MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

16 pages, 2926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Local Vasodilators and the Autonomic Nervous System on Microcirculation and Mitochondrial Function in Septic Rats

by Carsten Marcus, Claudia Hansen, Charlotte Schlimgen, Jeanne Eitner-Pchalek, Jan Schulz, Stefan Hof, Anne Kuebart, Richard Truse, Christian Vollmer, Inge Bauer, Olaf Picker and Anna Herminghaus

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179305 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Systemic vasodilating agents like nitroglycerin (NG) or iloprost (Ilo) show beneficial effects on intestinal microcirculation during sepsis, which could be attenuated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system or systemic side effects of vasodilating agents. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the effects [...] Read more.

Systemic vasodilating agents like nitroglycerin (NG) or iloprost (Ilo) show beneficial effects on intestinal microcirculation during sepsis, which could be attenuated by activation of the sympathetic nervous system or systemic side effects of vasodilating agents. This exploratory study aimed to investigate the effects of topically administered vasodilators and the parasympathetic drug carbachol on colonic microcirculatory oxygenation (µHbO₂), blood flow (µFlow) and mitochondrial respiration. A total of 120 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to twelve groups and underwent either colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) or sham surgery. After 24 h, animals received the following therapeutic regimes: (1) balanced full electrolyte solution, (2) carbachol, (3) NG, (4) Ilo, (5) NG + carbachol, and (6) Ilo + carbachol. Mitochondrial respiration was measured in colon homogenates by respirometry. In sham animals, NG (−13.1%*) and Ilo (−10.5%*) led to a decrease in µHbO₂. Additional application of carbachol abolished this effect (NG + carbachol: −4.0%, non-significant; Ilo + carbachol: −1.4%, non-significant). In sepsis, carbachol reduced µHbO₂ when applied alone (−10.5%*) or in combination with NG (−17.6%*). Thus, the direction and degree of this effect depend on the initial pathophysiologic condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sepsis: From Molecular Mechanisms, Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches 4.0)

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17 pages, 2537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Leak Detection Methods Using Hydraulic Modelling and Sensitivity Analysis in Rural and Urban–Rural Areas

by Izabela Bartkowska, Łukasz Wysocki, Artur Zajkowski and Piotr Tuz

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7405; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177405 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Water scarcity is a significant global challenge, exacerbated by leakages in water distribution networks. This paper addresses the challenge of detecting leakages in rural and urban–rural water supply systems through hydraulic modelling and a sensitivity analysis. Two distinct real-world network models were studied [...] Read more.

Water scarcity is a significant global challenge, exacerbated by leakages in water distribution networks. This paper addresses the challenge of detecting leakages in rural and urban–rural water supply systems through hydraulic modelling and a sensitivity analysis. Two distinct real-world network models were studied to assess real and simulated leakage scenarios varying in location and magnitude. A distinct leakage detection approach utilizing outflow measurements from hydrants was tested. Additionally, the effectiveness of various statistical measures—such as correlation, angular closeness, Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, Chebyshev distance, cosine similarity, and Spearman correlation—were evaluated to determine their efficacy in leakage detection. Different methods for identifying leak candidates were explored and compared, either by selecting a single leak candidate based on similarity measures or by identifying a group of candidates to mark leak hotspots. Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise was used to assess the number of potential leak candidate groups. The study’s findings contribute to the optimization of leak detection strategies in water supply networks, particularly in rural settings, where detection is challenging due to scarce measurement datasets, budget restrictions, and operational constraints. Full article

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16 pages, 4218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drying of a Clayey Ceramic Flat Plate: Simulation Studies Using the Galerkin-Based Integral Method

by Ivonete B. Santos, João M. P. Q. Delgado, Márcia R. Luiz, Ricardo S. Gomez, Antonio G. B. Lima, Larissa S. S. Pinheiro, Elaine J. C. Silva, Luis E. A. Santos, Glauco R. F. Brito, Wagner C. P. B. Lima and Norton L. T. Rafael

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092674 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

The ceramics sector is crucial to the global economy. This research is devoted to studying the drying process of ceramic parts with arbitrary shapes based on Fick’s second law of diffusion and energy conservation. Herein, the mathematical procedure to obtain the exact solutions [...] Read more.

The ceramics sector is crucial to the global economy. This research is devoted to studying the drying process of ceramic parts with arbitrary shapes based on Fick’s second law of diffusion and energy conservation. Herein, the mathematical procedure to obtain the exact solutions of the model equations using the Galerkin-based integral method is provided. In the mathematical modeling are considered constant properties and equilibrium conditions at the surface of the material. Emphasis is given to clay ceramic flat plate. Analytical results of the average moisture content, local temperature, and moisture content and temperature fields within the ceramic parts are presented, followed by an in-depth discussion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable and Smart Building)

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16 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Reactive Power Optimization of Synchronous Condensers in HVDC Transmission Based on Reactive Power Conversion Factor

by Zican Tao, Tao Wang, Defu Cai and Rusi Chen

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4294; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174294 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

With the rapid development of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, the coupling between AC and DC grids is becoming increasingly close. Voltage disturbances in the grid can easily cause commutation failures in the DC system, threatening its safe and stable operation. The [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems, the coupling between AC and DC grids is becoming increasingly close. Voltage disturbances in the grid can easily cause commutation failures in the DC system, threatening its safe and stable operation. The new generation of synchronous condensers (SCs) and modified synchronous condenser units are powerful reactive power support devices widely used in large-capacity DC transmission systems. To maximize the voltage support and commutation failure suppression of SCs, this paper proposes improvements in the initial operating state of SCs, using the Shanxi–Wuhan HVDC receiving end in the Hubei power grid as an example, to better support the HVDC commutation process. Additionally, a reactive power output optimization strategy for SCs is proposed, considering the reactive power equivalent factor of electrical connections between grid nodes. This strategy determines the optimal reactive power output limit of SCs near the converter station to suppress DC commutation failures. Simulation results show that this strategy effectively utilizes the dynamic support capabilities of SCs, prevents DC commutation failures, improves HVDC transmission capacity, and enhances the safety and stability of the receiving end power grid, providing theoretical guidance for reactive power output control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F6: High Voltage)

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21 pages, 18165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Mechanical, Ecological, Economical, and Thermal Characteristics of Geopolymer Concrete Containing Processed Slag Sand

by Girish M. G., Kiran K. Shetty, Gopinatha Nayak and Kiran Kamath

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7402; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177402 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

This manuscript highlights the mechanical, economical, ecological, and thermal investigations performed on paving quality geopolymer concrete (PQGC) incorporating processed steel slag (PSS) as a substitute for river sand (RSa). The replacement of RSa with PSS ranged from 0 to 100% in the PQGC [...] Read more.

This manuscript highlights the mechanical, economical, ecological, and thermal investigations performed on paving quality geopolymer concrete (PQGC) incorporating processed steel slag (PSS) as a substitute for river sand (RSa). The replacement of RSa with PSS ranged from 0 to 100% in the PQGC mix. The mix with 100% PSS content exhibited enhanced geopolymerization, resulting in a denser and more amorphous matrix. This improved the mechanical properties, increasing compressive strength by 10.9%, flexural strength by 23.5%, and splitting tensile strength by 8.3%. The replacement of RSa with PSS in PQGC led to a marginal reduction in (embodied energy) EE and CO₂ emissions. However, compared to conventional Pavement Quality Concrete (PQC) and Fly Ash PQC (FPQC), the reduction in EE for PQGC was 44% and 34%, while the CO₂ emissions of PQGC were reduced by 1.22 and 1.49 times. Despite these benefits, PQGC with 100% PSS was 19% and 30% more expensive than PQC and FPQC, respectively. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of PQGC was approximately one-third that of PQC and FPQC at all levels of replacement of RSa in PQGC when compared to PQC and FPQC. Additionally, thermal conductivity decreased from k = 0.67 W/m °C to k = 0.51 W/m °C with 100% replacement of RSa, keeping the concrete cooler. Therefore, PQGC with 100% PSS, when practically implemented, may help reduce surrounding temperatures. This study concludes that PSS is a feasible and reliable alternative to RSa, enhancing the sustainability of PQGC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Sustainable Materials, Structural Analysis, and Concrete Durability)

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14 pages, 1025 KiB

Open AccessReview

Insights into Asparaginase Allergic Responses: Exploring Pharmacogenetic Influences

by Daiane Keller Cecconello, Klerize Anecely de Souza Silva, Evelin Cristine Mendonça de Senna, Ciliana Rechenmacher, Liane Esteves Daudt and Mariana Bohns Michalowski

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(9), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16091134 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia represents the most prevalent childhood cancer. Modern chemotherapy has significantly improved outcomes, achieving EFS rates of 80% and OS rates nearing 90% in developed nations, while in developing regions, rates remain below 50%, highlighting disparities, and this difference is due [...] Read more.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia represents the most prevalent childhood cancer. Modern chemotherapy has significantly improved outcomes, achieving EFS rates of 80% and OS rates nearing 90% in developed nations, while in developing regions, rates remain below 50%, highlighting disparities, and this difference is due to several factors. Genetic variability plays a role in these drug response disparities, presenting single-nucleotide variations (SNVs). Pharmacogenetic research aims to pinpoint these SNVs early in treatment to predict specific drug responses effectively. This review aims to explore advancements in pharmacogenetics associated with asparaginase (ASNase). ASNase plays a crucial role in the treatment of ALL and is available in three formulations: E. coli, Erwinia, and PEG ASNase. ASNase therapy presents challenges due to adverse effects, like hypersensitivity reactions. Identifying predictive markers for hypersensitivity development beforehand is crucial for optimizing treatments. Several pharmacogenetic studies have investigated the association between SNVs and the risk of hypersensitivity. Key genes include GRIA1, NFATC2, CNTO3, ARHGAP28, MYBBP1A, and HLA. Studies have highlighted associations between SNVs within these genes and hypersensitivity reactions. Notably, most pharmacogenetic investigations of hypersensitivity have focused on patients treated with E. coli, emphasizing the need for broader exploration across different formulations. Future research investigating these variants holds promise for advancing our understanding of ASNase’s pharmacogenetics. Full article

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15 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

An Efficient Knowledge Distillation-Based Detection Method for Infrared Small Targets

by Wenjuan Tang, Qun Dai and Fan Hao

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(17), 3173; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16173173 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Infrared small-target detection is now commonly used in maritime surveillance, flight guidance, and other fields. However, extracting small targets from complex backgrounds remains a challenging task due to the small-target scale and complex imaging environment. Many studies are based on designing model structures [...] Read more.

Infrared small-target detection is now commonly used in maritime surveillance, flight guidance, and other fields. However, extracting small targets from complex backgrounds remains a challenging task due to the small-target scale and complex imaging environment. Many studies are based on designing model structures to enhance the precision of target detection, and the number of Params and FLOPs has been significantly augmented. In this work, a knowledge distillation-based detection method (KDD) is proposed to overcome this challenge. KDD employs the small-target labeling information provided by a large-scale teacher model to refine the training process of students, thereby improving the performance and becoming lightweight. Specifically, we added efficient local attention (ELA), which can accurately identify areas of interest while avoiding dimensionality reduction. In addition, we also added the group aggregation bridge (GAB) module to connect low-level and high-level features for the fusion of different feature scales. Furthermore, a feature fusion loss was introduced to enhance the precision of target detection. Extensive evaluations have demonstrated that KDD performs better compared to several methods, achieving extremely low Params and FLOPs, as well as higher FPS. Full article

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21 pages, 1558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Species Source of Muscle and/or Digestive Enzymes on the Utilization of Fish Protein Hydrolysates as a Dietary Protein Source in First Feed for Larval Walleye (Sander vitreus)

by Giovanni S. Molinari, Michal Wojno, Genciana Terova, Macdonald Wick, Hayden Riley, Jeffery T. Caminiti and Karolina Kwasek

Animals 2024, 14(17), 2493; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172493 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Fish protein hydrolysates used in larval diets have been prepared from a variety of fish species, with different enzymes used to hydrolyze the protein. This study’s objectives were to determine the effect of the dietary inclusion of fish muscle hydrolysates obtained from species-specific [...] Read more.

Fish protein hydrolysates used in larval diets have been prepared from a variety of fish species, with different enzymes used to hydrolyze the protein. This study’s objectives were to determine the effect of the dietary inclusion of fish muscle hydrolysates obtained from species-specific muscle/enzymes—versus hydrolysates produced from muscle/enzymes of a different species—on the growth performance, survival, skeletal development, intestinal peptide uptake, and muscle-free amino acid (FAA) composition of larval Walleye (Sander vitreus). Eight protein products were obtained for this study, comprising an unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed product from each combination of muscle/enzymes from Walleye and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four diets were produced, and the dietary protein was provided in a 50/50 ratio of unhydrolyzed and hydrolyzed protein from the respective muscle/enzyme combination. Four groups were fed one of the corresponding formulated diets, and two groups of larvae, fed a commercial starter diet and Artemia, respectively, served as reference groups. Larval Walleye fed the diet containing protein produced with the species-specific muscle and enzymes had a significantly higher weight after the study—30% higher than any other group. A significant interaction effect between muscle and enzyme sources on the growth of Walleye larvae was observed. The species-specific combination also led to a significant increase in postprandial FAA and indispensable amino acid concentrations in muscle. No significant differences were observed between the hydrolysate-fed groups in survival, deformity occurrence, or peptide uptake. Each hydrolysate-based diet significantly reduced skeletal deformities and survival compared to the commercial diet. The results of this study suggest that species-specific muscles and enzymes produce a more optimal dietary protein source for larval fish than non-species-specific products. Further research should focus on improving the physical properties of the formulated diets to reduce possible leaching of hydrolyzed protein and improve the survival of fish larvae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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Graphical abstract

9 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hypertension-Mediated Organ Damage in Relation to Severity of Chronic Low Back Pain in Hypertensive Patients

by Maciej Skrzypek, Rafał Kolec, Michał Słaboszewski, Katarzyna Góra, Agnieszka Olszanecka, Piotr Wróbel, Katarzyna Stolarz-Skrzypek and Marek W. Rajzer

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(9), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11090266 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic pain triggers a stress response, which results in increased blood pressure (BP). We investigated whether chronic low back pain (cLBP) in hypertensive patients is associated with an increased risk of hypertension-related organ damage. Methods: We studied 85 consecutive hypertensive patients with [...] Read more.

Introduction: Chronic pain triggers a stress response, which results in increased blood pressure (BP). We investigated whether chronic low back pain (cLBP) in hypertensive patients is associated with an increased risk of hypertension-related organ damage. Methods: We studied 85 consecutive hypertensive patients with a median age of 62 years (55–67), who suffered from cLBP, the severity of which was evaluated according to the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Patients underwent transthoracic echocardiography, arterial ultrasonography and vascular tonometry. We assessed carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques, along with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). Results: An equal to or higher than median (16 points) ODI score in 48 subjects (56.5%) was associated with the presence of carotid artery plaques (p = 0.014). In multivariate analysis, after adjusting for covariates, the presence of carotid artery plaques remained independently associated with an ODI score equal to or higher than the median (OR, 3.71; 95% CI, 1.04–13.25; p = 0.044). None of the other analyzed parameters of hypertension-related organ damage demonstrated a significant relationship with the ODI score. Conclusions: We observed that more severe cLBP is associated with a higher prevalence of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques among hypertensive patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Burden of Comorbidities on Cardiovascular System and Beyond)

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18 pages, 2762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors of Authenticity: Exploring Santorini’s Heritage Hotels

by Efthymia Sarantakou, Georgios Tsamos, Aimilia Vlami, Agni Christidou and Evridiki Maniati

Tour. Hosp. 2024, 5(3), 782-799; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp5030045 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors that influence the authenticity of heritage hotels in popular tourist destinations. Using the Greek island of Santorini as a case study, the following three (3) factors, which have not been systematically studied so [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors that influence the authenticity of heritage hotels in popular tourist destinations. Using the Greek island of Santorini as a case study, the following three (3) factors, which have not been systematically studied so far, are examined and appear to have a significant impact on authenticity in the conversion of a heritage architectural building into a heritage hotel: (a) its structural characteristics, (b) the influence of the star classification system and (c) the extent to which each business promotes authenticity elements and heritage identity. For the purposes of this study, a threefold methodological approach was conducted, which includes archival research in the registry of the Hellenic Chamber of Hotels for all the heritage hotels in Santorini (69 units), research in the accounting data of the island’s heritage hotels certified with the national star ranking system for their services and amenities and research analysis of the information regarding the promotion of the heritage hotels through their official websites. Additionally, a cartographic representation of the locations of these hotels was created and their positioning was compared to the boundaries of traditional or non-traditional settlements. The results validated the basic finding of the literature review, that the authenticity of a heritage hotel is a construction under constant negotiation, influenced by a multitude of factors. The conversion of a historic building into a heritage hotel is a multidimensional process that requires a delicate balance between preserving cultural value and adapting to the needs of modern tourism, as well as a continuous evaluation and review of the policies in place. Full article

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21 pages, 7250 KiB

Open AccessReview

Use of an Adaptive-Vegetation Model to Restore Degraded Tropical Peat Swamp Forest to Support Climate Resilience

by I. Wayan Susi Dharmawan, Yunita Lisnawati, Hengki Siahaan, Bambang Tejo Premono, Mohamad Iqbal, Ahmad Junaedi, Niken Sakuntaladewi, Bastoni, Ridwan Fauzi, Ramawati, Ardiyanto Wahyu Nugroho, Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta, Anang Setiawan Achmadi, Titiek Setyawati, Chairil Anwar Siregar, Pratiwi, Sona Suhartana, Soenarno, Dulsalam and Asep Sukmana

Land 2024, 13(9), 1377; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091377 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Climate change poses significant challenges to ecosystems globally, demanding innovative methods for environmental conservation and restoration. Restoration initiatives require significant amounts of appropriate vegetation that is both adaptive and tolerant to the specific environmental factors. This study introduces an adaptive-vegetation model designed to [...] Read more.

Climate change poses significant challenges to ecosystems globally, demanding innovative methods for environmental conservation and restoration. Restoration initiatives require significant amounts of appropriate vegetation that is both adaptive and tolerant to the specific environmental factors. This study introduces an adaptive-vegetation model designed to support ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change. Traditional restoration methods often neglect dynamic environmental conditions and ecosystem interactions, but the model employs real-time data and predictive analytics to adapt strategies to evolving climate variables. The model takes a comprehensive approach, incorporating climate projections, soil health metrics, species adaptability, and hydrological patterns to inform restoration practices. By using a mix of adaptable native species, the model promotes biodiversity. In conclusion, according to the findings of our review, paludiculture and agroforestry could be implemented as models for improving climate resilience, particularly in tropical degraded peat swamp forests. These two models could improve the environment, the economy, and social functions. Finally, improving all three of these factors improves ecological stability. This adaptive-vegetation model represents a significant shift from static, uniform restoration approaches to dynamic, data-driven strategies tailored to specific environments. The future research directions underscore the need for ongoing innovation in conservation practices to safeguard ecosystems amid unprecedented environmental changes. Future efforts will focus on enhancing the model with advanced machine learning techniques and expanding its application to additional ecological contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Transformation, Climate Change and Agroecosystems Response and Adaptation)

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11 pages, 598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Perspective of Romanian Patients on Continuous Therapy for Multiple Myeloma

by Ruxandra Irimia, Sorina Nicoleta Badelita, Sinziana Barbu, Larisa Zidaru, Ioana Loredana Carlan, Oana Diana Preda and Daniel Coriu

J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(9), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14090910 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

The treatment paradigm of multiple myeloma (MM) has shifted in the past years, as continuous therapy is becoming the standard of care for both newly diagnosed and relapsed patients. Although it is indisputable that continuous therapy has added a great benefit on the [...] Read more.

The treatment paradigm of multiple myeloma (MM) has shifted in the past years, as continuous therapy is becoming the standard of care for both newly diagnosed and relapsed patients. Although it is indisputable that continuous therapy has added a great benefit on the progression-free as well as overall survival, it is still unclear what the patients’ perspective is on this therapeutic approach. Methods: This study included 155 adult MM patients from Fundeni Clinical Institute in Romania, receiving continuous therapy with daratumumab, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, or bi-specific antibodies. The patients had varied economic, social, and educational backgrounds. We developed a questionnaire to interrogate the quantitative and qualitative effect of the therapy on the patients’ personal and professional life and to identify the side effects that had the strongest impact on their quality of life. Results: 74.83% of the patients reported that the treatment they received negatively impacted their quality of life. Among them, 40% considered that the most detrimental aspects of the therapy are the financial burden and the negative impact on their professional life. One-third of the patients reported that the therapy negatively impacted their personal life and that it had a deleterious effect on their relationship with their partner and family members. In terms of the side effects experienced, patients considered that tiredness was the main factor causing a decrease in their quality of life, followed by insomnia and bone pain. Despite this, almost none of the patients considered dropping the therapy, and almost half of the patients considered that the frequent visits to the hospital offered them psychological comfort. In addition, more than 70% of the patients declared that they were afraid to stop the therapy if given the choice, with the main concerns being the fear of an early relapse. Conclusions: Although continuous therapy is associated with a high financial burden and a negative impact on both professional and personal life, the frequent visits to the hospital appear to be reassuring. Moreover, the patients would not opt for treatment discontinuation and felt safer when monitored frequently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy and Drug Delivery)

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15 pages, 2726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Changes in Brain Activation When Viewing Products with Differences in Attractiveness

by Emily L. L. Sin, Clive H. Y. Wong, Bolton K. H. Chau, Matthias Rauterberg, Kin Wai Michael Siu and Yi-Teng Shih

Neurol. Int. 2024, 16(5), 918-932; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint16050069 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Product design and attractiveness are pivotal factors that determine people’s positive reactions when viewing a product and may eventually affect their purchasing choices. Comprehending how people assess product design is crucial. Various studies have explored the link between product attractiveness and consumer behavior, [...] Read more.

Product design and attractiveness are pivotal factors that determine people’s positive reactions when viewing a product and may eventually affect their purchasing choices. Comprehending how people assess product design is crucial. Various studies have explored the link between product attractiveness and consumer behavior, but these were predominantly behavioral studies that offered limited insight into the neural processes underlying perceptions of product attractiveness. Gaining a deeper understanding of these neural mechanisms is valuable, as it enables the formulation of more objective design guidelines based on brain activity, enhancing product appeal and, ultimately, spurring consumer purchases. In our study, we sought to (1) elucidate the neural network engaged when individuals evaluate highly attractive product images, (2) delineate the neural network activated during the evaluation of less attractive product images, and (3) contrast the differences in neural networks between evaluations of highly and less attractive images. We utilized fMRI to investigate the neural activation patterns elicited by viewing product images of varying attractiveness levels. The results indicated distinct neural activations in response to the two types of attractive images. Highly attractive product images elicited activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the occipital pole, whereas less attractive product images stimulated the insula and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). The findings of this project provide some of the first insights of its kind and valuable insights for future product design, suggesting that incorporating more positive and rewarding elements could enhance product appeal. This research elucidates the neural correlates of people’s responses to product attractiveness, revealing that highly attractive designs activate reward-related brain regions, while less attractive designs engage areas associated with emotional processing. These findings offer a neuroscientific basis for further studies on developing design strategies that align with consumers’ innate preferences, potentially transforming product design and marketing practices. By leveraging this knowledge, designers can craft products that not only meet functional needs but also resonate more deeply on an esthetic level, thereby enhancing consumer engagement and purchase likelihood. Full article

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13 pages, 4234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI Use in Mammography for Diagnosing Metachronous Contralateral Breast Cancer

by Mio Adachi, Tomoyuki Fujioka, Toshiyuki Ishiba, Miyako Nara, Sakiko Maruya, Kumiko Hayashi, Yuichi Kumaki, Emi Yamaga, Leona Katsuta, Du Hao, Mikael Hartman, Feng Mengling, Goshi Oda, Kazunori Kubota and Ukihide Tateishi

J. Imaging 2024, 10(9), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10090211 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Background: Although several studies have been conducted on artificial intelligence (AI) use in mammography (MG), there is still a paucity of research on the diagnosis of metachronous bilateral breast cancer (BC), which is typically more challenging to diagnose. This study aimed to determine [...] Read more.

Background: Although several studies have been conducted on artificial intelligence (AI) use in mammography (MG), there is still a paucity of research on the diagnosis of metachronous bilateral breast cancer (BC), which is typically more challenging to diagnose. This study aimed to determine whether AI could enhance BC detection, achieving earlier or more accurate diagnoses than radiologists in cases of metachronous contralateral BC. Methods: We included patients who underwent unilateral BC surgery and subsequently developed contralateral BC. This retrospective study evaluated the AI-supported MG diagnostic system called FxMammo™. We evaluated the capability of FxMammo™ (FathomX Pte Ltd., Singapore) to diagnose BC more accurately or earlier than radiologists’ assessments. This evaluation was supplemented by reviewing MG readings made by radiologists. Results: Out of 1101 patients who underwent surgery, 10 who had initially undergone a partial mastectomy and later developed contralateral BC were analyzed. The AI system identified malignancies in six cases (60%), while radiologists identified five cases (50%). Notably, two cases (20%) were diagnosed solely by the AI system. Additionally, for these cases, the AI system had identified malignancies a year before the conventional diagnosis. Conclusions: This study highlights the AI system’s effectiveness in diagnosing metachronous contralateral BC via MG. In some cases, the AI system consistently diagnosed cancer earlier than radiological assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Visual Perception and Artificial Consciousness)

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13 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Functions of Fermented Coffee by Lactic Acid Bacteria

by Seon-Gyu Kim, Aoun Abbas and Gi-Seong Moon

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7596; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177596 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and at present, specialty coffees are developing for better tastes, flavors, or functions. Fermented coffees also reflect this trend and some brands are commercialized. Unlike general fermented coffees, we tried to ferment [...] Read more.

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world, and at present, specialty coffees are developing for better tastes, flavors, or functions. Fermented coffees also reflect this trend and some brands are commercialized. Unlike general fermented coffees, we tried to ferment coffee extract with several lactic acid bacteria. Finally, we selected three strains that persisted in the coffee extract, and show strong antimicrobial activity, for the fermentation starters. The strains were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus (KNUT 0384), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (CJNU 1840), and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (CJNU 0441) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. During the fermentation process, the total acidities (p < 0.05 vs. the control, non-fermented coffee extract) and cell masses increased, which indicates that the bacteria metabolized properly in the extract. Furthermore, the fermented coffee extracts showed increased antimicrobial activities against Listeria monocytogenes (p < 0.05 vs. the control) and Streptococcus mutans (p < 0.05 vs. the control), increased anti-oxidative activities (p < 0.05 vs. the control, except for the KNUT 0384 sample), decreased caffeine content (p < 0.05 vs. the control, except for the KNUT 0384 sample), and increased chlorogenic acid content (p < 0.05 vs. the control). Taken together, the fermented coffee extracts with the selected lactic acid bacteria could be specialty coffees where several functions are improved when compared with a control coffee extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Progress in Fermentation Technology and Microbial Biotechnology: A Comprehensive Overview of Recent Developments and Innovations)

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14 pages, 5408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occupant-Detection-Based Individual Control of Four-Way Air Conditioner for Sustainable Building Energy Management

by Joon-Hee Ham, Bum-Soo Kim, In-Woo Bae and Jaewan Joe

Sustainability 2024, 16(17), 7404; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177404 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

In this study, individual control of a four-way air conditioner was developed based on the distribution of occupants to prevent unnecessary energy consumption during room-wide control. An occupancy detection algorithm was created in Python using YOLOv5 object recognition technology to identify the occupants’ [...] Read more.

In this study, individual control of a four-way air conditioner was developed based on the distribution of occupants to prevent unnecessary energy consumption during room-wide control. An occupancy detection algorithm was created in Python using YOLOv5 object recognition technology to identify the occupants’ distribution in space. Recorded video data were used to test the algorithm. A simulation case study for a building energy model was conducted, assuming that this algorithm was applied using surveillance cameras in commercial buildings, such as cafés and restaurants. A grey-box model was established based on measurements in a thermal zone, dividing one space into two zones. The temperature data for the two zones were collected by individually turning on the air conditioner for each zone in turns for a specific period. Manual closure was applied to each supply blade using a tape to provide cooling to the target zone. Finally, through energy simulations, the decreased rates in energy consumption between the proposed individual control and existing room-wide controls were compared. Different scenarios for the occupants’ schedules were considered, and average rates in energy savings of 21–22% were observed, demonstrating the significance of individual control in terms of energy consumption. However, marginal comfort violations were observed, which is inevitable. The developed control method is expected to contribute to sustainable energy management in buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Bottom-Up Energy Approaches for Carbon-Neutral Building Stock)

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15 pages, 3759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon Sequestration with Implementation of Alley Cropping in a Mediterranean Citrus Orchard

by Jose A. Acosta, Alberto Imbernón-Mulero, Belén Gallego-Elvira, Jose F. Maestre-Valero, Silvia Martínez-Martínez and Victoriano Martínez-Álvarez

Plants 2024, 13(17), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13172399 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Agroecological ecosystems produce significant carbon dioxide fluxes; however, the equilibrium of their carbon sequestration, as well as emission rates, faces considerable uncertainties. Therefore, sustainable cropping practices represent a unique opportunity for carbon sequestration, compensating greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, we evaluated the [...] Read more.

Agroecological ecosystems produce significant carbon dioxide fluxes; however, the equilibrium of their carbon sequestration, as well as emission rates, faces considerable uncertainties. Therefore, sustainable cropping practices represent a unique opportunity for carbon sequestration, compensating greenhouse gas emissions. In this research, we evaluated the short-term effect of different management practices in alleys (tillage, no tillage, alley cropping with Rosmarinus officinalis and Thymus hyemalis on soil properties, carbon sequestration, and CO₂ emissions in a grapefruit orchard under semiarid climate). For two years every four months, soil sampling campaigns were performed, soil CO₂ emissions were measured, and rhizosphere soils were sampled at the end of the experimental period. The results show that alley cropping with Thymus and Rosmarinus contributed to improve soil fertility, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and nutrients. The CO₂ emission rates followed the soil temperature/moisture pattern. Tillage did not contribute to higher overall CO₂ emissions, and there were no decreased SOC contents. In contrast, alley crops increased CO₂ emission rates, especially Rosmarinus; however, the bigger root system and biomass of Rosmarinus contributed to soil carbon sequestration at a greater rate than Thymus. Therefore, Rosmarinus is positioned as a better option than Thymus to be used as an alley crop, although long-term monitoring is required to evaluate if the reported short-term benefits are maintained over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Soil Interaction Response to Global Change)

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15 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Characteristics of Female and Male Esports Players among Norwegian Youth: A General Population Study

by Stian Overå, Anders Bakken and Christer Hyggen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(9), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091136 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Electronic sports (esports) have evolved into a major cultural phenomenon in the 21st century, mirroring traditional sports with organized, competitive play. This study investigates the prevalence of esports participation and characteristics of esports players among Norwegian adolescents. Using data from the Ungdata survey, [...] Read more.

Electronic sports (esports) have evolved into a major cultural phenomenon in the 21st century, mirroring traditional sports with organized, competitive play. This study investigates the prevalence of esports participation and characteristics of esports players among Norwegian adolescents. Using data from the Ungdata survey, a comprehensive web-based survey of Norwegian adolescents that includes questions on demographics, health, physical activity, social relations, and leisure activities such as gaming and esports, we analyzed responses from 70,695 students aged 16–18 years collected during 2021–2023. We conclude that about one out of twenty in the age group of 16–18 years actively engage in esports. The figure conceals significant gender differences: only 0.7% of girls, compared to 8.8% of boys, actively participate in esports. While female esports players differ noticeably from non-players on almost all indicators included in our analyses, the picture among boys reflects more similarities between esports players and other boys, than differences. Among the esports players, females almost consistently reported more negative experiences than males, including less physical socialization, lower self-rated health, higher rates of loneliness and sleeping problems, and a greater difficulty fitting in at school. Despite these negative aspects, esports players maintain close friendships similar to their non-playing peers. Full article

15 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Punishment Signals for Guiding the Decision-Making Process of an Autonomous System

by Daniel Cabrera-Paniagua, Rolando Rubilar-Torrealba, Nelson Castro and Joaquín Taverner

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7595; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177595 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Somatic markers have been evidenced as determinant factors in human behavior. In particular, the concepts of somatic reward and punishment have been related to the decision-making process; both reward and somatic punishment represent bodily states with positive or negative sensations, respectively. In this [...] Read more.

Somatic markers have been evidenced as determinant factors in human behavior. In particular, the concepts of somatic reward and punishment have been related to the decision-making process; both reward and somatic punishment represent bodily states with positive or negative sensations, respectively. In this research work, we have designed a mechanism to generate artificial somatic punishments in an autonomous system. An autonomous system is understood as a system capable of performing autonomous behavior and decision making. We incorporated this mechanism within a decision model oriented to support decision making on stock markets. Our model focuses on using artificial somatic punishments as a tool to guide the decisions of an autonomous system. To validate our proposal, we defined an experimental scenario using official data from Standard & Poor’s 500 and the Dow Jones index, in which we evaluated the decisions made by the autonomous system based on artificial somatic punishments in a general investment process using 10,000 independent iterations. In the investment process, the autonomous system applied an active investment strategy combined with an artificial somatic index. The results show that this autonomous system presented a higher level of investment decision effectiveness, understood as the achievement of greater wealth over time, as measured by profitability, utility, and Sharpe Ratio indicators, relative to an industry benchmark. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent Information Systems and AI Applications)

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11 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Etiology of Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate in the Polish Population

by Alicja Zawiślak, Krzysztof Woźniak, Beata Kawala, Satish Gupta, Anna Znamirowska-Bajowska, Katarzyna Grocholewicz, Jan Lubiński and Anna Jakubowska

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(17), 9310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179310 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are the most common congenital anomalies in the craniofacial region, leading to morphological and functional disruptions in the facial region. Their etiology involves genetic and environmental factors, with genetics playing a crucial role. This study aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are the most common congenital anomalies in the craniofacial region, leading to morphological and functional disruptions in the facial region. Their etiology involves genetic and environmental factors, with genetics playing a crucial role. This study aimed to investigate the association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—rs987525, rs590223, rs522616, and rs4714384—with CL/P in the Polish population. We analyzed DNA samples from 209 individuals with CL/P and 418 healthy controls. The impact of SNPs on the presence of CL/P was assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Significant associations were found with rs987525. Specifically, the AC genotype was linked to an increased CL/P risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34–2.83, p < 0.001), while the CC genotype was associated with a decreased risk (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.32–0.67, p < 0.001). Rs4714384 was also significant, with the CT genotype correlated with a reduced risk of CL/P (OR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46–0.94, p = 0.011). SNPs rs590223 and rs522616 did not show statistically significant associations. These results underscore the role of rs987525 and rs4714384 in influencing CL/P risk and suggest the utility of genetic screening in understanding CL/P etiology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Novel Therapeutic Strategies)

13 pages, 2396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Ten-Antigen Immunodot Test in Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Lessons Learned for a Tertiary Care Academic Hospital

by Giulia Zorzi, Perrin Ngougni Pokem, Geraldine Dahlqvist, Bénédicte Délire, Nicolas Lanthier, Peter Starkel, Yves Horsmans, Cedric Aupaix, Samia Jnaoui and Damien Gruson

Diagnostics 2024, 14(17), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14171882 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases of the liver and biliary tract require timely and accurate diagnosis. This study evaluates the D-tek panel (D-Tek, Mons, Belgium) of 10 immunodot antigens for its effectiveness in diagnosing autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). We retrospectively analysed serum [...] Read more.

Autoimmune diseases of the liver and biliary tract require timely and accurate diagnosis. This study evaluates the D-tek panel (D-Tek, Mons, Belgium) of 10 immunodot antigens for its effectiveness in diagnosing autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). We retrospectively analysed serum samples from 111 patients who had undergone routine testing, including indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), to confirm or exclude autoimmune liver or biliary tract disease. The panel tested for M2/nPDC, M2/OGDC-E2, M2/BCOADC-E2, M2/PDC-E2, gp210, sp100, LKM1, LC1, SLA, and F-actin antigens. Results showed that all positive IIF+ELISA results were confirmed by the immunodot panel, except for two samples from patients who had never been diagnosed with AIH. The immunodot test identified over 20 additional autoantibodies in samples initially negative by IIF, corroborated by laboratory imaging and medical history. The immunodot technique proved to be a quick, sensitive, and specific method with high overall accuracy. This study suggests that the immunodot technique may be an effective screening and confirmatory method for autoimmune liver diseases, potentially improving diagnostic efficiency and accuracy in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis: Advanced Diagnosis and Management)

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24 pages, 377 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Pre-Analytical Factors Impacting Metabolomics Analyses of Blood Samples

by Amy Thachil, Li Wang, Rupasri Mandal, David Wishart and Tom Blydt-Hansen

Metabolites 2024, 14(9), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14090474 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Discrepant sample processing remains a significant challenge within blood metabolomics research, introducing non-biological variation into the measured metabolome and biasing downstream results. Inconsistency during the pre-analytical phase can influence experimental processes, producing metabolome measurements that are non-representative of in vivo composition. To minimize [...] Read more.

Discrepant sample processing remains a significant challenge within blood metabolomics research, introducing non-biological variation into the measured metabolome and biasing downstream results. Inconsistency during the pre-analytical phase can influence experimental processes, producing metabolome measurements that are non-representative of in vivo composition. To minimize variation, there is a need to create and adhere to standardized pre-analytical protocols for blood samples intended for use in metabolomics analyses. This will allow for reliable and reproducible findings within blood metabolomics research. In this review article, we provide an overview of the existing literature pertaining to pre-analytical factors that influence blood metabolite measurements. Pre-analytical factors including blood tube selection, pre- and post-processing time and temperature conditions, centrifugation conditions, freeze–thaw cycles, and long-term storage conditions are specifically discussed, with recommendations provided for best practices at each stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolomics and Machine Learning for Improved Diagnostics and as a Tool to Accelerate Drug Development)

21 pages, 8577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Noise Resilience in Dermoscopic Image Segmentation: Comparing Deep Learning Architectures for Enhanced Accuracy

by Fatih Ergin, Ismail Burak Parlak, Mouloud Adel, Ömer Melih Gül and Kostas Karpouzis

Electronics 2024, 13(17), 3414; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13173414 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Skin diseases and lesions can be ambiguous to recognize due to the similarity of lesions and enhanced imaging features. In this study, we compared three cutting-edge deep learning frameworks for dermoscopic segmentation: U-Net, SegAN, and MultiResUNet. We used a dermoscopic dataset including detailed [...] Read more.

Skin diseases and lesions can be ambiguous to recognize due to the similarity of lesions and enhanced imaging features. In this study, we compared three cutting-edge deep learning frameworks for dermoscopic segmentation: U-Net, SegAN, and MultiResUNet. We used a dermoscopic dataset including detailed lesion annotations with segmentation masks to help train and evaluate models on the precise localization of melanomas. SegAN is a special type of Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that introduces a new architecture by adding generator and discriminator steps. U-Net has become a common strategy in segmentation to encode and decode image features for limited data. MultiResUNet is a U-Net-based architecture that overcomes the insufficient data problem in medical imaging by extracting contextual details. We trained the three frameworks on colored images after preprocessing. We added incremental Gaussian noise to measure the robustness of segmentation performance. We evaluated the frameworks using the following parameters: accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, Dice and Jaccard coefficients. Our accuracy results show that SegAN (92%) and MultiResUNet (92%) both outperform U-Net (86%), which is a well-known segmentation framework for skin lesion analysis. MultiResUNet sensitivity (96%) outperforms the methods in the challenge leaderboard. These results suggest that SegAN and MultiResUNet are more resistant techniques against noise in dermoscopic segmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)

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15 pages, 5566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Selenium Supplementation on Soil Mercury Speciation, Soil Properties and Mercury-Resistant Microorganisms and Resistant Genes

by Guangpeng Pei, Yuxin Li and Hua Li

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14091928 (registering DOI) - 28 Aug 2024

Abstract

Soil mercury (Hg) contamination is a serious threat to local ecology and public health. Exogenous selenium (Se) supplementation can effectively reduce the toxicity of Hg. However, the mechanisms affecting the changes in soil Hg speciation, soil properties and the microbial Hg-resistant system during [...] Read more.

Soil mercury (Hg) contamination is a serious threat to local ecology and public health. Exogenous selenium (Se) supplementation can effectively reduce the toxicity of Hg. However, the mechanisms affecting the changes in soil Hg speciation, soil properties and the microbial Hg-resistant system during the Se–Hg interaction after exogenous Se supplementation are not clear. Therefore, in this study, soil culture experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of different Se additions on the transformation of Hg speciation, soil properties and Hg-resistant microorganisms and resistant genes (mer operon). The results indicated that Se supplementation facilitated the transformation of soil Hg from bioavailable (exchangeable and carbonate-bound) to stable forms (organic material-bound and residual), significantly reducing Hg bioavailability. Se supplementation notably decreased the electrical conductivity of Hg-contaminated soil, but had no significant effect on the soil pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity or alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities. The maximum activity levels of soil sucrase and urease were observed when 1 mg kg⁻¹ Se was added. Se significantly inhibited soil peroxidase and ascorbate oxidase activities, thereby alleviating the oxidative stress in the soil system caused by Hg. Additionally, Se significantly activated the Hg-resistant system in soil microorganisms by either decreasing or increasing the regulatory genes merD and merR, and it significantly upregulated the cytoplasmic protein gene merP and the membrane protein genes merC, merF and merT. This further increased the abundance of the organomercury lyase gene merB and the mercuric reductase gene merA, promoting the conversion of Hg species to Hg⁰. Furthermore, the abundance of mer operon-containing microorganisms, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidants, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Cryptococcus, significantly increased with Se addition, explaining the role of soil microorganisms in mitigating soil Hg stress via Se supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Cropping Systems)

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