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Recent Articles  

16 pages, 858 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Central Motor Drives Interactions Between the Eyes, and an Index Finger, and a Little Finger
by Shiho Fukuda, Han Gao, Naoki Hamada and Koichi Hiraoka
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(4), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15040422 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: When manipulating an object placed on the palm, the eyes and fingers move together. To perform this task precisely, coordination of the eyes and fingers is needed. Based on this view, the present study examined the three-way interaction among the central [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: When manipulating an object placed on the palm, the eyes and fingers move together. To perform this task precisely, coordination of the eyes and fingers is needed. Based on this view, the present study examined the three-way interaction among the central motor drives to the eyes, index finger, and little finger. Methods: Healthy male participants abducted the right index and/or little finger with or without concomitant saccadic eye movement to the right in response to a visual cue, while the forearm was in the pronated or supinated position. We measured the reaction time (RT), velocity, and amplitude of the eye movements, as well as the RT and amplitude of the electromyographic (EMG) responses in the prime movers for the independent and dependent finger movements. Results: The velocity, amplitude, and RT of the eye movement were not changed by the additional involvement of the finger movement, indicating that the central motor drive to the finger does not influence the eye motor excitability and central motor drive to the eyes. On the one hand, the RT of the finger was not changed by the eye movement, indicating that the central motor drive to the eyes does not influence the central motor drive to the finger muscle. On the other hand, the EMG amplitude in the first dorsal interosseous muscle at the movement onset decreased during the concomitant eye movement, indicating that the central motor drive to the eyes suppresses the motor excitability of the independent finger muscle. The RT increased and EMG amplitude decreased in one finger muscle when the other finger concurrently moved, indicating that the central motor drive to one finger muscle suppresses the motor excitability of and central motor drive to the other finger muscle. The change in the RT and EMG amplitude in one finger muscle caused by the concomitant execution of the other finger movement and/or eye movement varied with forearm position, indicating that forearm proprioception influences the interaction of the motor execution processes among the fingers and eyes. Conclusions: The central motor drive to the eyes or finger muscles suppresses the motor excitability of the other finger muscles and the central motor drive to that muscle, but the central motor drive to the finger muscles does not influence those for the eyes. Forearm proprioception influences the motor excitability of the finger muscle and central motor drive to that muscle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)
20 pages, 4381 KiB  
Article
Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) and Nanoclay Composites’ Mixed-Matrix Membranes: Exploring Structure, Properties, and Performance Relationships
by Rund Abu-Zurayk, Nour Alnairat, Haneen Waleed, Mohammed Q. Al-Khaial, Aya Khalaf, Ayat Bozeya, Duaa Abu-Dalo, Sojoud Al-Yousef and Razan Afaneh
Polymers 2025, 17(8), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17081120 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have become a favored choice for membrane filtration because of their outstanding mechanical characteristics, chemical resistance, thermal stability, and ease of handling. Nevertheless, the hydrophobic nature of PVDF membranes can result in fouling, which diminishes their efficiency over time. [...] Read more.
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have become a favored choice for membrane filtration because of their outstanding mechanical characteristics, chemical resistance, thermal stability, and ease of handling. Nevertheless, the hydrophobic nature of PVDF membranes can result in fouling, which diminishes their efficiency over time. This study explores the impact of ZnO-Nanoclay on the properties and performance of mixed matrix membranes made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) at different loading percentages (0, 1, and 3 wt%). The ZnO-Nanoclay nanoparticles were synthesized using environmentally friendly methods, characterized, and blended into PVDF matrices via a solution-casting technique, resulting in a series of membranes. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The resulting mixed-matrix membranes underwent comprehensive analyses to assess their structure and surface properties, employing SEM, XRD, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and contact-angle measurements. Furthermore, tensile, antibacterial, and barrier properties were evaluated. Integrating ZnO-Nanoclay into PVDF membranes greatly improves antifouling properties, achieving inhibition rates of 99.92% at a clay-loading percentage of 3 wt% and increasing water-flux rates by 16% compared to pure PVDF membranes at 1 wt%. In addition, ZnO-Nanoclay nanoparticles significantly boost the mechanical properties of PVDF membranes, enhancing maximum strength by 500% at 3 wt% loading. This study examines the interplay between the structure, properties, and performance of mixed-matrix membranes by comparing different PVDF membranes that were mixed with different nanoclay composites, providing significant insights into improving these membranes through the incorporation of nanoclay composites to enhance their overall properties and effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)
30 pages, 9763 KiB  
Article
Pore–Fracture Structure and Fractal Features of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation Hydrocarbon Source Rocks as Investigated Using MICP, LFNMR, and FESEM
by Dun Wu, Liu Zhao, Guangqing Hu and Wenyong Zhang
Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(4), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9040263 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
The pore structure of reservoir rocks was a crucial factor affecting hydrocarbon production. Accurately characterized the micropore structure of different types of rock reservoirs was of great significance for unconventional natural gas exploration. In this study, multiple observation methods (field emission scanning electron [...] Read more.
The pore structure of reservoir rocks was a crucial factor affecting hydrocarbon production. Accurately characterized the micropore structure of different types of rock reservoirs was of great significance for unconventional natural gas exploration. In this study, multiple observation methods (field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR)) and physical tests (mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP)) were employed, and double logarithmic plots for fractal fitting were illustrated. The fractal dimension of 15 samples was calculated using fractal theory to systematically investigate the pore–fracture structure and fractal characteristics of hydrocarbon source rock (limestone, mudstone, and sandstone) samples from the Late Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation in the Huainan coalfield. MICP experiments revealed that sandstone reservoirs had larger and more uniformly distributed pore throats compared to mudstone and limestone, exhibiting superior connectivity and permeability. The T2 spectrum characteristic maps obtained using LFNMR were also consistent with the pore distribution patterns derived from MICP experiments, particularly showed that sandstone types exhibited excellent signal intensity across different relaxation time periods and had a broader T2 spectrum width, which fully indicated that sandstone types possess superior pore structures and higher connectivity. FESEM experiments demonstrated that sandstone pores were highly developed and uniform, with sandstone fractures dominated by large fractures above the micrometer scale. Meanwhile, the FESEM fractal dimension results indicated that sandstone exhibits good fractal characteristics, validating its certain oil storage capacity. Furthermore, the FESEM fractal dimension exhibited a good correlation with the porosity and permeability of the hydrocarbon source rock reservoirs, suggesting that the FESEM fractal dimension can serve as an important parameter for evaluating the physical properties of hydrocarbon source rock reservoirs. This study enriched the basic geological theories for unconventional natural gas exploration in deep coal-bearing strata in the Huainan coalfield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics in Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
23 pages, 640 KiB  
Article
Ambient Air Pollution and Semen Quality in China: A Nationwide Case-Control Study of 27,014 Males with Biomarker-Confirmed Semen Pathology
by Jianfeng Liu, Zhixiang Fang, Dongyue Chai, Zhipeng Zhu, Qunshan Shen and Xiaojin He
Toxics 2025, 13(4), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13040322 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Amidst China’s rapid industrialization and deteriorating air quality, emerging evidence suggests a parallel decline in male reproductive health. However, large-scale assessments of pollution-semen quality associations remain scarce. This nationwide multicenter study investigated these relationships among 27,014 Chinese men using high-resolution satellite-derived exposure estimates [...] Read more.
Amidst China’s rapid industrialization and deteriorating air quality, emerging evidence suggests a parallel decline in male reproductive health. However, large-scale assessments of pollution-semen quality associations remain scarce. This nationwide multicenter study investigated these relationships among 27,014 Chinese men using high-resolution satellite-derived exposure estimates (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, CO, and SO2) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), adjusting for key demographic confounders. A case-control study involving 5256 cases and 21758 controls used the exposure values of air pollutants 90 days prior to sperm collection for epidemiological exposure analysis reactions to obtain the association between sperm quality and air pollution. This study demonstrates significant associations between increased exposure to regional air pollutants and the risk of substandard semen quality in China. Key findings reveal NO2’s potential reproductive toxicity, showing a 79.7% increased risk of semen volume abnormalities per 11.34 µg/m3 exposure (OR = 1.797, 95% CI: 1.402–2.302). Susceptibility disparities emerged, with 16.4-fold greater PM2.5 sensitivity in obese individuals (OR = 1.121 vs. 1.007) and 133% higher PM10 risk in urban residents (OR = 1.342 vs. 1.006). Strikingly, SO2 exposure at 15% of the WHO 24 h average guideline (6.16 µg/m3) was associated with a 3.8% increase in abnormalities, indicating the challenge of the current safety thresholds. These findings highlight the need for policy reforms, including (1) incorporating reproductive health endpoints into air quality standards, (2) implementing antioxidant interventions for high-risk groups, and (3) strengthening traffic emission controls in urban planning. This study underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate the impact of air pollution on male reproductive health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unraveling the Health Impacts of Air Pollution: Assessments and Mechanisms)
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13 pages, 6225 KiB  
Article
Effect of Austenitizing on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Gray Cast Iron
by Hongkui Zhang, Yipeng Lan, Zhe Ju, Shian Zhu, Xinming Liu, Yihan Hao and Guanglong Li
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 4548; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15084548 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study enhanced the performance of gray cast iron through the precise control of the partial austenitizing temperature combined with an isothermal quenching process. The study investigated the effects of three austenitizing temperatures, namely 810 °C, 850 °C, and 900 °C, on the [...] Read more.
This study enhanced the performance of gray cast iron through the precise control of the partial austenitizing temperature combined with an isothermal quenching process. The study investigated the effects of three austenitizing temperatures, namely 810 °C, 850 °C, and 900 °C, on the microstructure and mechanical properties of gray cast iron. With the increase in austenitizing temperature, the transformation of pearlite to ausferrite was promoted, and the ausferrite content increased from 8.0% at 810 °C to 91.2% at 900 °C. Mechanical property tests showed that the specimen treated at 850 °C had the best comprehensive performance. Its tensile strength reached 332 MPa, an increase of 78.6% compared with the as-cast state. The elongation increased by 51.8%, and the wear depth under a 20 N load decreased from 250 μm to 2 μm. Specimens with a high ausferrite content exhibited stable low-friction characteristics due to the uniform hardness and the suppression of adhesive wear. However, an excessively high austenitizing temperature of 900 °C would lead to an increase in residual stress in the casting and deformation of the graphite structure, reducing the wear resistance. Under the established austenitizing temperature conditions, this study explored the relevant mechanisms for the performance improvement of gray cast iron by means of various testing methods, providing a theoretical basis and process reference for optimizing the material performance of explosion-proof equipment under harsh mining conditions. Full article
16 pages, 4239 KiB  
Article
Phylogenomics and Floristic Origin of Endiandra R.Br (Lauraceae) from New Caledonia
by Jiayi Song, Chengyan Shao, Zhi Yang and Yong Yang
Forests 2025, 16(4), 705; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16040705 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
New Caledonia is a biodiversity hotspot with flora closely related to that of Australia and has received considerable attention. Endiandra (Cryptocaryeae; Lauraceae) is distributed from tropical Asia to Oceania, including New Caledonia, with northeastern Australia and New Guinea as diversity centers, but the [...] Read more.
New Caledonia is a biodiversity hotspot with flora closely related to that of Australia and has received considerable attention. Endiandra (Cryptocaryeae; Lauraceae) is distributed from tropical Asia to Oceania, including New Caledonia, with northeastern Australia and New Guinea as diversity centers, but the genus in New Caledonia remains understudied. Here, four species of Endiandra native to New Caledonia were sequenced, and their complete plastome sequences were analyzed. A plastome-based phylogenomic tree of Cryptocaryeae was reconstructed, and divergence times were estimated. The phylogenomic tree supports the monophyly of Endiandra. Interestingly, the species of Endiandra from New Caledonia were grouped into two separate subclades, with one subclade including three species and the other subclade containing only one species. The stem and crown ages of the first subclade were 33.18 Ma and 14.5 Ma, respectively, and the second subclade diverged by approximately 10.36 Ma. The structural characteristics of the newly sequenced plastomes were compared with those of Beilschmiedia species from different continents. The results indicate that the plastome sequences of the four species of Endiandra are longer than those of Beilschmiedia. Additionally, Endiandra has more simple sequence repeats (SSRs) than Beilschmiedia, though the difference is slight. The Guanine-Cytosine (GC) content of Endiandra was lower than that of Beilschmiedia. Five highly variable regions were identified, including matK-rps16, ycf1, petA-psbJ, petN-psbM, and ndhF. The Endiandra species in New Caledonia originated through long-distance dispersal followed by local divergence, rather than vicariance. Additionally, we identified at least two instances of floristic exchange between New Caledonia and Australia. Our study provides further evidence for understanding the biogeographic history between these two regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Tree Breeding: Genomics and Molecular Biology)
14 pages, 4117 KiB  
Article
SACG-YOLO: A Method of Transmission Line Insulator Defect Detection by Fusing Scene-Aware Information and Detailed-Content-Guided Information
by Lihui Zhao, Jun Kang, Yang An, Yurong Li, Meili Jia and Ruihong Li
Electronics 2025, 14(8), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14081673 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
To address the challenges in insulator defect detection for transmission lines, including complex background interference, varying defect region scales, and sample imbalance, we propose a detection method that effectively integrates scene perception information and detailed content guidance. First, a scene perception enhancement module [...] Read more.
To address the challenges in insulator defect detection for transmission lines, including complex background interference, varying defect region scales, and sample imbalance, we propose a detection method that effectively integrates scene perception information and detailed content guidance. First, a scene perception enhancement module is employed to extract global environmental information, improving the baseline model’s adaptability to complex backgrounds. Second, a detailed content attention module is introduced to enable the model to more accurately capture fine-grained features of small defect regions. Furthermore, a normalized Wasserstein distance metric function is adopted to mitigate the sensitivity of the regression branch in the baseline model. Simultaneously, a sample weighting function is utilized to reduce the impact of sample imbalance on the classification branch. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior detection performance on a real-world transmission line insulator defect dataset. Full article
15 pages, 665 KiB  
Review
Utilization of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review of the Literature
by Andrea Giannelli, Marta Forte, Giuseppe D’Albis, Giulia Cianciotta, Luisa Limongelli, Laura Stef, Ramona Feier, Abdulrahman Omar Alrashadah, Massimo Corsalini and Saverio Capodiferro
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(8), 2844; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082844 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Introduction: The physiological process of wound healing is a complex and dynamic series of events that aims to restore damaged tissues to their original structure and function. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), an autologous blood-derived product, is characterized by a high concentration of platelets [...] Read more.
Introduction: The physiological process of wound healing is a complex and dynamic series of events that aims to restore damaged tissues to their original structure and function. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), an autologous blood-derived product, is characterized by a high concentration of platelets suspended in a small volume of plasma, along with a complete array of coagulation factors at physiological concentrations. Beyond platelets, PRP contains a significant quantity of bioactive growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), all of which are crucial mediators of tissue repair and osteogenesis. Due to these properties, PRP has garnered considerable attention in oral surgery, where the efficient regeneration of both hard and soft tissues is critical for the optimal therapeutic outcomes. Objectives: This systematic review aimed to critically evaluate the efficacy of PRP in oral surgical procedures, with particular emphasis on its role in the regeneration of both soft and hard tissues, as well as its clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the review sought to identify the diverse surgical applications of PRP and assess the impact of its use in conjunction with grafting materials on regenerative outcomes. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted, analyzing articles published within the last decade regarding the application of PRP in oral surgery, specifically focusing on periodontal, regenerative, and implant-related procedures. Studies were selected based on rigorous inclusion criteria, assessing the utilization of PRP across different clinical settings. Results: Fourteen relevant studies were included, which were categorized as follows: four studies involving implant surgery, three studies focusing on third molar extractions, two studies on regenerative surgery, two studies addressing periodontal surgery, one study examining intrabony periodontal defects, and two studies on ridge augmentation procedures. The majority of studies reported modest improvements in clinical parameters such as periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level (CAL). Furthermore, significant positive outcomes were observed in soft tissue healing, with notable enhancements in bone density. These results suggest that PRP may facilitate the healing process, particularly in soft tissues, while also promoting bone regeneration to a degree. Conclusions: The findings of this systematic review underscore the potential of PRP as a valuable adjunct in oral surgery, demonstrating significant benefits in the regeneration of soft tissues and, to a lesser extent, hard tissues. Notably, the standalone application of PRP did not yield substantial improvements in regenerative outcomes. However, when PRP was used in combination with grafting materials, more pronounced benefits were observed, indicating a synergistic effect that enhances both soft and hard tissue regeneration. These findings support the rationale for incorporating PRP into clinical practice, particularly in conjunction with grafting materials, to optimize patient outcomes in oral surgery. Further research, particularly involving larger sample sizes and long-term follow-ups, is necessary to fully elucidate the optimal clinical applications and mechanistic pathways of PRP in oral regenerative procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)
17 pages, 638 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Science of Shape: How Physical Activity, Sleep, and Stress Affect Body Composition
by Krystian Maruszczak, Wojciech Kasperek, Konrad Kustra, Joanna Baran and Maciej Kochman
Healthcare 2025, 13(8), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080949 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
In the contemporary context of health challenges, the focus on physical health has become a social and individual priority. Within this framework, body composition emerges as one of the key determinants of physical health, with deviations from normal body composition being associated with [...] Read more.
In the contemporary context of health challenges, the focus on physical health has become a social and individual priority. Within this framework, body composition emerges as one of the key determinants of physical health, with deviations from normal body composition being associated with numerous pathological conditions that can lead to serious health issues. Consequently, there is an urgent need to synthesize the available knowledge and increase awareness regarding healthy body composition and the factors that shape its components. This narrative review aims to summarize the knowledge regarding the main components of body composition and the key factors that influence their development. The fundamental morphological characteristics and functions of the primary components of body composition—including adipose tissue, muscle mass, and bone tissue—are addressed. Furthermore, the available methods for assessing body composition are outlined. The role of three key factors that influence body composition is outlined, including, but not limited to, physical activity, sleep quality, and stress levels. Additionally, hormonal fluctuations that determine body composition in relation to the variability of these factors are discussed. The review provides evidence-based information that will be valuable both for disease prevention related to non-communicable diseases and for the promotion of health strategies aimed at long-term physical well-being. Full article
19 pages, 1570 KiB  
Article
Design and Implementation of a Scalable Data Warehouse for Agricultural Big Data
by Asterios Theofilou, Stefanos A. Nastis, Michail Tsagris, Santiago Rodriguez-Perez and Konstadinos Mattas
Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3727; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083727 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
The rapid growth of agricultural data necessitates the development of storage systems that are scalable and efficient in storing, retrieving and analyzing very large datasets. The traditional relational database management systems (RDBMSs) struggle to keep up with large-scale analytical queries due to the [...] Read more.
The rapid growth of agricultural data necessitates the development of storage systems that are scalable and efficient in storing, retrieving and analyzing very large datasets. The traditional relational database management systems (RDBMSs) struggle to keep up with large-scale analytical queries due to the volume and complexity inherent in those data. This study presents the design and implementation of a scalable data warehouse (DWH) system for agricultural big data. The proposed solution efficiently integrates data and optimizes data ingestion, transformation, and query performance, leveraging a distributed architecture based on HDFS, Apache Hive, and Apache Spark, deployed on dockerized Ubuntu Linux environments. This paper highlights the reasons why a DWH is irreplaceable for big data processing, without disputing the strengths of traditional databases in transactional use cases. By detailing the architectural choices and implementation strategy, this study provides a practical framework for deploying robust DWH solutions that are useful in supporting agricultural research, market predictions and policy decision-making. Full article
10 pages, 2069 KiB  
Article
Bacillus velezensis as a Novel Species for Mosquito Control: Impacts of Exposure on Key Life History Traits of Culex quinquefasciatus
by Abdullah A. Alomar
Insects 2025, 16(4), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16040434 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis is a promising mosquito vector biocontrol agent due to its potent larvicidal properties. This study investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of exposure to crude toxin of B. velezensis strain WHk23 on Culex quinquefasciatus. Toxicity bioassays showed a median lethal [...] Read more.
Bacillus velezensis is a promising mosquito vector biocontrol agent due to its potent larvicidal properties. This study investigated the lethal and sublethal effects of exposure to crude toxin of B. velezensis strain WHk23 on Culex quinquefasciatus. Toxicity bioassays showed a median lethal concentration of 28.30 µg/mL for third instar larvae. In addition to direct larval mortality, sublethal exposures resulted in concentration-dependent decreases in survival, fecundity, and fertility. Exposure to different concentrations was found to accelerate larval development, resulting in larger females, yet those females exhibited lower lifespan and diminished reproductive success. These results suggest that exposure to B. velezensis not only reduces mosquito populations but also has lasting effects on important life history parameters, ultimately lowering vectorial capacity and disease transmission risk. This study provides valuable insights into the lethal and sublethal consequences of B. velezensis exposure. Given its potent larvicidal properties, B. velezensis represents a promising biocontrol agent for mosquito vectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Surveillance of Mosquitoes to Reduce the Spread of Mosquito-Borne Disease)
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17 pages, 4081 KiB  
Article
Accuracy Performance of Open-Core Inductive Voltage Transformers at Higher Frequencies
by Josip Ivankić, Igor Žiger, Bruno Jurišić and Dubravko Franković
Energies 2025, 18(8), 2121; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18082121 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
The new revision of the main instrument transformer standard, IEC 61869-1:2023, premiered requirements for the performance of instrument transformers in terms of transfer accuracy at higher frequencies. Five accuracy class extensions were introduced to establish an explicit performance level. Each of the extension [...] Read more.
The new revision of the main instrument transformer standard, IEC 61869-1:2023, premiered requirements for the performance of instrument transformers in terms of transfer accuracy at higher frequencies. Five accuracy class extensions were introduced to establish an explicit performance level. Each of the extension levels has a distinct bandwidth and accuracy performance associated with it. While these requirements are mainly aimed at non-conventional instrument transformers, the hypothesis of this paper is that conventional high-voltage instrument transformers can have a performance conformant to the above-mentioned requirements. Specifically, the focus of this paper will be on open-core inductive voltage transformers, which inherently exhibit an improved frequency response in comparison to their conventional closed-core counterparts. The main aim of this paper is to present a relevant transformer model based on a lumped parameter equivalent diagram. This model considers the actual mutual coupling (both capacitive and inductive) of the transformer windings. The model is created in EMTP software, and the output yields a frequency response characteristic of the transformer. The model will be validated with test results obtained through measurements on actual 123 kV, 245 kV, and 420 kV inductive voltage transformers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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23 pages, 3094 KiB  
Review
How the Built Environment Shapes Children’s Microbiome: A Systematic Review
by Rozalynne Samira, Muntazar Monsur and Nazia Afrin Trina
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040950 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
This systematic review aims to synthesize key empirical findings to understand how various elements of the built environment influence the microbiome concerning children’s health and well-being. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on studies that examined the relationship between [...] Read more.
This systematic review aims to synthesize key empirical findings to understand how various elements of the built environment influence the microbiome concerning children’s health and well-being. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, focusing on studies that examined the relationship between built environment factors and the microbiome aspects of childhood. A total of 42 studies were included in the final systematic review. We analyzed these studies from a range of different lenses, starting with basic research questions and variables to types of built environments, age groups of children, sampling strategy, bioinformatics, and the biological methods utilized. This review highlights a growing emphasis on children’s exposure to nature within built environments and its potential to beneficially alter the microbiome, with 38% of studies addressing this link. It also identifies a significant research gap in connecting built environment design features (landscape and/or architectural) to microbiome outcomes and associated health, behavioral, and mental health impacts on children. The findings indicate that interventions aimed at improving the built environment quality via design could foster healthier microbiomes in children’s environments. This review underscores the need for interdisciplinary research and policy initiatives that integrate microbiome science with built environment design to promote children’s health and well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiota: From the Environment to Humans, 2nd Edition)
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18 pages, 1310 KiB  
Article
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Contemporary Advanced Prostate Cancer Treatment Sequences
by Valentyn Litvin, Armen G. Aprikian and Alice Dragomir
Curr. Oncol. 2025, 32(4), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol32040240 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
There has been a proliferation of novel treatments for the management of advanced prostate cancer (PCa), including androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI). Although there are health economic analyses of novel PCa treatments, such as ARPIs for specific health states, there is a lack [...] Read more.
There has been a proliferation of novel treatments for the management of advanced prostate cancer (PCa), including androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI). Although there are health economic analyses of novel PCa treatments, such as ARPIs for specific health states, there is a lack of sequential analyses. Our paper aims to fill this gap. We developed a Monte Carlo Markov model to simulate the management of advanced PCa to end-of-life. We modeled patients who begin in metastatic and nonmetastatic castration-sensitive PCa (mCSPC and nmCSPC), with risk stratification for mCSPC, progressing to metastatic castration-resistant PCa (mCRPC). Using current guidelines and recent literature, we simulated admissible treatment sequences over these states along a 15-year horizon. We report the best treatment sequences in terms of efficacy and cost-effectiveness. We find that the most cost-effective use of ARPIs is early in advanced PCa for a cost-effectiveness threshold (CET) of CAD 100K per QALY. For a CET of CAD 50K per QALY, early ARPI use is most cost-effective in mCSPC-starting patients but not nmCSPC-starting. We conclude that the most cost-effective way to use ARPIs is when patients first enter advanced PCa. The most cost-effective ARPI at current Canadian prices is abiraterone, mostly due to abiraterone’s lower price level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
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26 pages, 4094 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Genes from Gibberellin, Jasmonate, and Auxin Signaling Under Drought Stress: A Genome-Wide Approach in Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.)
by Ygor de Souza-Vieira, Esther Felix-Mendes, Gabriela Valente-Almeida, Thais Felix-Cordeiro, Régis L. Corrêa, Douglas Jardim-Messeder and Gilberto Sachetto-Martins
Plants 2025, 14(8), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14081256 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) can tolerate long periods of dehydration, allowing the investigation of gene circuits involved in drought tolerance. Genes from gibberellins, jasmonates, and auxin signaling are important for crosstalk in the developmental and environmental adaptation process to drought conditions. [...] Read more.
Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) can tolerate long periods of dehydration, allowing the investigation of gene circuits involved in drought tolerance. Genes from gibberellins, jasmonates, and auxin signaling are important for crosstalk in the developmental and environmental adaptation process to drought conditions. However, the genes related to these signals, as well as their transcription profiles under drought, remain poorly characterized in the castor bean. In the present work, genes from gibberellins, jasmonates, and auxin signaling were identified and molecularly characterized. These analyses allowed us to identify genes encoding receptors, inhibitory proteins, and transcription factors from each signaling pathway in the castor bean genome. Chromosomal distribution, gene structure, evolutionary relationships, and conserved motif analyses were performed. Expression analysis through RNA-seq and RT-qPCR revealed that gibberellins, jasmonates, and auxin signaling were modulated at multiple levels under drought, with notable changes in specific genes. The gibberellin receptor RcGID1c was downregulated in response to drought, and RcDELLA3 was strongly repressed, whereas its homologues were not, reinforcing the suggestion of a nuanced regulation of gibberellin signaling during drought. Considering jasmonate signaling, the downregulation of the transcription factor RcMYC2 aligned with the drought tolerance observed in mutants lacking this gene. Altogether, these analyses have provided insights into hormone signaling in the castor bean, unveiling transcriptional responses that enhance our understanding of high drought tolerance in this plant. This knowledge opens avenues for identifying potential candidate genes suitable for genetic manipulation in biotechnological approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Regulation of Plant Stress Responses)
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16 pages, 5784 KiB  
Article
Temporal and Spatial Prediction of Column Dust Optical Depth Trend on Mars Based on Deep Learning
by Xiangxiang Yan, Ziteng Li, Tao Yu and Chunliang Xia
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(8), 1472; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17081472 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Dust storms, as an important extreme weather event on Mars, have significant impacts on the Martian atmosphere and climate and the activities of Martian probes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and predict the activity trends of Martian dust storms. This study uses [...] Read more.
Dust storms, as an important extreme weather event on Mars, have significant impacts on the Martian atmosphere and climate and the activities of Martian probes. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and predict the activity trends of Martian dust storms. This study uses historical data on global Column Dust Optical Depth (CDOD) from the Martian years (MYs) 24–36 (1998–2022) to develop a CDOD prediction method based on deep learning and predicts the spatiotemporal trends of dust storms in the landing areas of Martian rovers at high latitudes, the tropics, and the equatorial region. Firstly, based on a trained Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Long Short-Term Memory (LTSM)-CDOD network, the rolling predictions of CDOD average values for several sols in the future are performed. Then, an evaluation method based on the accuracy of the test set gives the maximum predictable number of sols and categorizes the predictions into four accuracy intervals. The effective prediction time of the model is about 100 sols, and the accuracy is higher in the tropics and equatorial region compared to at high latitudes. Notably, the accuracy of the Zhurong landing area in the north subtropical region is the highest, with a coefficient of determination (R2) and relative mean error (RME) of 0.98 and 0.035, respectively. Additionally, a Convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) network is used to predict the spatial distribution of CDOD intensity for different latitude landing areas of the future sol. The results are similar to the time predictions. This study shows that the LSTM-based prediction model for the intensity of Martian dust storms is effective. The prediction of Martian dust storm activity is of great significance to understanding changes in the Martian atmospheric environment and can also provide a scientific basis for assessing the impact on Martian rovers’ landing and operations during dust storms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planetary Remote Sensing and Applications to Mars and Chang’E-6/7)
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10 pages, 240 KiB  
Article
Ovarian Tissue Removed with Endometrioma May Reflect the Quality of the Adjacent Ovary
by Francesco G. Martire, Veronica Yacoub, Eliana Fuggetta, Valerio Carletti, Lucia Lazzeri, Gabriele Centini, Claudia D’Abate, Giuseppe Sorrenti, Errico Zupi and Francesco Maneschi
Healthcare 2025, 13(8), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13080948 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Endometriosis is commonly associated with infertility due to multiple factors. In this paper, we investigated the histopathological factors underlying these effects by comparing microscopic samples obtained during laparoscopic stripping. Methods: Morpho-functional examination through the follicular Score (FS) of ovarian tissue [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Endometriosis is commonly associated with infertility due to multiple factors. In this paper, we investigated the histopathological factors underlying these effects by comparing microscopic samples obtained during laparoscopic stripping. Methods: Morpho-functional examination through the follicular Score (FS) of ovarian tissue adjacent to the cystic wall (Specimen 1) was compared with the FS of ovarian tissue inadvertently harvested during cystectomy (Specimen 2). The follicular score was compared with clinical factors such as age, parity, BMI, and CA-125 levels. Results: Cohen’s kappa analysis revealed a 77.8% concordance between the follicular score of the ovarian tissue alongside the endometrioma (S1) and the ovarian tissue inadvertently removed (S2), reflecting a moderate level of concordance between the two samples. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the FS of Specimen 1 and the preoperative CA-125 value (p = 0.01); in contrast, a negative correlation was found between the FS and both the patient’s age (p = 0.006) and parity (p = 0.03). Additionally, a statistically significant negative correlation was demonstrated between the FS of Specimen 2 and patient age (p = 0.04). Conclusions: The functional quality of the remaining ovary after endometrioma stripping may be assessed by evaluating the follicular score of the pericystic ovarian tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertility-Sparing Gynaecological Surgery)
25 pages, 1107 KiB  
Article
Impact of Peas (Pisum Sativum L.) as a Sustainable Source of Protein in Growing Pigs’ Diets on Production Efficiency, Nitrogen Metabolism and Gastrointestinal Tract Health
by Tatiana Dumitra Panaite, Gabriela Maria Cornescu, Elvira Gagniuc, Ana Elena Cismileanu, Claudiu Gal, Mihaela Dumitru and Smaranda Mariana Toma
Agriculture 2025, 15(8), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080897 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
This pilot study evaluated the effects of dietary pea inclusion as a sustainable and nutritional alternative protein source on growth performance, nitrogen balance, digestibility, and intestinal health on nine castrated male Topigs hybrid pigs (three pigs/group), with an initial average weight of 20 [...] Read more.
This pilot study evaluated the effects of dietary pea inclusion as a sustainable and nutritional alternative protein source on growth performance, nitrogen balance, digestibility, and intestinal health on nine castrated male Topigs hybrid pigs (three pigs/group), with an initial average weight of 20 ± 2.5 kg, for 45 experimental days. To conduct this digestibility pilot study, the pigs were kept individually in metabolic cages. Three experimental groups were compared: T0 (control), T10 (10% pea inclusion), and T20 (20% pea inclusion). Growth performance parameters, such as the feed conversion ratio (FCR), daily feed intake (DFI), and dry matter intake (DMI), were significantly higher in the T10 and T20 groups compared to T0 (p < 0.05). Nitrogen retention was significantly higher in the T10 group (p = 0.042) compared to the T0 group only. Biochemical markers, such as the total bilirubin (T-Bil) and uric acid (UA) levels, were significantly higher in T20 compared to T0 (p < 0.05). The short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased significantly in the ceca and ilea of the T10 and T20 groups compared to T0, with higher levels of acetic acid (C2) and butyric acid (C4). A positive effect on Lactobacillus populations was observed in both the ileum and cecum in the T10 and T20 groups (p < 0.05). Intestinal morphology analysis revealed that the villus width, villus area, and crypt depth were significantly increased in the jejuna and ilea of both pea-fed groups. The N retention, SCFA concentration, and Lactobacillus population from the ileal and cecal segments showed a strong correlation. These findings suggest that the dietary inclusion of peas positively impacts growth performance, nitrogen retention, and intestinal health, with enhanced microbial populations and improved gut morphology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Agri-Food Waste Bioresources for Sustainable Livestock Feeding)
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17 pages, 3454 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Adsorption of Aqueous Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride by a Manganese-Modified Magnetic Dual-Sludge Biochar
by Jingxi Tie, Mengjia Yan, Sihao Shao and Xiaohan Duan
Water 2025, 17(8), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081229 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
In this study, an effective composite material, manganese-modified magnetic dual-sludge biochar (Mn@MDSBC), was developed for the adsorption of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP). This composite was prepared by means of a simple one-pot method, which involved the pyrolysis of iron-based waterworks sludge (IBWS) and paper [...] Read more.
In this study, an effective composite material, manganese-modified magnetic dual-sludge biochar (Mn@MDSBC), was developed for the adsorption of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP). This composite was prepared by means of a simple one-pot method, which involved the pyrolysis of iron-based waterworks sludge (IBWS) and paper mill sludge (PMS) loaded with manganese (Mn) under controlled conditions in a nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesized Mn@MDSBC was subjected to a comprehensive suite of characterization approaches, which included N2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequently, static adsorption tests were conducted to investigate how different factors, including the initial solution pH, reaction time and temperature, CIP concentration, and ionic strength influence the adsorption of CIP by Mn@MDSBC. Mn@MDSBC had the maximum CIP adsorption capacity of 75.86 mg/g at pH 5, among the pH values ranging from 3 to 9. The pseudo-second order model provided the best description of the adsorption process, while the experimental data aligned more closely with the Langmuir equation than with the Freundlich model, indicating monolayer adsorption. The adsorption process was found to be non-spontaneous and exothermic according to thermodynamic analysis. The presence of Cl− and SO42− enhanced CIP adsorption, while PO43− weakened it. After five cycles of reuse, Mn@MDSBC experienced a 17.17% loss in CIP adsorption capacity. The primary mechanisms for CIP removal by Mn@MDSBC were identified as physical and chemical adsorption, hydrogen bonding, and π-π stacking interactions. In summary, the study underscores the high efficiency of Mn@MDSBC as a composite material for CIP adsorption, highlighting its potential for application in wastewater treatment processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
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17 pages, 3828 KiB  
Article
A Five-Dimensional Comprehensive Evaluation of the Yellow River Basin’s Water Environment Using Entropy–Catastrophe Progression Method: Implications for Differentiated Governance Strategies
by Yaqun Zhang and Yangan Ren
Water 2025, 17(8), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081228 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
The systematic evaluation of the water environment in the Yellow River basin is a critical scientific basis for achieving the goals of ecological protection and high-quality development. In this study, a five-dimensional comprehensive evaluation framework (“quality–quantity–space–flow–biota”) consisting of 19 indicators was constructed. The [...] Read more.
The systematic evaluation of the water environment in the Yellow River basin is a critical scientific basis for achieving the goals of ecological protection and high-quality development. In this study, a five-dimensional comprehensive evaluation framework (“quality–quantity–space–flow–biota”) consisting of 19 indicators was constructed. The entropy method and the catastrophe progression method were innovatively combined to solve the limitations of traditional evaluation models in characterizing the nonlinear relationships within water environment systems. The results indicated that the Yellow River basin’s overall comprehensive water environment index was 0.032, classified as “good”. However, the spatial differentiation is significant, showing a step-by-step degradation characteristic of “upstream > downstream > midstream”. Gansu Province (0.028), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (0.026), Shaanxi (0.024), and Shanxi (0.020) were rated as “poor” and urgently need to be regulated. The core problems are water shortage (Gansu, Ningxia), water quality deterioration (Shaanxi, Shanxi), and fragmentation of aquatic space (Shanxi, Shaanxi). The findings of this study provided a quantitative tool for differentiated governance in the Yellow River basin which could directly support the decision-making needs of “zoning control and precise policy implementation” in the “Outline of the Plan for Ecological Protection and High-quality Development of the Yellow River Basin”. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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16 pages, 5464 KiB  
Article
Regulation Mechanism of Different Metal Cations on the Structure and Gel Properties of Montmorillonite
by Sixiao Wang, Dinghua Liu, Tiantian Zhang, Haowei Yan, Zepeng Zhang and Junming Geng
Materials 2025, 18(8), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18081878 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Metal cations are often used to regulate montmorillonite, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, the regulation of different cations in montmorillonite was studied, and it was found that the regulation of different cations had significant effects on the structure of [...] Read more.
Metal cations are often used to regulate montmorillonite, but the mechanism is still unclear. In this paper, the regulation of different cations in montmorillonite was studied, and it was found that the regulation of different cations had significant effects on the structure of montmorillonite. Firstly, the viscosity is negatively correlated with particle size, and the order of particle size is trivalent > divalent > monovalent cation. Secondly, the swelling capacity is positively correlated with the absolute value of zeta potential, and the order of the zeta potential is monovalent > trivalent > divalent cation. Thirdly, the smaller hydrated ion radius and static electricity of monovalent cations significantly reduce the layer spacing. Meanwhile, isomorphism displacement results in a significant increase in the proportion of cis-vacant configuration due to changing the electronegativity of the octahedron. The comprehensive performance is that the particle size is significantly reduced and the absolute value of zeta potential is significantly increased. It is easy to peel off and expand in water to form a uniform and stable colloidal substance, which has the best gel performance. The research results can provide theoretical support for the regulation of montmorillonite structure and gel properties by different valence metal cations. Full article
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23 pages, 6989 KiB  
Article
Study on the Uniaxial Compression Constitutive Relationship of Wood Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
by Hao Chen, Zihui Zhang, Zhihui Wang and Yongcheng Ji
Polymers 2025, 17(8), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17081119 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites demonstrate significant advantages in the reinforcement of timber structures, with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) exhibiting distinct characteristics. This study systematically compares the mechanical performance differences between BFRP- and CFRP-reinforced Northeast larch timber columns. Uniaxial [...] Read more.
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites demonstrate significant advantages in the reinforcement of timber structures, with basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) exhibiting distinct characteristics. This study systematically compares the mechanical performance differences between BFRP- and CFRP-reinforced Northeast larch timber columns. Uniaxial compression tests focused on the mechanical responses under different reinforcement conditions along the grain direction. The results indicate that BFRP-reinforced specimens exhibit superior cost-effectiveness, enhanced ductility, and improved damage tolerance, whereas CFRP-reinforced specimens demonstrate higher stiffness and ultimate load-bearing capacity. A damage constitutive model, developed based on Poisson distribution theory, accurately describes the damage evolution process of fully FRP-reinforced Northeast larch timber columns. Numerical simulations show excellent agreement with experimental results. The study provides critical guidance for FRP material selection and reinforcement strategies in timber structure engineering: BFRP is more suitable for general applications prioritizing cost efficiency and ductility, while CFRP is better suited for special structures requiring higher load-bearing capacity. Finite element models of CFRP- and BFRP-reinforced timber specimens under axial compression were established using ABAQUS 2020 software, with simulation results closely matching experimental data. The proposed constitutive model and finite element analysis method offer a reliable tool for predicting the mechanical behavior of FRP-wood composite structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Civil Engineering)
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35 pages, 963 KiB  
Article
Understanding Technology Perception in Autism with Separate Analyses for Anxiety and Depression Using Quantum Circuit Simulation Approach
by Gema Benedicto-Rodríguez, Vanessa Zorrilla-Muñoz, Nicolas Garcia-Aracil, Eduardo Fernandez and José Manuel Ferrández
Technologies 2025, 13(4), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13040165 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: This work explores the current use of technologies and the perception of their impact on people diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other comorbidities—Chronic Anxiety (CA) and Chronic Depression (CD). Autistic people often experience anxiety and/or depression. These mental health issues [...] Read more.
Background: This work explores the current use of technologies and the perception of their impact on people diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and other comorbidities—Chronic Anxiety (CA) and Chronic Depression (CD). Autistic people often experience anxiety and/or depression. These mental health issues are exacerbated by social stigma, affecting their quality of life (QoL) and well-being. Aims: The study aims to analyze how emerging technologies can reduce communication difficulties, as well as stress, anxiety, and depression, and thus improve QoL for individuals with ASD and comorbidities like CA and CD. Methods: This study analyzes data from the secondary questionnaire ‘Encuesta de Discapacidad, Autonomía Personal y situaciones de Dependencia (EDAD)’ developed in 2020–2021 by the ‘Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE)’ for people with ASD (n = 241), ASD and CA (n = 61), and ASD and CD (n = 29). The analysis includes Pearson correlation tests to examine the relationship between various factors affecting QoL. Results: The results highlight differences in difficulties affecting the QoL of ASD persons. Pearson correlation analysis showed significant negative correlations in communication and learning for ASD patients, with similar patterns in the separate analyses of CA and CD. More significant variables were found in the ‘Learning’ and ‘Communication’ indices for ASD, while CA and CD represented more significant variables in ‘Mobility’ index. Conclusions: This work suggests that technological interventions, such as the integration of advanced technologies, could enhance emotional regulation and social skills in individuals with ASD. In this sense, the quantum computing approach could help in the emerging technologies impact evaluation, analyzing devices adapted to the user to optimize their QoL and well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assistive Technologies in Care and Rehabilitation: Research, Developments, and International Initiatives)
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10 pages, 4315 KiB  
Article
Point-of-Care NSE Biosensor for Objective Assessment of Stroke Risk
by Cheng Hsu Chen, Erick Wang, Tsung-Han Lee, Cheng-Chieh Huang, Chun-San Tai, Yan-Ren Lin and Wen-Liang Chen
Biosensors 2025, 15(4), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15040264 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
The rapid identification of stroke is critical to improving stroke patient outcomes. Existing protocols for assessing the risk of stroke are subjective and may be further complicated by nonspecific symptoms, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has emerged as a promising [...] Read more.
The rapid identification of stroke is critical to improving stroke patient outcomes. Existing protocols for assessing the risk of stroke are subjective and may be further complicated by nonspecific symptoms, increasing the risk of misdiagnosis. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) has emerged as a promising stroke biomarker. However, current detection methods such as the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) are time-consuming and costly. In this research, we developed an electrochemical biosensor for the rapid quantification of NSE in whole blood. Mouse stroke models were established, and blood samples collected were analyzed using both hospital-standard ECLIA as well as the biosensor. The biosensor limit of detection was 1.15 ng/mL. NSE measurements were highly correlated between the two methods and were obtained in 5 min using 20 μL of unprocessed whole blood samples. Notably, the biosensor could accurately quantify elevated blood NSE blood that was associated with more severe stroke. Our results demonstrate the utility of the proposed biosensor in pre-hospital settings. Combined with existing stroke assessment methods, the biosensor may enable emergency personnel to identify stroke risk with greater accuracy to optimize the chances of receiving necessary treatment within the effective window. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Cutting-Edge Biosensors in Environment, Food and Healthcare Field)
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24 pages, 8500 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Spatial Morphological Evolution and Driving Factors of Coral Islands and Reefs in the South China Sea Based on Multi-Source Satellite Imagery
by Fengyu Li, Wenzhou Wu, Peng Zhang, Bingyue Zhang and Fenzhen Su
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(4), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13040820 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2025
Abstract
The spatial morphology of coral islands and reefs is a fundamental physical and ecological attribute that reflects the developmental and evolutionary processes of coral islands and reefs. The spatial morphology of coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea is highly dynamic. [...] Read more.
The spatial morphology of coral islands and reefs is a fundamental physical and ecological attribute that reflects the developmental and evolutionary processes of coral islands and reefs. The spatial morphology of coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea is highly dynamic. Understanding the evolutionary trends of the spatial morphology of these coral islands and reefs is crucial for their sustainable development and utilization. This study proposes a set of stability evaluation indicators for reef spatial morphology and conducts a systematic analysis of the spatial morphological changes in coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea over the past 15 years, based on 96 satellite images. Additionally, the driving factors behind these changes are explored and discussed. The results indicate the following: (1) The spatial morphology of the Xisha islands and reefs exhibits more significant changes compared to the Nansha islands and reefs. Although both the Xisha and Nansha islands and reefs areas are increasing, the area change in Xisha is 1.3 times greater than that in Nansha. (2) The spatial morphology of the Xisha islands and reefs is shifting in all directions, while the Nansha islands and reefs show a more pronounced northwestward movement. (3) Both the Xisha and Nansha islands and reefs show an overall growth trend, with the growth rate of the Xisha islands and reefs being faster than that of the Nansha islands and reefs. The average growth rate of the Xisha islands and reefs is 1.77 times that of the Nansha islands and reefs. This research provides significant scientific evidence for the protection and resource management of coral islands and reefs in the South China Sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)
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