollyanna Nogueira Ferreira da Silva, Fernanda Calvo Costa, Célio dos Santos Silva, Maria Carolina Barcellos, Sílvio Manea, Odair Lellis Gonçalez, Vitor Ribeiro Jardim, Gislene Valdete Martins, Nelson Lima, Anelyse Arata Found, Grace Mendonca De Souza and Rubens Nisie Tango

Materials 2025, 18(3), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030702 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Hybrid ceramics exhibit low wear on antagonist tooth enamel, which may positively impact the oral rehabilitation of head-and-neck irradiated patients who experience alterations in tooth microstructure and wear resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the wear resistance of hybrid ceramics after gamma radiation [...] Read more.

Hybrid ceramics exhibit low wear on antagonist tooth enamel, which may positively impact the oral rehabilitation of head-and-neck irradiated patients who experience alterations in tooth microstructure and wear resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the wear resistance of hybrid ceramics after gamma radiation exposure in contact with irradiated tooth enamel, as well as their mechanical and chemical properties. Notably, no previous studies focusing on the effects of radiation on hybrid ceramics were found in the literature. Vita Enamic discs and tooth fragments were subjected to daily doses of 2 Gy, totaling 0, 20, 40, 50, 60, and 70 Gy. The wear resistance of hybrid ceramics and a ceramic enamel analog (steatite) was tested against tooth enamel using a chewing simulation machine. Hybrid ceramic specimens underwent hardness, biaxial flexural strength, roughness, and FT-IR analyses. The data were analyzed using an ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Enamic exposed to 60 and 70 Gy exhibited higher wear and caused less tooth enamel loss compared to steatite. The mechanical and chemical properties remained unchanged after irradiation. The roughness decreased across all groups after a chewing simulation but was not affected by irradiation. In conclusion, ionizing radiation did not alter the material’s properties but increased its wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced and Functional Ceramics and Glasses)

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17 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residential Proximity Land Use Characteristics and Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds’ Impact on Pulmonary Function in Asthmatic Children

by Bo-Yu Hsiao, Chun-Sheng Huang, Chang-Fu Wu, Kuo-Liong Chien and Hsiao-Yu Yang

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15010027 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Urban air pollution adversely affects children’s respiratory systems, but the impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on children’s pulmonary function remains unclear. This study aims to identify exhaled VOCs linked to land use characteristics and reduced pulmonary function in asthmatic children, as [...] Read more.

Background: Urban air pollution adversely affects children’s respiratory systems, but the impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on children’s pulmonary function remains unclear. This study aims to identify exhaled VOCs linked to land use characteristics and reduced pulmonary function in asthmatic children, as well as to explore environmental thresholds influencing VOC exposure levels. Methods: We enrolled 97 asthmatic children, aged 7 to 20, from Changhua County, Taiwan, and collected personal and residential data, collected exhaled VOC samples, and conducted pulmonary function tests. Land use characteristics were derived from the children’s residential addresses. This study used two models to explore the relationships between land use, VOC levels, and pulmonary function. Results: Our results show that m/p-xylene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene were key contributors to FEV₁/FVC and significantly predicted FEV₁/FVC < 90% (AUC = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.79). These VOCs were also linked to major road areas within a 300 m buffer around children’s homes. Conclusions: This study fills a research gap on low-level outdoor VOC exposure and pediatric respiratory health, examining 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and m/p-xylene as potential biomarkers for impaired pulmonary function in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into the Effects of Multi-Pollutant Mixtures on the Environment and Populations)

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14 pages, 3342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Records of Phenacoccus solenopsis Natural Enemies in Europe and Taxonomic Additions on Anagyrus matritensis

by Michele Ricupero, Emanuele Porcu, Agatino Russo, Lucia Zappalà and Gaetano Siscaro

Insects 2025, 16(2), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16020169 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a polyphagous invasive species native to America and considered one of the major cotton pests in Asia. It is currently threatening horticultural and ornamental protected crops in Mediterranean countries. Due to ecological and environmental concerns, [...] Read more.

The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a polyphagous invasive species native to America and considered one of the major cotton pests in Asia. It is currently threatening horticultural and ornamental protected crops in Mediterranean countries. Due to ecological and environmental concerns, the conventional chemical control of P. solenopsis in new areas of introduction is being replaced by exploring the potential of indigenous natural enemies as a sustainable biological control tool. After P. solenopsis introduction in Sicily (Italy), field surveys were conducted on native natural enemies attacking the mealybug to select promising biocontrol agents for field applications. For the first time, Aenasius arizonensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was reported in Europe, and the native Anagyrus matritensis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was recorded in association with P. solenopsis. The two parasitoid species were identified by morphological features and molecularly using a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene. Because of missing information, additional morphological features were provided for the morphological identification of A. matritensis. In addition, the generalist predators Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Hippodamia variegata and Parexochomus nigripennis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were also recorded attacking the invasive mealybug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Hymenoptera: Biology, Taxonomy and Integrated Management)

18 pages, 1389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bayesian and Non-Bayesian Parameter Estimation for the Bivariate Odd Lindley Half-Logistic Distribution Using Progressive Type-II Censoring with Applications in Sports Data

by Shruthi Polipu and Jiju Gillariose

Modelling 2025, 6(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling6010013 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Bivariate Odd Lindley Half-Logistic (BOLiHL) distribution with progressive Type-II censoring provides a powerful statistical tool for analyzing dependent data effectively. This approach benefits society by enhancing engineering systems, improving healthcare decisions, and supporting effective risk management, all while optimizing resources and minimizing [...] Read more.

The Bivariate Odd Lindley Half-Logistic (BOLiHL) distribution with progressive Type-II censoring provides a powerful statistical tool for analyzing dependent data effectively. This approach benefits society by enhancing engineering systems, improving healthcare decisions, and supporting effective risk management, all while optimizing resources and minimizing experimental burdens. In this paper, the likelihood function derived under progressive Type-II censoring is generalized for the BOLiHL distribution. The well-known maximum likelihood estimation method and Bayesian estimation are applied to evaluate the parameters of the distribution. A study utilizing simulation techniques is performed to evaluate the performance of the estimators, using statistical analysis metrics for censored observations under a progressive Type-II censoring scheme with varying sample sizes, failure times, and censoring schemes. Additionally, a real dataset is studied to validate the proposed model, delivering impactful analyses for practical applications. Full article

15 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Welfare Robots: A Multifunctional Assistive Robot and Human–Machine System

by Shuoyu Wang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031621 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Welfare refers to the state of happiness and well-being experienced by a person. Welfare robots can directly contribute to people’s happiness and well-being. Specific welfare robots include health promotion robots, rehabilitation robots, assistive robots, nursing care robots, etc. Welfare robots are used in [...] Read more.

Welfare refers to the state of happiness and well-being experienced by a person. Welfare robots can directly contribute to people’s happiness and well-being. Specific welfare robots include health promotion robots, rehabilitation robots, assistive robots, nursing care robots, etc. Welfare robots are used in human living spaces and exert actions on humans through force and information. Because industrial robots that handle objects prioritize high speed and efficiency, if their control methods were to be applied directly to welfare robots, the results would be unsatisfactory and extremely dangerous. This paper proposes a method for constructing a human–machine system for welfare robots that includes the estimation of the user’s work intention, a measurement of riding comfort, and motion generation. Furthermore, various types of welfare equipment for people with walking disabilities have been developed, but most of them have a single function. Equipping small homes with many single-function devices is difficult, and their use is complicated and not standardized. Therefore, in this study, we developed a multifunctional assistive robot that integrates mobility, transfer, work support, and training. It is a typical welfare robot and is effective in preventing a user’s minor disabilities from becoming more severe. In this paper, we discuss the research challenge points of human–machine welfare robot systems and their current situation using the multifunctional assistive robot as a typical example. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rehabilitation and Assistive Robotics: Latest Advances and Prospects)

26 pages, 778 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Self-Administration of Meloxicam via Medicated Molasses Lick Blocks May Improve Welfare of Castrated Calves

by Samantha Rudd, Sabrina Lomax, Peter J. White and Dominique Van der Saag

Animals 2025, 15(3), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15030442 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

The self-administration of meloxicam via medicated feed is a novel concept that could enable non-invasive, pre-emptive and long-term analgesia. Forty Bos taurus male calves were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: no castration (PC), surgical castration (NC), surgical castration with subcutaneous meloxicam (M), [...] Read more.

The self-administration of meloxicam via medicated feed is a novel concept that could enable non-invasive, pre-emptive and long-term analgesia. Forty Bos taurus male calves were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: no castration (PC), surgical castration (NC), surgical castration with subcutaneous meloxicam (M), and surgical castration with medicated lick blocks (ML). Data collection occurred at various timepoints over 13 days following treatment. Plasma concentration of meloxicam was greater in ML compared to M calves at all timepoints except day 1 (p < 0.001); however, variation between ML individuals was high (standard deviation = 1.68). There was no effect of treatment on scrotal diameter or scrotal temperature. Wound morphology scores were improved in ML compared to NC calves. Eating observations were greater in ML calves immediately post-castration, followed by M calves at 3 h post-castration (p < 0.001). ML calves were observed locomoting more (p = 0.0032) and lying less (p < 0.001) than PC calves. These findings indicate that meloxicam-medicated lick blocks may provide a practical option for a longer duration of pain mitigation for surgically castrated calves. Conclusions are limited by the complexities of assessing pain in cattle, and further research into the toxicity effects of continued administration of meloxicam is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in Therapeutic Drugs for Pain Management in Animals)

15 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of In Vivo Bone Regeneration by the Carbohydrate Derivative DP2

by Nissrine Ballout, Sylvestre Toumieux, Walaa Darwiche, Cathy Gomila, Eric Trécherel, Franck Accadbled, Sara Laurencin-Dalicieux, Isabelle Gennero, José Kovensky, Agnès Boullier and Jérôme Ausseil

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020215 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Delays in bone healing and complications of remodeling constitute a major medical problem—particularly in older adults and patients with comorbidities. Current therapeutic approaches are based on strategies that promote bone regeneration. We recently identified a disaccharide compound (DP2) that enhances in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Delays in bone healing and complications of remodeling constitute a major medical problem—particularly in older adults and patients with comorbidities. Current therapeutic approaches are based on strategies that promote bone regeneration. We recently identified a disaccharide compound (DP2) that enhances in vitro mineralization in human osteoblast cells via the early activation of Runx2 and the induction of osteoblast differentiation. Methods: First, a calcium quantification assay was performed to assess mineralization in MC3T3-E1 cells. Next, microcomputed tomography and histological analyses were used to examine in vivo bone repair in a rat 5 mm cranial defect model following the implantation of DP2 coupled to a micro/macroporous biphasic CaP ceramic (MBCP⁺) or collagen scaffold. Results: Here, we demonstrated that DP2 induced osteogenic differentiation and significantly elevated calcium matrix deposition in the murine preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1. We found that treatment with DP2 coupled to MBCP⁺ repaired the calvarial defect on post-implantation day 91. It significantly increased bone mineral density starting on day 29 post-treatment. In addition, DP2 did not induce ectopic bone formation. Conclusion: Taken as a whole, these results show that DP2 is a promising candidate treatment for delayed bone healing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)

36 pages, 2749 KiB

Open AccessReview

Integrating Social Dimensions into Urban Digital Twins: A Review and Proposed Framework for Social Digital Twins

by Saleh Qanazi, Eric Leclerc and Pauline Bosredon

Smart Cities 2025, 8(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8010023 (registering DOI) - 5 Feb 2025

Abstract

The rapid evolution of smart city technologies has expanded digital twin (DT) applications from industrial to urban contexts. However, current urban digital twins (UDTs) remain predominantly focused on the physical aspects of urban environments (“spaces”), often overlooking the interwoven social dimensions that shape [...] Read more.

The rapid evolution of smart city technologies has expanded digital twin (DT) applications from industrial to urban contexts. However, current urban digital twins (UDTs) remain predominantly focused on the physical aspects of urban environments (“spaces”), often overlooking the interwoven social dimensions that shape the concept of “place”. This limitation restricts their ability to fully represent the complex interplay between physical and social systems in urban settings. To address this gap, this paper introduces the concept of the social digital twin (SDT), which integrates social dimensions into UDTs to bridge the divide between technological systems and the lived urban experience. Drawing on an extensive literature review, the study defines key components for transitioning from UDTs to SDTs, including conceptualization and modeling of human interactions (geo-individuals and geo-socials), social applications, participatory governance, and community engagement. Additionally, it identifies essential technologies and analytical tools for implementing SDTs, outlines research gaps and practical challenges, and proposes a framework for integrating social dynamics within UDTs. This framework emphasizes the importance of active community participation through a governance model and offers a comprehensive methodology to support researchers, technology developers, and policymakers in advancing SDT research and practical applications. Full article

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