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Article

An Efficient Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Malondiamides

Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, WSJ-507, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2005, 10(12), 1438-1445; https://doi.org/10.3390/10121438
Submission received: 5 August 2005 / Revised: 18 October 2005 / Accepted: 20 October 2005 / Published: 31 December 2005

Abstract

:
A novel and straightforward solid-phase synthesis of malondiamides containing a free nitrogen has been developed. These intermediates, which can be directly obtained in good yield and purity, can be further derivatised. This approach can be used for the synthesis of large split-and-mix-libraries.

Introduction

Recently we have published a short and efficient protocol for the solid-phase synthesis of malondiamides leading to products of the general structure 1 (Scheme 1) [1]. The compounds obtained by exploiting this protocol show, in general, druglike properties and can be viewed at as retro-inverso surrogates of small peptide fragments.

Results and Discussion

The preparation of the malondiamides 1 was performed with several preloaded resins (loading 0.30 – 0.85 mmol/g) 2, substituted malonyl dichlorides 3 and a diverse set of amines 5. Among the amines used, a wide variety such as benzylamines, piperazines, and primary and secondary aliphatic amines could be reacted successfully.
Scheme 1.
Scheme 1.
Molecules 10 01438 g002
Reagents and conditions: (a) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 1h - 12 h. (b) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 3h - 48 h. (c) TFA95%/DCM 1:4.
Only amines with a high steric demand, such as diisopropylamine and tert-butylmethylamine or anilines afforded no product within two days reaction time at room temperature as judged by LC-MS after acid mediated cleavage. Because we planned to exploit this chemistry for the synthesis of split-and-mix libraries, it was pivotal that the formation of side-products via crosslinking between two resin bound amines by one molecule of diacid dichloride could be excluded. To apply this efficient protocol for the construction of more complex structures and to introduce a further point of diversity, it was envisaged to react the polymer-bound acid chlorides with bifunctional amines, which could be further derivatised with established nitrogen decorating chemistries. However, the use of unprotected piperazine 5a (Scheme 2, R2 = R3 = CH2CH3, n = 1) or homopiperazine 5b (n = 2) gave only mixtures of the desired products 6 and the crosslinked bis-malonyl tetraamides 7 [2]. These products could easily be separated and isolated by normal- or reverse-phase chromatography, but precluded this approach from being applied in a split-and-mix synthesis. Larger excesses of reagents and higher concentrations or the use of resins with lower loadings (<0.2 mmol/g) did not significantly change the ratio of desired compounds to by-products.
Scheme 2.
Scheme 2.
Molecules 10 01438 g003
Reagents and conditions: (a) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 1h - 12 h. (b) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 8 h - 16 h. (c) TFA95%/DCM 1:4.
Scheme 3.
Scheme 3.
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Reagents and conditions: (a) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 1h - 12 h. (b) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 8 h - 16 h. (c) TFA95%/DCM 1:4.
Not surprisingly, a complete different outcome was found when the same reactions were performed with mono-Boc-piperazine and mono-Boc-homopiperzine, respectively. The single product obtained after acid mediated cleavage were the expected malondiamides with the tert-butoxy carbonyl protecting group smoothly cleaved (Scheme 3). During the studies to elaborate the scope and limitations of this protocol we have found that both, primary and secondary N’-Boc protected diamines, can successfully be acylated by the resin bound acid chloride (Table 1). TFA mediated cleavage yielded the free amines in good to excellent purity as judged by HPLC and NMR. On-bead deprotection of the N’-Boc moiety was performed by established procedures (TMS-triflate, lutidine). The only drawback of this methodology was the incompatability with some ether functionalities (especially aliphatic methoxy ones) on the backbone amide [3]. The free amines could then be decorated with established protocols such as sulfonylation (Table 2, entry 1-4) [4], acylation (Table 2, entry 5,9) [5], reductive amination (table 2, entry 6) [6], arylation (Table 2, entry 7) [7] and urea-formation [8] (Table 2, entry 8) [9].
Table 1. Solid-phase synthesis of malonamides.
Table 1. Solid-phase synthesis of malonamides.
EntryCompoundRt aExact Mass
Formula
Mass bRelative Peak Area(%) c
111 Molecules 10 01438 i0013.05385.43
C19H26F3NO2
386.394
212 Molecules 10 01438 i0023.27 329.45
C19H27N3O2
330.493
313 Molecules 10 01438 i0032.59390.49
C20H30N4O4
391.693
414 Molecules 10 01438 i0042.22348.41
C17H24N4O4
348.392
515 Molecules 10 01438 i0056.75339.44
C20H25N3O2
340.592
(a) Retention time (minutes), column: Prontosil 120-3-C18, 4.3 mm x 53 mm; 3 µm; 1.5 mL/min; 15-min gradient from 100% aqueous media (0.1% TFA) to 100% CH3CN (0.1% TFA). (b) LC-MS: EI-positive mode (c) Relative peak area by HPLC based on UV absorption at 214 nm.
Experimental conditions were refined to reach after cleavage suitable purity for biological testing without further purification. It was found crucial for this approach that the first acylation of the backbone-nitrogen must be complete or otherwise by-products are formed. Purity and identity were checked by LC-MS and HPLC. Representative compounds were subjected to spectroscopic characterization, in addition, some of the products were crystalline and have been submitted to x-ray analysis to obtain experimental data about (solid-state) conformations (e.g. Table 2, entry 3). A more extensive exploitation of this protocol`s diversity potential was achieved by repetition of the procedure. (Table 2, entry 9) As an example 27 could be obtained by acidic cleavage in moderate purity after deprotection, subsequent acylation with dimethylmalonyl dichloride and trapping with 1-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-piperazine. The impurities found in this case could be assigned to fragments derived from incomplete acylation and partial loss of the methoxy ether moiety during the Boc deprotection process.
Scheme 4.
Scheme 4.
Molecules 10 01438 g005
Reagents and conditions: (a) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 1h - 12 h. (b) mono-Boc-diamine, DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 8 h - 16 h. (c) TMS-triflate, lutidine, DCM, RT, 2 x 30 min. (d) N-Derivatisation (e) TFA95%/DCM 1:4.
Table 2. Solid-phase synthesis of malonamides.
Table 2. Solid-phase synthesis of malonamides.
EntryCompoundRt aExact Mass
Formula
Mass bRelative Peak Area(%) c
119 Molecules 10 01438 i0065.90580.71
C30H36N4O6S
581.496
220 Molecules 10 01438 i0075.67538.63
C27H30N4O6S
539.495
321 d Molecules 10 01438 i0086.13545.66
C27H35N3O7S
546.592
422 Molecules 10 01438 i0096.65519.67
C29H33N3O4S
520.594
523 Molecules 10 01438 i0106.39509.65
C32H35N3O3
510.493
624 Molecules 10 01438 i0114.89447.63
C28H37N3O2
448.493
725 Molecules 10 01438 i0128.27644.10
C32H33ClF3N5O4
644.4
646.5
100
826 Molecules 10 01438 i0135.92476.62
C28H36N4O3
477.794
927 Molecules 10 01438 i0147.67663.86
C37H53N5O6
664.569
(a) Retention time (minutes), column: Prontosil 120-3-C18, 4.3 mm × 53 mm; 3 µm; 1.5 mL/min; 15-min gradient from 100% aqueous media (0.1% TFA) to 100% CH3CN (0.1% TFA). (b) LC-MS: EI-positive mode (c) Relative peak area by HPLC based on UV absorption at 214 nm (d) The characterization of this compound could be supported by x-ray crystallography.
The validity of this protocol was exemplified by the preparation of a small split-and-and-mix library (Figure 1). Five preloaded resins (loading 0.30 – 0.85 mmol/g) were thoroughly mixed and reacted with dimethyl malonyl dichloride, carefully washed and quenched with Boc-piperazine. The resin was deprotected and acylated with 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride. LC-MS and HPLC analysis of the cleaved mixture showed good purity (> 96% of the total UV-trace area at 214 nm) and identity.
Figure 1. LC-MS (EI-positive mode) of mixture of 30a-e.
Figure 1. LC-MS (EI-positive mode) of mixture of 30a-e.
Molecules 10 01438 g001
Reagents and conditions: (a) DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 6 h. (b) Boc-piperazine, DCM/DIPEA 4:1, RT, 16 h. (c) 1 M TMSOTf, 1.5 M 2,6-1utidine, DCM, RT, 2 x 30 min. (d) 4-nitrobenzoylchloride, DMAP, DCM, RT, 6h. (e) TFA95%/DCM 1:4.

Conclusions

The approach presented here is a robust and efficient protocol for the synthesis of the title compounds. The preparation of the malondiamides was performed with a variety of resins and several diamines. The polymer bound intermediates can be further reacted with established nitrogen decorating techniques to introduce further diversity.

Experimental

1H-NMR and 13C-NMR were run at 400 MHz and 125 MHz, respectively, on a Bruker AM 400 spectrometer (1H-NMR) using TMS as internal standard. The spectra were recorded at room temperature. Compounds that form diastereomeric rotamers can give rise to complex spectra. LC-MS spectra were recorded on an Agilent HP1100 LC / Waters ZQ-2000 system (Prontosil 120-3-C18) at 70 eV.

General Procedure

BAL-resin (2, 200 mg) was washed with 5:1 DCM/DIPEA, then the dialkyl malonyl dichloride (3, 10 equivalents) was added in 4:1 DCM/DIPEA (3 mL) and the mixture was shaken for 12 h. The resin was washed three times with 4:1 DCM/DIPEA, then the mono-Boc diamine (10 equivalents) in 4:1 DCM/DIPEA (3 mL) was added and shaken at RT overnight. The resin was filtered off and then washed with DCM, DMA and finally MeOH. BOC deprotection was performed by shaking the resin twice with 1 M TMSOTf (3 mL) and 1.5 M 2,6-1utidine in DCM (2 x 30 min). The resin was washed several times with DCM, DMA and finally MeOH. The resin was subjected to N-derivatisation and then washed again (DCM, DMA, MeOH). The resin was dried and then treated twice with TFA 95%/DCM (1:4). Evaporation of the solvents yielded the products. Selected examples were purified by flash chromatography for analytical reasons.
2-Ethyl-2-(piperazine-1-carbonyl)-N-(4-trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-butyramide (11, Table 1, entry 1): Colorless oil, contains TFA. No further purification. 1H-NMR (CD3OD): δ = 7.69 (2 H, d, J = 9.1 Hz), 7.55 (2 H, d, J = 9.1 Hz), 4.35 (2 H, s), 3.50 – 3.70 (4 H, s, broad), 2.80 – 2.00 (4 H, s, broad), 1.90 (2 H, m), 1.75 (2 H, m), 0.70 (6 H, m); 13C-NMR (CD3OD): δ = 175.6, 173.8, 145.1, 131.5, 131.2, 130.9, 130.5(q), 130.0, 126.9, 123.0, 119.1, 116.2, 113.3(q), 60.4, 44.4, 44.2, 38.9, 26.9, 9.1.
N-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-ethyl-2-[4-(4-methoxy-benzenesulfonyl)-piperazine-1-carbonyl]-butyramide (21, Table 2, entry 3): Colorless crystals, 92% crude purity (HPLC-214 nm), 93% crude yield, 76% isolated yield after flash chromatography. Rf = 0.22 (1:1 hexane/ethylacetate); λmax = 242 nm; 1H-NMR (DMSO-D6): δ = 7.90 (m, 1H), 7.56 (2 H, d, J = 6.9), 7.05 (2 H, d, J = 6.9), 6.77 – 6.90 (4 H, m), 4.22 (1 H, m), 4.12 (1 H, m), 3.87 (1 H, m), 3.79 (3 H, s), 3.40 – 3.53 (4 H, s), 3.17 – 3.24 (2 H, m), 2.70 – 2.85 (4 H, s), 1.60 – 1.80 (4 H, m), 0.61 (6 H, t); 13C-NMR (DMSO-D6): δ = 172.8, 169.11, 162.9, 142.9, 142.6, 129.83, 125.9, 121.5, 121.3, 117.1, 116.9, 114.5, 71.48, 71.1, 65.7, 56.6, 55.7, 45.5, 24.5, 8.00.
2-[4-(1-Phenethylcarbamoyl-cyclobutanecarbonyl)-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl]-4-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5 carboxylic acid 4-chloro-benzyl ester (25, Table 2, entry 7): Colorless crystals, 100% crude purity (HPLC-214 nm), 88% crude yield, 82% isolated yield after flash chromatography. Mixture of rotamers at room temperature. Rf = 0.45 (2:1 hexane/ethylacetate); λmax = 281 nm; 1H-NMR (DMSO-D6): δ = 8.99 (1 H, s), 7.03 – 7.48 (9 H, m), 5.28 (2 H, m), 3.52 - 3.95 (6 H, m), 3.08 - 3.25 (4 H, m), 2.75 (2 H, m), 2.30 -2.42 (4 H, m), 1.61 – 1.70 (4 H, m); 13C NMR (DMSO-D6): δ = 182.3, 177.7, 170.9, 170.7, 163.0, 162.6 (q), 153.9, 139.4, 134.7, 132.8, 130.0, 128.5, 128.2, 126.2, 119.5 (q), 109.8, 65.8, 55.0, 53.33, 47.8, 46.0, 45.7, 49.3, 34.8, 28.8, 27.3, 25.1, 15.0.
4-(1-Phenethylcarbamoyl-cyclobutanecarbonyl)-[1,4]diazepane-1-carboxylic acid (3,5-dimethyl-phenyl) amide (26, Table 2, entry 8): Colorless crystals, 94% crude purity (HPLC-214 nm), 78% crude yield, 71% isolated yield after flash chromatography. Mixture of rotamers at room temperature. Rf = 0.24 (2:1 hexane/ethylacetate); λmax = 244 nm; 1H-NMR (DMSO-D6): δ = 7.52 (2 H, m), 7.08 – 7.27(5 H, m), 6.56 (1 H, d), 3.15 – 3.57 (10 H, m), 2.70 (3 H, m), 2.30 (3 H, m), 2.19 (2 H, m), 1.74 (2 H, m), 1.64 (4 H, m), 1.53 (2 H, m); 13C-NMR (DMSO-D6): δ = 171.5, 170.7, 154.8, 140.4, 140.2, 139.44, 137.0, 128.7, 128.3, 126.0, 123.4, 123.2, 117.8, 54.0, 53.3, 47.5, 47.2, 46.9, 46.0, 40.5, 34.9, 29.1, 26.3, 21.1, 15.4.

Acknowledgments

We thank Werner Breitenstein, Philipp Grosche and Jürg Zimmermann for helpful discussions, Trixi Wagner for x-ray analyses and Susanne Osswald for help with NMR-characterization.

References and Notes

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  2. The ratio was determined by HPLC at 254 nm and 214 nm and 1H-NMR.
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  4. Bolton, G. L.; Hodges, J. C.; Rubin, J. R. Solid phase synthesis of fused bicyclic amino acid derivatives via intramolecular Pauson-Khand cyclization: Versatile scaffolds for combinatorial chemistry. Tetrahedron 1997, 6611–6634. [Google Scholar]
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  7. Reaction conditions: 10 eq. 2-chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid p-chloro-benzyl ester, DMA/DIPEA 4:1, 24 h, RT; TFA95%/DCM 1:4.
  8. Lee, S. H.; Chung, S. H.; Lee, Y. S. Preparation of resin-bound ketimines via transimination and its application in the synthesis of hydantoin libraries. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 9469–9472. [Google Scholar]
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MDPI and ACS Style

Vögtle, M.M.; Marzinzik, A.L. An Efficient Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Malondiamides. Molecules 2005, 10, 1438-1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/10121438

AMA Style

Vögtle MM, Marzinzik AL. An Efficient Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Malondiamides. Molecules. 2005; 10(12):1438-1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/10121438

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vögtle, Markus M., and Andreas L. Marzinzik. 2005. "An Efficient Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Malondiamides" Molecules 10, no. 12: 1438-1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/10121438

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