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A special issue of Buildings (ISSN 2075-5309). This special issue belongs to the section "Building Structures".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 October 2024 | Viewed by 9298

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jiang Liu

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Guest Editor

School of highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
Interests: steel–concrete composite girder bridges; concrete-filled steel tubular bridges; steel bridges; bridge temperature action; long-life design theory

Dr. Mingjin Zhang

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Guest Editor

Department of Bridge Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Interests: bridge engineering; wind engineering; mixed-wind climate; extreme wind speed; wind classification

Dr. Yinping Ma

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Guest Editor

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
Interests: concrete filled steel tubular structure; truss bridge; steel and UHPC composite structure; structural analysis

Dr. Lipeng Sun

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Architecture, Civil And Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
Interests: steel–concrete composite bridges; steel bridges; structural stability; steel–UHPC composite structures

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Steel–concrete composite structures can fully leverage the advantages of steel and concrete materials, featuring outstanding mechanical performance, convenient construction, and excellent economy. The development of new materials, new structures, and new technologies has greatly promoted the application of composite structures in high-rise buildings, small- and medium-span girder bridges, large-span arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges, and suspension bridges. In the face of increasingly complex structural forms and harsh service environments, determining how to coordinate the significant differences between steel and concrete in mechanics, heat transfer, and forming methods is still the key to achieving the excellent performance of composite structures.

This Special Issue, entitled “Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structure”, aims to showcase state-of-the-art investigations into steel–concrete composite building and bridge structures worldwide. Theoretical analysis, experimental research, case studies, and comprehensive review papers are invited for publication. Relevant topics to this Special Issue include, but are not limited to, the following subjects:

Innovation in new forms of steel–concrete composite structures;
Steel–concrete composite bridge decks, girders, arch ribs, piers and pylons;
Composite structures with UHPC and other high-performance materials;
The construction technology of composite building and bridge structures;
Temperature action, wind load and other environmental impacts;
The long-term performance of composite structures;
The long-life design theory of composite structures;
Refined numerical simulation methods.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Jiang Liu
Dr. Mingjin Zhang
Dr. Yinping Ma
Dr. Lipeng Sun
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Buildings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

steel–concrete composite structures
high-performance structures
high-performance materials
industrial construction
long-term performance
temperature action
wind load
environmental impact
numerical simulation
test methods

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 3852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Preload on Box-Section Steel Columns Filled with Concrete under Axial Load: A Numerical Study

by Ahmed Mohamed Sayed

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2924; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092924 - 15 Sep 2024

Viewed by 410

Abstract

External loads applied to a box-section steel column before it is filled with concrete to increase its efficiency due to modifications in structural systems or design errors may reduce its ultimate capacity and change its structural behavior. To examine this effect, finite element modeling (FEM) has been used to simulate these columns under preloading at different ratios with many variables in the geometric dimensions of the columns. The FEM results have been investigated using 38 experimental specimens obtained from previous studies without preloading. The results demonstrated high accuracy in modeling these columns in structural behavior and ultimate load capacity. After verifying the results, 84 Concrete-Filled Steel Columns (CFSC) were modeled under different preload ratios. The results indicated that some variables have directly affected the value of the decrease in column capacity in terms of its height, wall thickness, yield stress, and preload ratios, while others were inversely proportional in terms of the cross-section dimensions and concrete strength. The preload effect ratio had two separate limits, where when it reached 70%, the maximum value of the decrease in column capacity was 10.90%. The value increased sharply reaching 19.90% when there was a preload equal to 80%. New equations have been proposed to predict the ultimate capacity of CFSC under preloading with suitable accuracy with a correlation coefficient of no less than 0.949. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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37 pages, 29305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Analysis of Structural Performance in Novel Steel-Plate Concrete Containment Structures

by Guopeng Ren, Rong Pan, Feng Sun, Zhanfa Dong and Tianyun Lan

Buildings 2024, 14(9), 2771; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092771 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 597

Abstract

This paper investigates the structural performance of novel steel-plate concrete containment structures, focusing on third-generation nuclear power plants. To address the challenges of increased complexities and costs associated with double-layer containment designs, this study explores the potential of steel-plate concrete structures to enhance safety, economic efficiency, and construction simplicity. The steel-plate concrete structure, characterized by its core concrete and dual steel plates, shows superior compressive strength, bending resistance, and elastoplasticity. Extensive numerical analyses, including finite element modeling and thermal-stress coupling, were conducted under various load conditions. Under structural integrity test conditions, the maximum radial displacement observed was 24.59 mm. Under design basis conditions, the maximum radial displacement was 47.61 mm; under severe accident conditions, it was 53.83 mm. The ultimate bearing capacity was 0.91 MPa, 2.17 times the design pressure. This study concludes that the steel-plate concrete containment structure maintains a high safety margin under all tested conditions, with stress and strain well within acceptable limits. It can effectively serve as a robust barrier against radioactive leakage and malicious impacts, providing a viable alternative to conventional containment designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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27 pages, 10187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerated Bridge Construction Case: A Novel Low-Carbon and Assembled Composite Bridge Scheme

by Ling Kang, Jinhua Xu, Tingmin Mu, Huan Wang and Ping Zhao

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061855 - 19 Jun 2024

Viewed by 768

Abstract

Modern bridge construction towards a higher degree of low carbonization and assembly has been the general trend, while developing and broadening the low-carbon and assembled-oriented Accelerated Bridge Construction (ABC) technology can better realize the trade-offs between construction quality, efficiency, cost and sustainability. In the current mainstream ABC technologies such as precast-assembled concrete bridge and assembled steel bridge schemes, it is difficult to achieve an excellent balance between the above multicriterion trade-offs. To this end, this paper proposes a novel low-carbon and assembled composite bridge scheme as an innovative case of ABC technology based on a 26.7 km-length urban viaduct project in China with urgent environmental protection and assembly demands. Construction sustainability, the comprehensive economy and low-carbon performance are well balanced by the collaborative application of new steel–concrete composite structures, the rapid assembly interface design and low-carbon material technologies. The proposed scheme has been applied to a completed real-scale bridge, and the whole construction process only experienced 105 days of effective time, accompanied with slight environmental interference and construction noise and a small amount of labor and equipment input. In addition, the safety of the bridge, the rationality of the design concept and the calculation method have been verified by the static and dynamic loading tests of the real-scale bridge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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20 pages, 40838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Evaluation of CFST Arch Bridge Based on Vehicle–Bridge Coupling Vibration Analysis

by Wenliang Hu, Bin Zhou and Xiaobo Zheng

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061787 - 13 Jun 2024

Viewed by 506

Abstract

This study proposes a fatigue life analysis method for long-span CFST arch bridges based on a vehicle–bridge coupled vibration analysis model, which can analyze the structural dynamic effects and the excessive fatigue damage caused by the passage of vehicles. In situ test analysis of bridge dynamic characteristics is carried out, and a numerical model considering the vehicle–bridge coupled system is validated according to the measured vibration modes, frequency, and displacement time history. The results indicate that the proposed vehicle–bridge coupled vibration numerical model can be used to simulate the dynamic response of the bridge under various conditions. The factors of vehicle speed, vehicle weight, and road surface condition are further selected to analyze the vehicle–bridge coupled vibration effect, and it is found that the response time history is more sensitive to the vehicle weight factor. In addition, the fatigue life of suspenders at different positions is compared, which is found to decrease significantly with a reduction in suspender length. Due to damage to the suspender caused by environmental erosion, the cross-sectional area decreases and the stress amplitude changes, resulting in a decrease in the fatigue reliability of the suspender under different conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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13 pages, 4023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation Methods and Influence Factors of Blisters Disease in Concrete Composite Bridges

by Chen Yu and Mengya Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061763 - 11 Jun 2024

Viewed by 566

Abstract

The decks of steel–concrete composite bridges are constantly exposed to severe environmental conditions, which frequently give rise to significant issues, including cracks and holes. These problems occur due to the formation of blisters under the paving layer with waterproofing membranes. This paper aims to delve into the characteristics of blisters during their expansion and propagation stages. Additionally, it proposes a rating index and a simplified calculation formula to assess the interface propagation performance of bridge deck pavement. To achieve this, the research group developed a simulated blister test device and employed the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The study investigated the impact of pavement structure, waterproofing layer, and air voids on blister propagation behavior. It was discovered that the pavement blister test encompassed two distinct stages: expansion and propagation. Furthermore, the SMA-13 asphalt mixture exhibited slightly superior resistance to blistering compared to AC-13. It was also observed that when the mixture void ratio is less than 3.5%, it becomes more susceptible to blistering deformation, ultimately leading to debonding damage. Among the waterproofing materials tested, SBS-modified emulsified asphalt demonstrated the weakest adhesion to cement concrete substrates, while SBS-modified asphalt performed slightly better than rubberized asphalt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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16 pages, 14631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite-Element Analysis of Temperature Field and Effect on Steel-Concrete Composite Pylon of Cable-Stayed Bridge without Backstays

by Boxu Gong, Lianjun Feng, Jiang Liu, Shiming Liu, Zhuang Wang and Yongjian Liu

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061731 - 9 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 936

Abstract

The backless cable-stayed bridge has the advantages of beautiful shape and reasonable force, but due to the low overall stiffness of the bridge pylon during cantilever construction, it is susceptible to the effect of solar temperature. To reveal the temperature deformation laws and achieve accurate alignment prediction during the installation process of steel–concrete composite pylons in complex environments, a refined numerical simulation model for the 3D bridge temperature field was established based on the proposed automatic sunshine-shadow recognition method. Subsequently, the optimal time periods for construction control are provided. The results of the study show that, during the cantilever construction of the bridge pylon, one pylon column will shade the other pylon column, resulting in asynchronous deformation that can reach 7.6 mm. The effect of solar temperature on the displacement of the bridge pylon is significant, where the maximum daily change in transverse displacement in the cantilevered state of the pylon can reach 33.6 mm, and the maximum change in cable force value can reach 52 kN. In order to mitigate the effect of solar radiation, the best construction time for the bridge pylon is 19:30~9:30, while the tensioning and measurement of the cable should be avoided from 6:00~18:00. This strategy ensures that the control of the pylon top displacement is maintained within 1/4000 of the pylon height, and the error in cable force is kept within 5%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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24 pages, 10038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Performance of Precast Double-Skin Composite Shear Wall with Horizontal Connection Region

by Huanqin Liu, Nuoqi Shi, Xu Fu and Jingjing Zhang

Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061617 - 1 Jun 2024

Viewed by 617

Abstract

This paper proposed a novel, precast double-skin composite (DSC) shear wall, which was composed of two precast parts at the factory and welding and pouring grouting material on site. One monolithic cast-in-place DSC shear wall specimen and two precast DSC shear wall specimens with different axial compression ratios were subjected to reverse cyclic loading tests. The results indicated that the failure mode of both the cast-in-place and precast DSC shear wall shear walls were compression-bending failures, and the damage range of specimens within a height range of 100 mm to 200 mm from the bottom of the DSC shear wall. The load-bearing capacity of the precast specimen was 6.3% higher than that of the monolithic counterpart, but its ductility was reduced by 16%. The precast DSC shear wall with better casting quality and easier site installation exhibited a satisfactory seismic performance on a par with that of the monolithic cast-in-place DSC shear wall. Under higher axial compression ratios, the bearing capacity and energy dissipation of the precast DSC shear wall specimen significantly improved due to the enhanced confinement effect. Finite element (FE) models clarified the stress and deformation mechanisms between the exterior steel plate and the infill concrete. Finally, the key parameters affecting the seismic bearing capacity of the precast DSC shear wall were identified through FE parameter analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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20 pages, 7371 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Push-Out Analysis on the Shear Performance of a New Type of Bellow-Sleeved Stud

by Disheng Zou, Qingtian Su, Fei Wu, Zhiping Lin and Peiran Li

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051483 - 20 May 2024

Viewed by 703

Abstract

For continuous steel–concrete composite girder bridges based on the post-combined method, the conventional rectangular group studs contribute to the isolation of the steel girder and the concrete slab before prestressing, leading to the majority of prestress forces being introduced to the concrete slab. However, rectangular-group stud holes cause the prestress forces to be unevenly distributed. In this study, a new type of bellow-sleeved stud (BSS) was developed to mitigate the weakening effects of rectangular group stud holes on the slab. A steel corrugated sleeve with a diameter of 60 mm was employed to cover the stud, which served as an internal formwork to prevent the concrete from bonding with the root of the stud. After prestressing was complete, the steel sleeve was filled with ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to create a reliable combination between the concrete slab and the steel girder. To investigate the shear performance of this new type of connection, eight push-out test specimens were designed, and finite-element models were built. This study drew a comparison between the BSS and the ordinary headed stud (OHS). The research findings suggested that the BSS is subjected to less bending–shear coupling and offers a 4.5% increase in shear strength and a 31.9% increase in shear stiffness compared with the OHS. The study also analyzed the structural parameters influencing the shear performance of the BSS. It is found that the steel sleeve of the BSS has a negative effect on shear performance, but this can be mitigated by infusing high-strength material into the sleeve. Furthermore, the study examined the effect of construction quality on shear performance and suggested that sleeve deviation and grout leakage considerably reduced the shear performance of the BSS. Accordingly, strict control over the construction quality of the BSS is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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14 pages, 2951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation and Numerical Analysis of the Axial Load Capacity of Circular Concrete-Filled Tubular Columns

by Marija M. Lazović Radovanović and Jelena Z. Nikolić

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051329 - 8 May 2024

Viewed by 770

Abstract

This paper focuses on the experimental investigation of the axial load capacity of CFT (concrete-filled steel tube) columns under actual construction conditions during building reconstruction. A total of four samples were loaded up to failure. The varied parameters were the column length and absence/presence of the concrete infill within the steel tube. Further, the analysis is extended to developing a numerical model in the finite element-based software ABAQUS version 6.9. This numerical model includes material and geometrical nonlinearities and was validated with the experimental results. The contribution of the concrete core to the column capacity and the concrete core confinement effect are discussed. Finally, the column capacity was calculated according to several design codes: the Eurocode 4 with and without considering the confinement effect, American specifications, Australian standards, the American Institute of Steel Construction, and the Architectural Institute of Japan. The Eurocode 4 considering the confinement effect provides the closest results to those obtained in the tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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26 pages, 9492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis of Axial Compression Behavior of L-Shaped Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns with Different Combinations

by Hexiao Li, Zhong Tao and Dongji Han

Buildings 2024, 14(3), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030730 - 8 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1041

Abstract

L-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, a kind of structural member appropriate for high-rise buildings, not only avoid the defect of conventional square columns protruding from the wall but also have the green and low-carbon properties of steel structures appropriate for fabricated construction. To learn more about their axial compression behavior, refined 3D finite element models were established using the general finite element software ABAQUS. The reliability of the models was subsequently verified based on failure tests and load–displacement relation tests on eight L-shaped specimens. The axial compression mechanism of L-shaped CFST columns was investigated using the verified finite element models. Further systematic parameter analysis was carried out to investigate the influence of parameters such as steel strength, concrete strength, length ratio of long limb to short limb, the angle between the two limbs, and combination methods on the axial compression behavior of L-shaped CFST columns. The results demonstrate that the angle between the two limbs has a significant impact on the stress distribution of concrete and steel pipes. The corner effect increases as the angle between the two limbs decreases. The combination of F-type specimens can better exert the constraint effect of steel pipes on concrete, while the triangular cavity of unequal-limb specimens and specimens with an included angle of 60° cannot effectively trigger the interaction between steel pipes and concrete. The initial stiffness of L-shaped CFST columns increases with an increase in concrete strength and a decrease in limb length ratio, which is not sensitive to changes in steel strength and the included angle. The peak bearing capacity of the specimens increases with increases in steel strength and concrete strength and a decrease in the limb length ratio. Compared to C-type and Z-type specimens, the initial stiffness of F-type specimens is slightly higher, and the peak bearing capacity is significantly increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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18 pages, 8128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Refined Analysis of Spatial Three-Curved Steel Box Girder Bridge and Temperature Stress Prediction Based on WOA-BPNN

by Wei Hu, Zhongyong Zhang, Junwei Shi, Yulun Chen, Yixuan Li and Qian Feng

Buildings 2024, 14(2), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14020415 - 3 Feb 2024

Viewed by 806

Abstract

Bridges often improve the visual appeal of urban landscapes by incorporating curve elements to create iconic forms. However, it is noteworthy that curved bridges have unique mechanical properties under loads compared to straight bridges. This study analyzes a spatial three-curved steel box girder bridge based on an actual engineering case with a complex configuration. Initially, the finite element software Midas/Civil 2021 is utilized to establish a beam element model and a plate element model to examine the structural responses under dead loads in detail. Then, two different temperature gradient distribution models are employed for the temperature effect analysis. The backpropagation neural network (BPNN) optimized by the WOA algorithm is trained as a surrogate model for finite element models based on the results of temperature stress simulation. The results reveal that the bending–torsion coupling effect in the second span of the spatial three-curved steel box girder bridge is pronounced, with the maximum torque reaching 40% of the bending moment. The uneven distribution of cross-section stress is particularly significant at the vertices, where the shear lag coefficient exceeds 3. Under the action of temperature gradients, the bridge displays a warped stress state; the stress results obtained from the exponential model exhibit a 21% increase compared to BS-5400. Optimization of the weights by the WOA algorithm results in a significant improvement in prediction accuracy, and the convergence speed is improved by 30%. The coefficient of determination (R²) for predicting temperature stress can reach as high as 0.99. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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Review

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28 pages, 17917 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Shear Characteristics and Rapid Post-Disaster Construction of Narrow-Width Steel Box–UHPC Composite Beams

by Yunteng Chen, Jiawei Xu, Peilong Yuan, Qiang Wang, Guanhua Cui and Xulin Su

Buildings 2024, 14(7), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14071930 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 543

Abstract

The narrow-width steel box girder is an important type of steel–concrete composite bridge structure, which is usually composed of reinforced concrete wing plates, narrow steel boxes partially injected with concrete, and shear connectors that promote shear force transfer. The utilization of narrow-width steel box girders, augmented by partially filled concrete, embodies the synthesis of steel and concrete elements, fostering structural efficiency. Moreover, its attributes, including reduced structural weight, diminished vertical profile, enhanced load-bearing capacity, and augmented stiffness, have prompted its gradual integration into bridge engineering applications. In this study, the calculated values of shear strength under three current design codes were reviewed, and the shear failure phenomena and its determinants of narrow-width steel box–ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) composite beams under negative bending moment conditions were investigated, which were mainly determined by shear span ratio, concrete wing plate, UHPC steel fiber content, UHPC plate thickness, and transverse partition inside the box. Concurrently, this paper evaluates two innovative structural designs, including a double-narrow steel box girder and a three-narrow steel box girder. In addition, strategies to reduce crack formation under the negative bending moment of long-span continuous narrow and wide box girder abutments are discussed, and we show that this measure can effectively control the formation of cracks to support the negative bending moment zone. At the same time, the scope of the application of a narrow-width steel box girder composite bridge is reviewed, and the conclusion is that a narrow-width steel box girder is mainly used in small-radius flat-curved bridges or widened-ramp bridges with a span of 30 m or more in interworking areas and in the main line with a 60–100 m span in mountainous or urban areas. Finally, the research direction of the shear resistance of the UHPC–narrow steel box girder under negative bending moments is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)

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