Copper(II) Sulfamate: An Efficient Catalyst for the One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones and thiones

Abstract

A simple, efficient procedure for the one-pot Biginelli condensation reaction of aldehydes, β-ketoesters and urea or thiourea employing copper(II) sulfamate as a novel catalyst is described. Compared to the classical Biginelli reaction conditions, the present method has the advantages of good yields, short reaction times and experimental simplicity.

Introduction

Dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) and their derivatives are well known heterocyclic units in the realm of natural and synthetic organic chemistry due to their wide spectrum of biological and therapeutic properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities [1,2,3]. Recently, appropriately functionalized DHPM analogs have emerged as integral backbones of several calcium channel blockers, antihypertensive agents and α-la-adrenergic receptor antagonists [4,5]. Moreover, several alkaloids containing the dihydropyrimidine core unit that have been isolated from marine sources also showed interesting biological properties. In particular, the batzelladine alkaloids have been found to be potent HIV gp-120-CD4 inhibitors [6,7].

The most simple and straightforward procedure for the synthesis of DHPMs was first reported by the Italian chemist Pietro Biginelli more than 100 years ago; it involves a three-component one-pot condensation of benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea under strongly acidic conditions [8]. However, this reaction often requires harsh conditions and long reaction times and affords low yields, particularly when substituted aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes are employed. In recent years several methods for the synthesis of DHPMs have been developed to improve and modify this reaction by means of microwave irradiation [9], ultrasound irradiation [10], ionic liquids [11], Lewis and protic acid promoters such as lanthanide triflate [12], H₃BO₃ [13], VCl₃ [14], Sr(OTf)₂ [15], PPh₃ [16], Indium(III) halides [17], KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O supported on silica [18], Silicasulfuric acid [19], Mn(OAc)₃·2H₂O [20], Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O [21], In(OTf)₃ [22], TaBr₅ [23], Ce(NO₃)₃·6H₂O [24], silica chloride [25], HCOOH [26] and so on. However, in spite of their potential utility, many of these reported one-pot protocols suffer from drawbacks such as the use of expensive reagents, strong acidic conditions and long reaction times. Therefore, to avoid these limitations, the introduction of a milder and more efficiently methods accompanied with higher yields are needed.

To our knowledge, neither copper(II) sulfamate nor its derivatives have been explored as a catalyst for any organic transformations. In continuation of our interest in Lewis acid applications for the Biginelli reaction [27,28], herein we wish to report for the first time a novel, simple and efficient methodology for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and thione analogs in moderate to good yields by the reaction of aldehydes, β-ketoesters and urea or thiourea using copper(II) sulfamate as catalyst (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1. Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂-catalyzed Biginelli reaction.

Scheme 1. Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂-catalyzed Biginelli reaction.

Results and Discussion

To evaluate the effect of the catalyst under different conditions, the reaction of benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea was selected as a model reaction and the results are presented in Table 1. Initially the effect of the solvent on the reaction was studied (Table 1, entries 1–5) and glacial acetic acid was found to be the best. The amount of Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ was examined next and the results are summarized in Table 1, entries 5, 7–12. It could be seen that 1 mole% of Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ gave the best result (Table 1, entry 10), whereas in the absence of copper(II) sulfamate and under the same reaction conditions, the yield of the product 4a was only 33% (Table 1, entry 6). The influence of the reaction time on the yield was also investigated as shown in Table 1, entries 10, 13–18. It was found that higher yield ocurred when the reaction time was 5 h. Hence, the best conditions employ 0.01:1:1:1.5 mole ratio of Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea at 100 °C for 5 h using glacial acetic acid as solvent.

Table 1. Effect of catalyst Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ under different reaction conditions for condensation of benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea ^a.

Entry	Solvent	Cu(NH2SO3)2 (mol%)	Time (h)	Yield (%)b
1	EtOH	2.5	6	61
2	CH3CN	2.5	6	52
3	H2O	2.5	6	16
4	Toluene	2.5	6	38
5	HAc	2.5	6	65
6	HAc	none	6	33
7	HAc	0.1	6	49
8	HAc	0.3	6	62
9	HAc	0.5	6	74
10	HAc	1.0	6	77
11	HAc	1.5	6	76
12	HAc	2.0	6	73
13	HAc	1.0	1	61
14	HAc	1.0	2	66
15	HAc	1.0	3	70
16	HAc	1.0	4	75
17	HAc	1.0	5	79
18	HAc	1.0	7	70

^a Reaction conditions: benzaldehyde (2 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (2 mmol), urea (3 mmol) and catalyst in solvent (10 mL), 100 °C; ^b Isolated yield.

Table 1. Effect of catalyst Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ under different reaction conditions for condensation of benzaldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate and urea ^a.

Entry	Solvent	Cu(NH2SO3)2 (mol%)	Time (h)	Yield (%)b
1	EtOH	2.5	6	61
2	CH3CN	2.5	6	52
3	H2O	2.5	6	16
4	Toluene	2.5	6	38
5	HAc	2.5	6	65
6	HAc	none	6	33
7	HAc	0.1	6	49
8	HAc	0.3	6	62
9	HAc	0.5	6	74
10	HAc	1.0	6	77
11	HAc	1.5	6	76
12	HAc	2.0	6	73
13	HAc	1.0	1	61
14	HAc	1.0	2	66
15	HAc	1.0	3	70
16	HAc	1.0	4	75
17	HAc	1.0	5	79
18	HAc	1.0	7	70

^a Reaction conditions: benzaldehyde (2 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (2 mmol), urea (3 mmol) and catalyst in solvent (10 mL), 100 °C; ^b Isolated yield.

In order to study the scope of the procedure, a series of DHPMs were synthesized using the new reaction set-up. The results are listed in Table 2. In all cases studied, the three-component reaction proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding DHPMs in satisfactory yields. Most importantly, aromatic aldehydes carrying either electron donating or electron withdrawing substituents reacted very well to give the corresponding DHPMs with high purity in moderate to good yields. Another important feature of this procedure is the tolerance of various functional groups such as methoxy, halides, nitro, hydroxy, etc. to the reaction conditions, as well as the compatibility without formation of side products of acid sensitive aldehydes such as furfural and cinnamaldehyde. Thiourea has been used with similar success to provide corresponding S-dihydropyrimidinones analogues, which are also of interest due to their biological activities (Table 2, entries 4n–4p). The use of methyl acetoacetate as 1,3-dicarbonyl moiety in place of ethyl acetoacetate also gave similar results, as shown in Table 2 (entries 4q–4t).

Table 2. Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones^a

Entry	R1	R2	X	Yields (%)b	Mp (°C)c
					Found	Reported (Lit.)
4a	C6H5	EtO	O	79	201-204	202-203[22]
4b	4-CH3O-C6H4	EtO	O	69	204-206	203-204[22]
4c	C6H5-CH=CH	EtO	O	84	234-236	234-236[22]
4d	4-F-C6H4	EtO	O	68	183-185	175-177[8]
4e	3-Br-C6H4	EtO	O	84	190-192	185-186[21]
4f	4-CH3-C6H4	EtO	O	79	212-213	216-217[12]
4g	4-Cl-C6H4	EtO	O	75	212-214	212-214[6]
4h	3-NO2-C6H4	EtO	O	89	224-226	226-228[22]
4i	3-CH3O-4-HO-C6H3	EtO	O	75	233-235	233-235[22]
4j	4-HO-C6H4	EtO	O	79	231-233	231-233[22]
4k	3,4-(CH3O)2-C6H3	EtO	O	70	175-177	175-177[15]
4l	2,4-(Cl)2-C6H3	EtO	O	91	246-248	251-252[6]
4m	2-Furyl	EtO	O	61	206-208	205-207[22]
4n	C6H5	EtO	S	65	207-209	206-208[22]
4o	3-NO2-C6H4	EtO	S	59	210-212	203-205[22]
4p	3-Br-C6H4	EtO	S	59	182-184	–
4q	C6H5	MeO	O	70	212-214	210-212[15]
4r	4-HO-C6H4	MeO	O	79	231-232	231-233[21]
4s	3-CH3O-4-HO-C6H3	MeO	O	82	248-250	253-254[11]
4t	2,4-(Cl)2-C6H3	MeO	O	72	256-258	254-255[8]

^a Reaction conditions: aldehyde (2 mmol), β-ketoester (2 mmol), urea or thiourea (3 mmol), Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ (0.02 mmol), HAc (10 mL), 100 °C; ^b Isolated yield; ^c Melting points are uncorrected.

Table 2. Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones/thiones^a

Entry	R1	R2	X	Yields (%)b	Mp (°C)c
					Found	Reported (Lit.)
4a	C6H5	EtO	O	79	201-204	202-203[22]
4b	4-CH3O-C6H4	EtO	O	69	204-206	203-204[22]
4c	C6H5-CH=CH	EtO	O	84	234-236	234-236[22]
4d	4-F-C6H4	EtO	O	68	183-185	175-177[8]
4e	3-Br-C6H4	EtO	O	84	190-192	185-186[21]
4f	4-CH3-C6H4	EtO	O	79	212-213	216-217[12]
4g	4-Cl-C6H4	EtO	O	75	212-214	212-214[6]
4h	3-NO2-C6H4	EtO	O	89	224-226	226-228[22]
4i	3-CH3O-4-HO-C6H3	EtO	O	75	233-235	233-235[22]
4j	4-HO-C6H4	EtO	O	79	231-233	231-233[22]
4k	3,4-(CH3O)2-C6H3	EtO	O	70	175-177	175-177[15]
4l	2,4-(Cl)2-C6H3	EtO	O	91	246-248	251-252[6]
4m	2-Furyl	EtO	O	61	206-208	205-207[22]
4n	C6H5	EtO	S	65	207-209	206-208[22]
4o	3-NO2-C6H4	EtO	S	59	210-212	203-205[22]
4p	3-Br-C6H4	EtO	S	59	182-184	–
4q	C6H5	MeO	O	70	212-214	210-212[15]
4r	4-HO-C6H4	MeO	O	79	231-232	231-233[21]
4s	3-CH3O-4-HO-C6H3	MeO	O	82	248-250	253-254[11]
4t	2,4-(Cl)2-C6H3	MeO	O	72	256-258	254-255[8]

^a Reaction conditions: aldehyde (2 mmol), β-ketoester (2 mmol), urea or thiourea (3 mmol), Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ (0.02 mmol), HAc (10 mL), 100 °C; ^b Isolated yield; ^c Melting points are uncorrected.

A proposed reaction mechanism for the Biginelli condensation via an acyl imine intermediate, according to the mechanism suggested by Kappe [29], is presented in Scheme 2. This intermediate is formed by the reaction of the aldehyde and urea or thiourea and then stabilized by Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ through a coordinate bond due to its empty orbital. Subsequent addition of ethyl acetoacetate enolate to the acylimine, followed by cyclization and dehydration, affords the corresponding dihydropyrimidinones.

Scheme 2. Mechanism of the Biginelli reaction catalyzed by Cu(NH₂SO₃)_2.

Scheme 2. Mechanism of the Biginelli reaction catalyzed by Cu(NH₂SO₃)_2.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we have described the first time use of copper(II) sulfamate as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones and thione analogs by multicomponent Biginelli reactions. The protocol offers several advantages such as mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, easy isolation and good yields. Further work is in progress to extend the catalytic activity of copper(II) sulfamate to other organic transformations.

Experimental

General

All compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The IR spectra were obtained as potassium bromide pellets with a FTS-40 spectrometer (Bio-Rad, U.S.A). The ¹H NMR spectra were obtained on a Varian Inova-400 spectrometer using CDCl₃ or DMSO-d₆ as solvent and TMS as an internal standard, chemical shifts are given in ppm. Elemental analysis (C, H, N) was performed on a Perkin-Elmer Analyzer 2400. Melting points were determined using a Büchi B-540 instrument. All melting points are uncorrected.

General procedure for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-(thio)ones

A mixture of aldehyde (2 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (2 mmol), urea or thiourea (3 mmol) and Cu(NH₂SO₃)₂ (0.02 mmol) was refluxed at 100°C in glacial acetic acid (10 mL) for 5 h without stirring. The completion of the reaction was monitored by TLC. After cooling, the reaction mixture was poured onto crushed ice (50 g) and stirred for 5 min. The separated solid was filtered under suction, washed with cold water (50 mL) and then recrystallized from ethanol to afford the pure product. The results are summarized in Table 2. All products (except 4p) are known compounds, which were characterized by mp, IR, ¹H-NMR spectra and elemental analysis.

5-Ethoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-4-(3-bromophenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-thione (4p): Mp 182-184 °C; ¹H-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 1.12 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, OCH₂CH₃), 2.30 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.03 (q, 2H, J= 7.2 Hz, OCH₂), 5.17 (s, 1H, CH), 7.20-7.50 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 9.68 (s, 1H, NH), 10.41 (s, 1H, NH); ¹³C-NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ: 14.64, 17.85, 54.21, 60.35, 100.75, 122.32, 126.04, 129.92, 131.22, 131.64, 146.22, 146.67, 165.59, 174.99; IR (ν_max; KBr, cm^–1): 3228, 3099, 2976, 1707, 1652, 1589, 1284, 1225, 1090, 767; Anal. calcd. (%) for C₁₄H₁₅N₂O₂S: C 61.07, H 5.49, N 10.17. Found: C 61.21, H 5.45, N 10.28.