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31 pages, 2126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Approach to Enhanced Signal Denoising Using Data-Driven Multiresolution Analysis with Detrended-Fluctuation-Analysis-Based Thresholding and Stationary Wavelet Transform

by Fatima Kozhamkulova and Muhammad Tahir Akhtar

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10866; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310866 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

In this work, a new method for denoising signals is developed that is based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and a novel metric using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). The proposed method first decomposes the signal into band-limited intrinsic mode functions (BLIMFs) using VMD. [...] Read more.

In this work, a new method for denoising signals is developed that is based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and a novel metric using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). The proposed method first decomposes the signal into band-limited intrinsic mode functions (BLIMFs) using VMD. Then, a DFA-based developed metric is employed to identify the `noisy’ BLIMFs (based on their DFA-based scaling exponent and frequency content). The existing DFA-based methods use a single-slope threshold to detect noise, assuming all signals have the same noise pattern and ignoring their unique characteristics. In contrast, the proposed DFA-based metric sets adaptive thresholds for each mode based on their specific frequency and correlation properties, making it more effective for diverse signals and noise types. These predominantly noisy BLIMFs are then denoised using shrinkage techniques in the framework of stationary wavelet transform (SWT). This step allows efficient denoising of components, mainly the noisy BLIMFs identified by the adaptive threshold, without losing important signal details. Extensive computer simulations have been carried out for both synthetic and real electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. It is demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art denoising methods and with a comparable computational complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Signal Processing: Theory, Methods and Applications)

20 pages, 13635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Redox/Glycative Alterations in the PCOS Oviducts: Modulating Effects of Carnitines in PCOS Mice

by Mariacarla De Rubeis, Ilaria Antenisca Mascitti, Domenica Cocciolone, Martina Placidi, Teresa Vergara, Giovanna Di Emidio, Guido Macchiarelli, Carla Tatone, Stefania Annarita Nottola and Maria Grazia Palmerini

Biology 2024, 13(12), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13120964 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by hyperandrogenism (HA), polycystic ovaries, and dysfunctional ovulation, and it is associated with metabolic problems such as insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. After having investigated the morphological and antioxidant/antiglycative alterations on mouse ovaries and [...] Read more.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by hyperandrogenism (HA), polycystic ovaries, and dysfunctional ovulation, and it is associated with metabolic problems such as insulin resistance (IR) and obesity. After having investigated the morphological and antioxidant/antiglycative alterations on mouse ovaries and uteri, we here focus on PCOS oviducts, a tract of the reproductive system essential for the nourishment and transport of gametes and embryos. The modulating effects of L-carnitine (LC) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) were also assessed. CD1 mice were administered or not with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 6 mg/100 g body weight) for 20 days, alone or with 0.40 mg of L-carnitine (LC) and 0.20 mg of acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC). Oviducts were then subjected to histology and immunohistochemistry to evaluate their morphology and collagen deposition, and steroidogenesis. Oxidative, mitochondrial, and methylglyoxal (MG)-dependent damage was also investigated. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect ultrastructural alterations. The PCOS oviducts were affected by hyperfibrosis, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, and altered steroidogenesis, with oxidative alterations associated with MethylGlyoxal-Advanced Glycation End product (MG-AGE) accumulation. A reduced ciliary coverage and numerous dilated intercellular spaces were found in the epithelium. LC-ALC administration mitigated PCOS oviductal alterations. These results provide evidence for the detrimental action of oxidative and glycative stress in PCOS oviducts, confirming a protective role of carnitines on the PCOS phenotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pregnancy Health and Complications: Molecular Processes and Mechanisms)

15 pages, 2300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Area Sampling-Based Spatiotemporal Trajectory Planning for Autonomous Driving in Dynamic On-Road Scenarios

by Shuhuan Ma, Zhiqiang Ning, Lixin Wei and Pengpeng Chai

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120547 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

This paper focuses on the spatiotemporal trajectory planning problem faced by autonomous driving with a dynamic on-road situation. To solve the swing problem which is caused by the motions of obstacles, a multi-area sampling method is proposed. The main idea is sampling endpoints [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the spatiotemporal trajectory planning problem faced by autonomous driving with a dynamic on-road situation. To solve the swing problem which is caused by the motions of obstacles, a multi-area sampling method is proposed. The main idea is sampling endpoints in a series of defined areas at a fixed time interval, which will generate suitable trajectories with speed information to deal with complex maneuver tasks. Considering the driving safety and comfort, the cost function is designed deliberately for the generated trajectories in each area to evaluate the behaviors of the automobile. Then, the best trajectory in the whole course is found by the dynamic programming-based approach, which is presented to optimize the problem-solving process and at the same time reduce the computational burden which is brought about by the multi-area sampling method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed trajectory planning method is demonstrated in different overtaking scenarios of structured roads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motion Planning and Control of Autonomous Vehicles)

82 pages, 2433 KiB

Open AccessReview

Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) Used as Functional Feed Supplement or Alternative Protein Source: A Review of the Effects of Different Dietary Inclusion Levels on Production Performance, Health Status, and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens

by Antonia Lestingi, Mahmoud Alagawany, Alessandro Di Cerbo, Giuseppe Crescenzo and Claudia Zizzadoro

Life 2024, 14(12), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121537 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

The broiler industry is pivotal in meeting the growing global demand for highly nutritious animal protein foods. Hence, there is a continuous interest in identifying novel, alternative, and even unconventional feed resources that could help sustainably support chicken meat production and quality. In [...] Read more.

The broiler industry is pivotal in meeting the growing global demand for highly nutritious animal protein foods. Hence, there is a continuous interest in identifying novel, alternative, and even unconventional feed resources that could help sustainably support chicken meat production and quality. In this view, the microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira, formerly Spirulina, platensis), due to its unique chemical composition and some ecological advantages offered by its cultivation over traditional agriculture, has attracted great attention in the poultry sector for potential application in broiler diets, either as a functional supplement or a replacer of conventional protein sources such as soybean meal. The studies conducted so far seem to have confirmed many of the initial expectations regarding the advantages that may derive from dietary Spirulina supplementation, documenting its capacity to positively influence the intestinal and general health status of broiler chickens, leading to improved or preserved productive performance (under normal or challenging conditions, respectively), as well as to increased disease resistance and survivability. Furthermore, dietary Spirulina supplementation has been shown to induce positive changes in some important traits of broiler meat quality. However, at present, the inclusion of Spirulina in broiler diet, especially but not solely in relation to the use as an alternative protein source, presents several technical and economic limitations. To increase the overall awareness around the actual usefulness and practical usability of Spirulina as a novel natural component of the broiler diet, this review paper seeks to provide a comprehensive and integrated presentation of what is currently known about this topic, highlighting critical issues that are still pending and would require further research efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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26 pages, 1130 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time-Window and Three-Dimensional Loading Constraints in Land–Sea Transport

by Yiling Li, Zhiwen Yang, Si Zhang and Wenting Liu

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10272; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310272 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

This paper addresses the capacitated vehicle routing problem with time-window and three-dimensional loading constraints in land–sea transport (3L-CVRPTWLS, which is an extension of the 3L-CVRP) to minimize the total cost of land–sea transport. The 3L-CVRPTWLS considers the online packing environment and port-of-destination (POD) [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the capacitated vehicle routing problem with time-window and three-dimensional loading constraints in land–sea transport (3L-CVRPTWLS, which is an extension of the 3L-CVRP) to minimize the total cost of land–sea transport. The 3L-CVRPTWLS considers the online packing environment and port-of-destination (POD) constraint, which are clearly of practical significance in freight distribution. Due to its high degree of combinatorial complexity, the literature on this problem is very limited. To solve the 3L-CVRPTWLS, we develop a general deepest-bottom-left-fill (DBLF) and layer heuristic for packing and a hybrid variable-neighborhood tabu search for the routing phase (HLVNTS) based on the “packing first, routing second” (P1R2) strategy. HLVNTS reduces the average total number of vehicles by 2.51% and the average total travel distance by 27.62% in a shorter amount of time. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in the tested instances in terms of both computational efficiency and solution quality. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of the POD constraint on the total transportation cost. This study may provide some important support for the sustainable development of land–sea transport and help to protect the environment. Full article

13 pages, 1189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DBN-MACTraj: Dynamic Bayesian Networks for Predicting Combinations of Long-Term Trajectories with Likelihood for Multiple Agents

by Haonan Cui, Haolun Qi and Jianyu Zhou

Mathematics 2024, 12(23), 3674; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12233674 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Accurately predicting the long-term trajectories of agents in complex traffic environments is crucial for the safety and effectiveness of autonomous driving systems. This paper introduces DBN-MACTraj, a probabilistic model that takes historical trajectories and surrounding lane information as inputs to generate a distribution [...] Read more.

Accurately predicting the long-term trajectories of agents in complex traffic environments is crucial for the safety and effectiveness of autonomous driving systems. This paper introduces DBN-MACTraj, a probabilistic model that takes historical trajectories and surrounding lane information as inputs to generate a distribution of predicted trajectory combinations for all agents. DBN-MACTraj consists of two main components: a single-agent probabilistic model and a multi-agent risk-averse sampling algorithm. The single-agent model utilizes a dynamic Bayesian network, which incorporates the driver’s maneuvering decisions along with information about surrounding lanes. The multi-agent sampling algorithm simultaneously generates predictions for all agents, using a risk potential field model to filter out samples that may lead to traffic accidents. Ultimately, this results in a probability distribution of the combinations of long-term trajectories. Experimental evaluations on the nuScenes dataset demonstrate that DBN-MACTraj delivers competitive performance in trajectory prediction compared to other state-of-the-art approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling and Algorithmic Techniques for Engineering)

18 pages, 10000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hierarchical Spatiotemporal Data Model Based on Knowledge Graphs for Representation and Modeling of Dynamic Landslide Scenes

by Juan Li, Jin Zhang, Li Wang and Ao Zhao

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10271; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310271 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Represention and modeling the dynamic landslide scenes is essential for gaining a comprehensive understanding and managing them effectively. Existing models, which focus on a single scale make it difficult to fully express the complex, multi-scale spatiotemporal process within landslide scenes. To address these [...] Read more.

Represention and modeling the dynamic landslide scenes is essential for gaining a comprehensive understanding and managing them effectively. Existing models, which focus on a single scale make it difficult to fully express the complex, multi-scale spatiotemporal process within landslide scenes. To address these issues, we proposed a hierarchical spatiotemporal data model, named as HSDM, to enhance the representation for geographic scenes. Specifically, we introduced a spatiotemporal object model that integrates both their structural and process information of objects. Furthermore, we extended the process definition to capture complex spatiotemporal processes. We sorted out the relationships used in HSDM and defined four types of spatiotemporal correlation relations to represent the connections between spatiotemporal objects. Meanwhile, we constructed a three-level graph model of geographic scenes based on these concepts and relationships. Finally, we achieved representation and modeling of a dynamic landslide scene in Heifangtai using HSDM and implemented complex querying and reasoning with Neo4j’s Cypher language. The experimental results demonstrate our model’s capabilities in modeling and reasoning about complex multi-scale information and spatio-temporal processes with landslide scenes. Our work contributes to landslide knowledge representation, inventory and dynamic simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landslides in Urban Environments: Monitoring, Impact Mitigation and Resilient Enhancement)

26 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Securing the Future of Web-Enabled IoT: A Critical Analysis of Web of Things Security

by Khalied M. Albarrak

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10867; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310867 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

The Web of Things (WoT) represents a significant advancement on the Internet of Things (IoT), where web technologies are integrated to enhance device interoperability and accessibility. While this integration offers numerous benefits, it also introduces new and complex security challenges. This paper presents [...] Read more.

The Web of Things (WoT) represents a significant advancement on the Internet of Things (IoT), where web technologies are integrated to enhance device interoperability and accessibility. While this integration offers numerous benefits, it also introduces new and complex security challenges. This paper presents a critical analysis of WoT security, examining the ecosystem’s vulnerabilities and associated threats. Our contributions include an in-depth analysis of existing threat enumeration methodologies, highlighting misconceptions and inefficiencies that may weaken security measures. We further conduct a comprehensive survey of critical threats within the WoT environment, detailing potential attack vectors and misuses linked to these threats. To address these security gaps, we propose a set of defenses tailored to each identified threat, providing a holistic view of the WoT’s security landscape. We also develop abstract architectural models of the WoT using UML, serving as foundational tools for understanding the interactions and risks within WoT systems. Finally, we model a specific attack scenario, demonstrating how attacks unfold in real-world WoT environments and the importance of defense strategies. These findings aim to guide the development of secure WoT systems, ensuring robust defenses against evolving security threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Things (IoT) Technologies in Cybersecurity: Challenges and Opportunities)

11 pages, 1243 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Revealing the Interaction between Dislocations and LPSO–Precipitates Structure in a Mg-Y-Al Alloy at Different Temperatures

by Qingchun Zhu, Yangxin Li, Huan Zhang, Jie Wang, Hongxiang Jiang and Jiuzhou Zhao

Crystals 2024, 14(12), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121018 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Precipitation strengthening represents a crucial strengthening approach in the realm of metals, with particular significance for magnesium. In this study, a complex LPSO–precipitate structure, which is constituted of the principal secondary phases in Mg rare earth (RE) alloys, namely the Long-Period Stacking Ordered [...] Read more.

Precipitation strengthening represents a crucial strengthening approach in the realm of metals, with particular significance for magnesium. In this study, a complex LPSO–precipitate structure, which is constituted of the principal secondary phases in Mg rare earth (RE) alloys, namely the Long-Period Stacking Ordered (LPSO) phase and the aging precipitate, was successfully fabricated within a Mg-11Y-1Al alloy. Subsequently, an in-depth investigation was conducted regarding the interaction between dislocations and this LPSO–precipitate structure under varying temperature conditions. The findings revealed that, at room temperature (RT), the aging precipitates effectively hindered the movement of basal dislocations, and the activation of non-basal dislocations is rather difficult, resulting in the alloy’s high strength and low plasticity. When the temperature was elevated to 200 °C, although non-basal slip could be initiated, the LPSO–precipitate structure was capable of blocking both basal and non-basal slips. Consequently, the alloy still demonstrated high strength and low plasticity. As the temperature further increased to 250 °C, dislocations could cut through the aging precipitate particles, and the interior of the grains could provide partial deformation. Hence, the tensile elongation of the alloy was significantly enhanced, increasing from 4% to 12% as the temperature was elevated from 200 °C to 250 °C. These results suggest that the LPSO–precipitate structure still exerts a remarkable strengthening effect at 200 °C. When the temperature reaches 250 °C, the plasticity of the alloy is improved but its strength decreases. The research outcomes presented in this paper offer a novel perspective for the precise tailoring of mechanical properties through precipitation strengthening within Mg-RE alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing, Structure and Properties of Metal Matrix Composites)

23 pages, 3045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Urban–Rural Integration at the County-Scale Interface: The Case of Linqu County, China

by Guiqing Yang, Liyao Wang and Huang Huang

Land 2024, 13(12), 1999; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13121999 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Urban–rural integration (URI) has emerged as a crucial strategy to bridge urban and rural disparities and promote more sustained urbanisation paradigms in China and abroad. The urban–rural interface, where urban and rural spaces and daily activities are closely intertwined, reflects the complex and [...] Read more.

Urban–rural integration (URI) has emerged as a crucial strategy to bridge urban and rural disparities and promote more sustained urbanisation paradigms in China and abroad. The urban–rural interface, where urban and rural spaces and daily activities are closely intertwined, reflects the complex and evolving dynamics of this integration, serves as a focal point for studying URI, and requires unique considerations in spatial planning. This study focuses on the scale of the county level and the basic spatial units for spatial planning practice in China to examine different types of urban–rural interfaces and their URI dynamics at a county level. By taking Linqu County as a case study region, land use data from Landsat remote sensing datasets were collected every 5 years from 2000 to 2020 to support the analysis of changes in the urban–rural interface. Three dimensions of land mixed-use features were employed, including the area and density, edge and shape, and aggregation and dispersion of the construction land in the region. When combined with the proportion of rural land use, the urban–rural interfaces were identified using the entropy method. This study then employed spatial analysis, the standard deviation ellipse method, and spatial autocorrelation to recognise URI dynamics, and three driving forces were identified and further analysed to support suggestions for county-level spatial planning. This research empirically enriches the understanding of the urban–rural interfaces and URI dynamics of Linqu, China. The methods and suggestions derived from the empirical study can offer potential solutions to promote URI in China and enhance urban–rural linkage in the global context to reach more sustained development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies and Methods in Spatial Planning, 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 2725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bamboo Kraft Pulp Black Liquor as a Renewable Source of Value-Added Carbon Dots

by Xiaolong Qiao, Shixing Wang, Qiulian Liu, Yuanming Zhang, Guangting Han, Haoxi Ben, Wei Jiang, Haiguang Zhao and Yan Song

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(23), 1887; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14231887 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

China is the country with the most abundant bamboo resources in the world. Using bamboo as a raw material for pulping and papermaking can save a lot of wood and protect forests. Bamboo pulping enterprises mostly adopt sulfate processes to produce a large [...] Read more.

China is the country with the most abundant bamboo resources in the world. Using bamboo as a raw material for pulping and papermaking can save a lot of wood and protect forests. Bamboo pulping enterprises mostly adopt sulfate processes to produce a large amount of black liquor (BL), which contains monosaccharides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, pectin, lignin, etc. The utilization of the high-value organic matter is of great economic and environmental significance. In this study, blue-green carbon dots (C-dots) were prepared from bamboo (Lingnania chungii) kraft pulp BL using a hydrothermal method. The changes in carbohydrate content in BL in relation to hydrothermal temperature and hydrothermal time were discussed in detail. Then, a series of characterizations of BL-C-dots, prepared under one of the hydrothermal conditions (180 °C, 6 h), were performed and the BL-C-dots showed an excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and a quantum yield (QY) of 2.9% in an aqueous solution. Finally, the as-prepared BL-C-dots were successfully used as fluorescent materials to develop an anti-counterfeiting code. The fluorescent code exhibited a clear outline, an excitation-tunable color, good stability, and high security, showing great anti-counterfeiting potential and realizing the high-value utilization of BL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)

15 pages, 867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity Reduces Metabolic Risk via Iron Metabolism: Cross-National Evidence Using the Triglyceride–Glucose Index

by Zikang Hao, Xinmeng Guo, Yitao Wang and Guang Yang

Metabolites 2024, 14(12), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14120651 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Purpose: Studies suggest that the triglyceride–glucose index (TyG) is a novel and comprehensive marker of metabolic health. While most research indicates that increased physical activity (PA) is linked to improved metabolic health, some studies argue that the previous markers may not fully capture [...] Read more.

Purpose: Studies suggest that the triglyceride–glucose index (TyG) is a novel and comprehensive marker of metabolic health. While most research indicates that increased physical activity (PA) is linked to improved metabolic health, some studies argue that the previous markers may not fully capture this relationship. This study uses TyG as a marker of metabolic health to examine the association between PA and TyG. Methods: Data are from cross-sectional surveys in three large population studies in China and the United States: CHARLS, CHNS, and NHANES. Regression models were applied to analyze the relationship between PA and TyG, with covariates adjusted in a stepwise manner. Stratified analysis was used to explore this relationship among different population groups, and, since it has been suggested that iron metabolism plays an important role in metabolic health, it was used as a mediating variable to construct a mediation model for analysis and discussion. Results: Higher PA was significantly associated with lower TyG levels across all three databases (p < 0.001), and this relationship remained robust after full adjustment for covariates. This negative association was more pronounced in older males (over 45 years). Iron metabolism also mediated this relationship, with mediation proportions ranging from 10% to 12.5%. Conclusion: There is a significant inverse association between PA and TyG, suggesting a link between increased PA and metabolic health, with iron metabolism moderating this relationship, especially among older males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolic Syndrome, Biomarkers and Lifestyles)

10 pages, 445 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Multiple Arterial Grafting During Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients: A Short- and Long-Term Analysis at a Single Center

by Miralem Jasarevic, Oskar Krueger, Jan Strathmann, Marinela Jasarevic, Sharaf-Eldin Shehada, Jarowit Adam Piotrowski, Parwis Massoudy, Heinz Jakob, Markus Kamler, Payam Akhyari and Matthias Thielmann

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7082; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237082 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) with multiple arterial grafting (MAG) has shown potential to improve patient survival compared to single arterial bypass grafting. Whether this superiority in survival also exists in diabetics is uncertain. We therefore aimed to compare short and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) with multiple arterial grafting (MAG) has shown potential to improve patient survival compared to single arterial bypass grafting. Whether this superiority in survival also exists in diabetics is uncertain. We therefore aimed to compare short and long-term outcomes of MAG in diabetic versus non-diabetic patients. Methods: In this retrospective study, we investigated short- and long-term clinical outcomes of diabetic (n = 256) and non-diabetic (n = 800) patients undergoing CABG with MAG between January 1999 and December 2019 at our institution. Results: Diabetics had a significantly higher EuroScore II (1.37 ± 2.4 vs. 0.88 ± 1.58, p < 0.0001) and underwent significantly less bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting (51.95% vs. 67.75%; p < 0.0001) compared to non-diabetics. The incidence of postoperative adverse events, such as pneumonia, stroke, and sepsis, did not differ between the two groups. However, diabetics suffered significantly more often from post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock, renal failure requiring dialysis, and sternal wound infections over the entire follow-up period. Non-diabetics had a significantly higher median survival time of 19.6 years compared to 14.54 years found in diabetic patients (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Among patients undergoing MAG, diabetic individuals were found to have a significantly lower overall median survival. This emphasizes the importance of diabetes as a risk factor in choosing individual surgical strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Developments in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting)

19 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Efficiency and Noise, Vibration, and Hardness Characteristics of Inverter for Electric Vehicles According to Pulse Width Modulation Technique

by Do-Yun Kim

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120546 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the efficiency and noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics of electric vehicle (EV) powertrains based on three key Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques: Space Vector PWM (SVPWM), Discontinuous PWM (DPWM), and Random PWM (RPWM). The objective is to evaluate the [...] Read more.

This study investigates the efficiency and noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) characteristics of electric vehicle (EV) powertrains based on three key Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) techniques: Space Vector PWM (SVPWM), Discontinuous PWM (DPWM), and Random PWM (RPWM). The objective is to evaluate the impact of these PWM techniques on inverter and motor efficiency, as well as their effects on NVH performance, particularly in relation to noise and vibration. Experiments were conducted across various speed and torque levels using a motor dynamo. The study reveals that DPWM provides the highest efficiency, outperforming SVPWM by up to 2.23%. However, DPWM introduces more noise due to increased total harmonic distortion (THD), negatively affecting NVH performance. SVPWM, on the other hand, offers a balanced trade-off between efficiency and NVH, while RPWM demonstrates comparable noise characteristics to SVPWM, with potential for broader harmonic distribution. The findings suggest that each PWM technique offers distinct advantages, and their selection should depend on the required balance between efficiency and NVH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Electrical Machines in Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

28 pages, 832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Industrial Agglomeration on Urban Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on the Panel Data of China’s Prefecture-Level Cities

by Yunpeng Fu and Zixuan Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10270; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310270 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the context of accelerating global climate change, it has become increasingly important to study the vital relationship between industrial agglomeration and urban carbon emissions for sustainable development. The present study focuses on the influence of industrial agglomeration on urban carbon emissions, by [...] Read more.

In the context of accelerating global climate change, it has become increasingly important to study the vital relationship between industrial agglomeration and urban carbon emissions for sustainable development. The present study focuses on the influence of industrial agglomeration on urban carbon emissions, by investigating a sample of 280 prefecture-level cities in China from 2009 to 2021. Methodologically, this study empirically tests the effect of industrial agglomeration on the urban carbon emissions through the use of a spatial Durbin model and mediating effect model. The following are the main conclusions: first, the impact of industrial agglomeration on urban carbon emissions shows an inverted U-shaped relationship, which first intensifies and then inhibits, and has spatial spillover effect; second, industrial agglomeration has different impacts on urban carbon emissions in the eastern, central and western regions. Industrial agglomeration shows different impacts on urban carbon emissions between resource-based and non-resource-based cities. Industrial agglomeration shows different impacts on urban carbon emissions between old industrial cities and non-old industrial cities. Third, green technology innovation and green talent agglomeration mediate the relationship between industrial agglomeration and urban carbon emissions. This study highlights the significance of industrial agglomeration in promoting sustainable urban development and offers valuable insights for the planning and formulation of industrial development policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation in Low-Carbon Economic Growth and Sustainable Development)

18 pages, 1120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentric Compressive Behavior and Design of Stainless Steel–Concrete Double-Skin Composite Tubes Influenced by Dual Hydraulic Pressures

by Jian-Tao Wang, Yang Yang, Kai-Lin Yang, Deng-Long Hu, Long-Bo Xu and Jun-Xin Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122140 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

The external hydraulic pressure and internal medium pressure acting on submarine pipelines can lead to the coupling effect of active and passive constraints on the mechanical performance of steel–concrete double-skin composite tubes, resulting in a significantly different bearing capacity mechanism compared to terrestrial [...] Read more.

The external hydraulic pressure and internal medium pressure acting on submarine pipelines can lead to the coupling effect of active and passive constraints on the mechanical performance of steel–concrete double-skin composite tubes, resulting in a significantly different bearing capacity mechanism compared to terrestrial engineering. In this paper, the full-range concentric compressive mechanism of new-type stainless steel–concrete double-skin (SSCDS) composite tubes subjected to dual hydraulic pressure was analyzed by the finite element method. The influence of geometric–physical parameters at various water depths was discussed. The key results reveal that imposing dual hydraulic pressures significantly improves the confinement of double-skin tubes to encased concrete, resulting in a higher axial compressive strength and a non-uniform stress distribution; increasing the material strengths of concrete, outer tubes and inner tubes results in an approximately linear enhancement in axial bearing capacity; enhancing the diameter-to-thickness ratios of outer tubes and inner tubes can decrease the bearing capacity of SSCDS composite tubes; and the axial compression strength of SSCDS composite tubes with a higher hollow ratio of 0.849 tends to decrease with increasing outer hydraulic pressure. A practical method that integrates the effects of dual hydraulic pressures was developed and validated for the strength calculation of SSCDS composite tubes. This research provides fundamental guidelines for the application of pipe-in-pipe structures in deep-sea engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Design of Marine Structures)

9 pages, 1110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ex Vivo Fluorescence Confocal Microscopy Meets Innovation and Revolutionary Technology, for “Real-Time” Histological Evaluation, in Pediatric Surgical Oncology

by Donatella Di Fabrizio, Edoardo Bindi, Michele Ilari, Alessandra Filosa, Gaia Goteri and Giovanni Cobellis

Children 2024, 11(12), 1417; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11121417 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background and Aim: Ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) systems are innovative optical imaging tools that create virtual high-resolution histological images without any standard tissue processing, either freezing or fixing in formalin and embedding in paraffin. These systems have opened an era that [...] Read more.

Background and Aim: Ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy (FCM) systems are innovative optical imaging tools that create virtual high-resolution histological images without any standard tissue processing, either freezing or fixing in formalin and embedding in paraffin. These systems have opened an era that would revolutionize pathological examination by providing rapid, real-time assessments across various pathology subspecialties, potentially replacing conventional methods that are tissue- and time-consuming. This study aimed to present the first utilization of FCM in pediatric surgical oncology, focusing on assessing the benefits, particularly in facilitating rapid and accurate diagnosis. Methods: This preliminary study comprised five consecutive patients undergoing surgical biopsy for disease characterization and surgical strategy selection. After biopsy, tissue samples were prepared and analyzed using FCM without sectioning. A pathologist who evaluated macroscopic and microscopic images, once obtained remotely, could promptly indicate any interventions that require timeliness. Samples were then evaluated with conventional methods. Results: All five lesions were deemed suitable for evaluation. Preliminary diagnoses utilizing FCM included atypical Spitz nevus (1), Wilm’s tumor (1), lymph node reactive hyperplasia (1), malignant germ cell tumor of the testis (1), and Hodgkin’s lymphoma (1). Final histopathological analyses revealed atypical Spitz nevus (1), Wilm’s tumor (1), hyperplastic lymphadenopathy with a prevalent marginal pattern (1), mixed nonseminomatous malignant germinal neoplasm consisting of embryonal carcinoma (90%) and yolk sac tumor (10%), and Hodgkin’s lymphoma nodular sclerosis variant (1). In the case of diagnosis of atypical Spitz nevus, the widening of the resection margins was performed in the same surgery. In the case of testicular neoplasm, radical orchiectomy was performed. A high level of agreement between FCM evaluation and definitive histological examination was observed for all parameters evaluated. Conclusions: FCM represents a significant advancement in pathological imaging technology, offering potential benefits in enhancing traditional tissue processing methods. This preliminary report marks the first application of FCM in pediatric surgical oncology. Our findings underscore the promising role of FCM as an adjunctive tool in pediatric oncology, facilitating prompt diagnosis and treatment initiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Surgical Care of Pediatric Cancers)

6 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial: The Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders

by Lorena Perrone and William B. Grant

Nutrients 2024, 16(23), 4016; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234016 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

The prevalence of neurological disorders (NDs) is increasing, with great cost to public health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Nutrients on Neurological Disorders)

11 pages, 1128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effectiveness and Efficiency of a Training Program for Tunnel Construction Workers

by Zongyong Guo, Huadi Tao, Yanqun Yang and Wei Lin

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3733; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123733 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

With the benefits of reduced travel time and alleviated traffic congestion, tunnel construction significantly enhances urban mobility. Meanwhile, tunnel construction accidents result in many casualties and property losses. To minimize accidents associated with tunnel construction while keeping its benefits, it is important to [...] Read more.

With the benefits of reduced travel time and alleviated traffic congestion, tunnel construction significantly enhances urban mobility. Meanwhile, tunnel construction accidents result in many casualties and property losses. To minimize accidents associated with tunnel construction while keeping its benefits, it is important to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of training programs for construction workers. However, there is a lack of training evaluation systems specifically designed for tunnel construction workers, along with limited research on the effectiveness and efficiency of training programs for this group. This paper targets personnel from the China Railway 14th Bureau Group Company, aiming to evaluate a training program designed for tunnel construction workers. Three popular training approaches are proposed to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of training outcomes, including WeChat push safety construction knowledge (WP), the emergency drill (ED), and the unitive lecture (UL). Additionally, a concept of study is conducted to examine the performance of the proposed approaches in eighteen schemes that vary at different levels of training intensity by using VR (virtual reality), an electroencephalogram (EEG) system, and data enveloping analysis (DEA). The results show that the ED is the most effective training method, enabling industry professionals to respond effectively to unsafe situations by equipping them with critical skills through comprehensive training. Additionally, the ED has great potential for training tunnel construction workers via the provision of simulated experiences to enhance their safety preparedness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workforce Development and Education in the Construction Industry: Challenges and Strategies)

21 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Analysis of Non-Regular Structures Based on Fragility Curves: A Study on Reinforced Concrete Frames

by Giovanni Smiroldo, Marco Fasan and Chiara Bedon

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3734; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123734 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

The seismic performance and expected structural damage in reinforced concrete (RC) frames, as in many others, is a critical aspect for design. In this study, a set of RC frames characterized by increasing in-plan and in-height non-regularity is specifically investigated. Four code-conforming three-dimensional [...] Read more.

The seismic performance and expected structural damage in reinforced concrete (RC) frames, as in many others, is a critical aspect for design. In this study, a set of RC frames characterized by increasing in-plan and in-height non-regularity is specifically investigated. Four code-conforming three-dimensional (3D) buildings with varying regularity levels are numerically analyzed. Their seismic assessment is conducted by using unscaled real ground motion records (61 in total) and employing non-linear dynamic simulations within the Cloud Analysis framework. Three distinct intensity measures (IMs) are used to evaluate the impact of structural non-regularity on their seismic performance. Furthermore, fragility curves are preliminary derived based on conventional linear regression models and lognormal distribution. In contrast with the initial expectations and the typical results of non-linear dynamic analyses, the presented comparative results of the fragility curves show that the non-regularity level increase for the examined RC frames does not lead to progressively increasing fragility. Upon these considerations on the initial numerical findings, a re-evaluation of the methodology is performed using a reduced subset of ground motion records, in order to account for potential biases in their selection. Moreover, to uncover deeper insights into the unexpected outcomes, a logistic regression based on a maximum likelihood estimate is also employed to develop fragility curves. Comparative results are thus critically discussed, showing that the herein considered fragility development methods may lead to seismic assessment outcomes for code-conforming non-regular buildings that are in contrast with those of raw structural analyses. In fact, the considered building code design provisions seem to compensate non-regularity-induced torsional effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Concrete Structures in Civil Engineering)

13 pages, 1246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Development, Integration, and Field Evaluation of a Ridge-Planting Strawberry Harvesting Robot

by Yang Yu, Hehe Xie, Kailiang Zhang, Yujie Wang, Yutong Li, Jianmei Zhou and Lizhang Xu

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2126; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122126 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Due to the complex unstructured environmental factors in ridge-planting strawberry cultivation, automated harvesting remains a significant challenge. This paper presents an oriented-ridge double-arm cooperative harvesting robot designed for this cultivation. The robot is equipped with a novel non-destructive harvesting end-effector and two self-developed [...] Read more.

Due to the complex unstructured environmental factors in ridge-planting strawberry cultivation, automated harvesting remains a significant challenge. This paper presents an oriented-ridge double-arm cooperative harvesting robot designed for this cultivation. The robot is equipped with a novel non-destructive harvesting end-effector and two self-developed specialized manipulators, integrated with the strawberry picking point visual perception system based on the lightweight Mask R-CNN and a CAN bus-based machine control system. The greenhouse harvesting experiments show that the robot achieved an average harvesting success rate of 49.30% in natural environments after flower and fruit thinning, while only a 30.23% success rate was achieved in untrimmed natural environments. This indicates that the agronomic practice of flower and fruit thinning can significantly simplify the automated harvesting environment and improve harvesting performance. Automated harvesting efficiency test results show that the single-arm average harvesting speed is 7 s per fruit, while double-arm cooperative harvesting can achieve 4 s per fruit. Future expansion by increasing the number of robotic arms could significantly improve harvesting efficiency. However, the study conducted for this paper was poor for those strawberries whose body or stem was severely blocked, which should be further improved upon in follow-up studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

14 pages, 7328 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunosenescence: Aging and Immune System Decline

by Priyanka Goyani, Rafail Christodoulou and Evros Vassiliou

Vaccines 2024, 12(12), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12121314 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Immunosenescence, a systematic reduction in the immune system connected with age, profoundly affects the health and well-being of elderly individuals. This review outlines the hallmark features of immunosenescence, including thymic involution, inflammaging, cellular metabolic adaptations, and hematopoietic changes, and their impact on immune [...] Read more.

Immunosenescence, a systematic reduction in the immune system connected with age, profoundly affects the health and well-being of elderly individuals. This review outlines the hallmark features of immunosenescence, including thymic involution, inflammaging, cellular metabolic adaptations, and hematopoietic changes, and their impact on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, T cells, dendritic cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Thymic involution impairs the immune system’s capacity to react to novel antigens by reducing thymopoiesis and shifting toward memory T cells. Inflammaging, characterized by chronic systemic inflammation, further impairs immune function. Cellular metabolic adaptations and hematopoietic changes alter immune cell function, contributing to a diminished immune response. Developing ways to reduce immunosenescence and enhance immunological function in the elderly population requires an understanding of these mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Immunology)

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14 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Dactylopius opuntiae Extract for Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition and Serum Uric Acid Reduction in a Hyperuricemic Mouse Model

by Othoniel H. Aragon-Martinez, Marco M. González-Chávez, Othir G. Galicia-Cruz, Santiago de J. Méndez-Gallegos, Mario A. Isiordia-Espinoza and Flavio Martinez-Morales

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121575 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Current urate-lowering therapies may cause serious side effects in patients. Thus, alternative treatments are needed to regulate uric acid (UA) levels in patients with hyperuricemia associated with kidney injury, and natural antioxidant sources have demonstrated utility in this field. For the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Current urate-lowering therapies may cause serious side effects in patients. Thus, alternative treatments are needed to regulate uric acid (UA) levels in patients with hyperuricemia associated with kidney injury, and natural antioxidant sources have demonstrated utility in this field. For the first time, our study evaluated the effects of an extract of Dactylopius opuntiae insects on the levels of xanthine oxidase (XO) enzymes and synthetic free radicals in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Insects were bred and collected, and two different extracts (D1 and D2) were obtained. For both extracts, XO inhibition and radical scavenging assays were performed. Subsequently, serum purine levels and renal markers were quantified in male BALB/c mice who received a hyperuricemia induction using potassium oxonate, hypoxanthine, and gentamicin. Results: The D2 extract contained 18,037.7 µg/mL of carminic acid, inhibited 53.2% of XO activity at one concentration, and showed IC50 values of 18,207.8 and 5729.6 µg/mL against ABTS and DPPH radicals, respectively. D2 administration reduced serum UA and creatinine levels and prevented an increase in kidney weight and reduction in renal antioxidant capacity caused by hyperuricemia induction and allopurinol use in mice. Despite the satisfactory antioxidant results obtained in vitro, the D1 extract killed the animal models due to its citric acid content. Conclusions: The D2 insect extract can be used as an effective urate-lowering therapy when the increased level of serum uric acid is due to kidney damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention 2024)

17 pages, 3063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Flexural Capacity of UHPC-NC Composite Slab with Reinforced Truss in the Normal Section

by Xin Wang, Ruochen Wang, Zhiyu Zhu and Kun Wang

Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3732; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123732 (registering DOI) - 23 Nov 2024

Abstract

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) exhibits significantly higher tensile strength compared to normal concrete (NC). In this paper, the application of UHPC to the precast base plate of composite slabs was proposed, leading to the development of a reinforced truss UHPC-NC composite slab. This approach [...] Read more.

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) exhibits significantly higher tensile strength compared to normal concrete (NC). In this paper, the application of UHPC to the precast base plate of composite slabs was proposed, leading to the development of a reinforced truss UHPC-NC composite slab. This approach effectively enhanced the crack resistance of the slab. A finite element model (FEM) for the reinforced truss UHPC-NC composite slab was developed based on the ABAQUS (2016) platform, using appropriate material constitutive relationships for UHPC, NC, and steel reinforcement. The validity of the model was verified through comparison with relevant test results. Subsequently, the effects of parameters such as the cross-sectional area of the upper and lower truss chords, the reinforcement ratio of the precast base plate, the strength grade of the UHPC base plate, and the thickness of the UHPC base plate on the flexural capacity of the UHPC-NC composite slab were investigated. Finally, the equations for calculating the flexural capacity of the UHPC-NC composite slab were proposed. It was found that increasing the cross-sectional area of the lower truss chord improved the flexural capacity and stiffness of such slabs to some extent, though ductility was slightly reduced. On the other hand, increasing the upper chord cross-sectional area had limited impact on the flexural performance. Increasing the reinforcement ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement in the precast base plate significantly enhanced the load-bearing capacity and stiffness but similarly reduced ductility. As the UHPC grade of the precast base plate increased, the cracking load, yield load, and ultimate load of the slab also increased. However, when the UHPC grade exceeded C120, the improvement in flexural capacity became less significant. With an increase in thickness of the precast UHPC base plate, cracking, yield, and ultimate loads also rose, but ductility decreased. When the thickness of UHPC exceeded 60 mm, the increase in flexural capacity became modest. The proposed equations for calculating the flexural capacity of the reinforced truss UHPC-NC composite slab in the normal section agreed well with simulation results, providing theoretical and numerical support for the design and analysis of UHPC-NC composite slabs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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