Whole-Body Cryostimulation, a Complementary Treatment for Phantom Limb Syndrome: Preliminary Evidence from a Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Brief Case Description
2.2. Clinical History
2.3. Clinical Examination
2.4. Symptoms Assessment
2.5. Intervention
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hanyu-Deutmeyer, A.A.; Cascella, M.; Varacallo, M. Phantom Limb Pain. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2023. Available online: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448188/ (accessed on 19 October 2023).
- Flor, H. Phantom-limb pain: Characteristics, causes, and treatment. Lancet Neurol. 2002, 1, 182–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Collins, K.L.; Russell, H.G.; Schumacher, P.J.; Robinson-Freeman, K.E.; O’Conor, E.C.; Gibney, K.D.; Yambem, O.; Dykes, R.W.; Waters, R.S.; Tsao, J.W. A review of current theories and treatments for phantom limb pain. J. Clin. Investig. 2018, 128, 2168–2176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Erlenwein, J.; Diers, M.; Ernst, J.; Schulz, F.; Petzke, F. Clinical updates on phantom limb pain. Pain Rep. 2021, 6, e888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Urits, I.; Seifert, D.; Seats, A.; Giacomazzi, S.; Kipp, M.; Orhurhu, V.; Kaye, A.D.; Viswanath, O. Treatment Strategies and Effective Management of Phantom Limb–Associated Pain. Curr. Pain Headache Rep. 2019, 23, 64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subedi, B.; Grossberg, G.T. Phantom limb pain: Mechanisms and treatment approaches. Pain Res. Treat. 2011, 2011, 864605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nikolajsen, L.; Jensen, T.S. Phantom limb pain. Br. J. Anaesth. 2001, 87, 107–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Padovani, M.T.; Martins, M.R.I.; Venâncio, A.; Forni, J.E.N. Anxiety, depression and quality of life in individuals with phantom limb pain. Acta Ortop. Bras. 2015, 23, 107–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baron, R. Mechanisms of disease: Neuropathic pain—A clinical perspective. Nat. Clin. Pr. Neurol. 2006, 2, 95–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Latremoliere, A.; Woolf, C.J. Central Sensitization: A Generator of Pain Hypersensitivity by Central Neural Plasticity. J. Pain 2009, 10, 895–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, N.; Eldabe, S. Phantom limb pain: A review of pharmacological management. Br. J. Pain 2018, 12, 202–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banfi, G.; Lombardi, G.; Colombini, A.; Melegati, G. Whole-body cryotherapy in athletes. Sports Med. 2010, 40, 509–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Varallo, G.; Piterà, P.; Fontana, J.M.; Gobbi, M.; Arreghini, M.; Giusti, E.M.; Franceschini, C.; Plazzi, G.; Castelnuovo, G.; Capodaglio, P. Is Whole-Body Cryostimulation an Effective Add-On Treatment in Individuals with Fibromyalgia and Obesity? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 4324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miller, E.; Kostka, J.; Włodarczyk, T.; Dugué, B. Whole-body cryostimulation (cryotherapy) provides benefits for fatigue and functional status in multiple sclerosis patients. A case-control study. Acta Neurol. Scand. 2016, 134, 420–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Capodaglio, P.; Cremascoli, R.; Piterà, P.; Fontana, J.M. Whole-body cryostimulation: A rehabilitation booster. J. Rehabil. Med. Clin. Commun. 2022, 5, 2810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Verme, F.; Scarpa, A.; Varallo, G.; Piterà, P.; Capodaglio, P.; Fontana, J.M. Effects of Whole-Body Cryostimulation on Pain Management and Disease Activity in Active Rheumatic Polymyalgia: A Case-Report. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lombardi, G.; Ziemann, E.; Banfi, G. Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Athletes: From Therapy to Stimulation. An Updated Review of the Literature. Front. Physiol. 2017, 8, 258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Louis, J.; Theurot, D.; Filliard, J.R.; Volondat, M.; Dugué, B.; Dupuy, O. The use of whole-body cryotherapy: Time- and dose-response investigation on circulating blood catecholamines and heart rate variability. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2020, 120, 1733–1743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breivik, H.; Borchgrevink, P.C.; Allen, S.M.; Rosseland, L.A.; Romundstad, L.; Hals, E.K.B.; Kvarstein, G.; Stubhaug, A. Assessment of pain. Br. J. Anaesth. 2008, 101, 17–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bennett, M. The LANSS Pain Scale: The Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain 2001, 92, 147–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dworkin, R.H.; Turk, D.C.; Revicki, D.A.; Harding, G.; Coyne, K.S.; Peirce-Sandner, S.; Bhagwat, D.; Everton, D.; Burke, L.B.; Cowan, P.; et al. Development and initial validation of an expanded and revised version of the Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ-2). Pain 2009, 144, 35–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lins, L.; Carvalho, F.M. SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: Scoping review. SAGE Open Med. 2016, 4, 2050312116671725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buysse, D.J.; Reynolds, C.F.; Monk, T.H.; Berman, S.R.; Kupfer, D.J. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989, 28, 193–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Topp, C.W.; Østergaard, S.D.; Søndergaard, S.; Bech, P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: A systematic review of the literature. Psychother. Psychosom. 2015, 84, 167–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beck, A.T.; Steer, R.A.; Ball, R.; Ciervo, C.A.; Kabat, M. Use of the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories for Primary Care with Medical Outpatients. Assessment 1997, 4, 211–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zimmer Medizin System. Consensus Declaration on Whole-Body Cryotherapy (WBCT). In Proceedings of the Second Austrian Symposium on WBCT, Bad Vöslau, Austria, 17–18 February 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Fontana, J.M.; Alito, A.; Piterà, P.; Verme, F.; Cattaldo, S.; Cornacchia, M.; Mai, S.; Brunani, A.; Capodaglio, P. Whole-Body Cryostimulation in Post-COVID Rehabilitation for Patients with Obesity: A Multidisciplinary Feasibility Study. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 3092. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alito, A.; Quartarone, A.; Leonardi, G.; Tisano, A.; Bruschetta, A.; Cucinotta, F.; Milardi, D.; Portaro, S. Brown adipose tissue human biomarkers: Which one fits best? A narrative review. Medicine 2022, 101, e32181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadura-Sieklucka, T.; Sołtysiuk, B.; Karlicka, A.; Sokołowska, B.; Kontny, E.; Księżopolska-Orłowska, K. Effects of whole body cryotherapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis considering immune parameters. Reumatologia 2019, 57, 320–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymaszewska, J.; Ramsey, D.; Chładzińska-Kiejna, S. Whole-body cryotherapy as adjunct treatment of depressive and anxiety disorders. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 2008, 56, 63–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Outcome and Range | Pre | Post |
---|---|---|
NRS (0–10) | 7.5 | 2 |
SF-MPQ-2 * (0–10) | 5.86 | 6.90 |
PPI (Phantom limb) (0–10) | 8 | 6 |
PPI (Enthesitic pain) (0–10) | 7 | 0 |
SF-36 | ||
Physical functioning | 60% | 70% |
Role limitations due to physical health | 75% | 100% |
Role limitations due to emotional problems | 33.3% | 100% |
Energy/fatigue | 50% | 55% |
Emotional well-being | 56% | 80% |
Social functioning | 62.5% | 75% |
Pain | 35% | 77.5% |
General health | 40% | 70% |
Health change | 25% | 0% |
WHO-5 | 52% | 60% |
PSQI (0–21) | 21 | 8 |
BDI (0–63) | 5 | 3 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Piterà, P.; Springhetti, I.; Alito, A.; Verme, F.; Fontana, J.M.; Capodaglio, P. Whole-Body Cryostimulation, a Complementary Treatment for Phantom Limb Syndrome: Preliminary Evidence from a Case Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010022
Piterà P, Springhetti I, Alito A, Verme F, Fontana JM, Capodaglio P. Whole-Body Cryostimulation, a Complementary Treatment for Phantom Limb Syndrome: Preliminary Evidence from a Case Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010022
Chicago/Turabian StylePiterà, Paolo, Isabella Springhetti, Angelo Alito, Federica Verme, Jacopo Maria Fontana, and Paolo Capodaglio. 2024. "Whole-Body Cryostimulation, a Complementary Treatment for Phantom Limb Syndrome: Preliminary Evidence from a Case Study" Medicina 60, no. 1: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60010022