New Cytotoxic Azaphilones from Monascus purpureus-Fermented Rice (Red Yeast Rice)

Abstract

Using a cell-based cytotoxicity assay three new cytotoxic azaphilones, including two stereoisomers and designated monapurones A-C (1-3), were isolated from the extract of Monascus purpureus-fermented rice (red yeast rice). Their structures were elucidated by detailed interpretation of spectroscopic and chemical data. The relative configurations were assigned on the basis of analysis of NOE data, and the absolute configurations were determined by direct comparison of their CD spectra with those of known azaphilones and chemical correlations. In the in vitro assays, monapurones A-C (1-3) showed selective cytotoxicity against human cancer cell line A549 with IC₅₀ values of 3.8, 2.8 and 2.4 μM respectively, while exhibiting no significant toxicity to normal MRC-5 and WI-38 cells at the same concentration.

1. Introduction

The fungus Monascus has traditionally been used to prepare red fermented rice, as a natural food colorant or food preservative of meat and used as a folk medicine in east Asia for centuries [1,2], Many reports indicated that metabolic products from fermentation of Monascus species were utilized to decrease blood pressure, lower plasma cholesterol levels and blood sugar. They also showed antitumor, antibacterial and antioxidative activities [3,4,5,6,7,8]. As part of a program to search for potential antitumor agents from natural sources, we investigated the extract of red yeast rice fermented with Monascus purpureus. From the petroleum ether-soluble portion of the EtOH extract of this material, three new cytotoxic azaphilones, including two stereoisomers, and designated monapurones A-C (1-3), were isolated. In the in vitro assays, monapurones A-C (1-3) showed selective cytotoxicity against human cancer cell line A549 with IC₅₀ value of 3.8, 2.8 and 2.4 μM respectively, while exhibiting no significant toxicity to normal MRC-5 and WI-38 cells at the same concentration. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of azaphilones with a C₂₀ skeleton. Herein, we report the isolation, characterization and biological activity of monapurones A-C (1-3).

Figure 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1, 2 and 3.

Figure 1. Chemical structures of compounds 1, 2 and 3.

2. Results and Discussion

The petroleum ether portion with the highest cytotoxic activity ( IC₅₀< 50 μg/mL ) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 and reverse-phase HPLC to yield three new azaphilones: monapurones A-C (1-3, Figure 1)

Monapurones A (1) was obtained as a yellow oil. Its IR absorptions at 3,403, 1,712, and 1,618 cm^‑1 implied the existence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and double bond functional groups, respectively. The UV spectrum showed absorption maxima at 354, 284 and 230 nm, indicating the presence of an extended conjugated system. High-resolution mass spectral analysis suggested a molecular formula C₂₀H₂₆O₄ (m/z 330.1827 [M]⁺) with eight degrees of unsaturation, which was consistent with the structural information provided by ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR spectra.

The ¹H-NMR spectrum of 1 displayed the typical pattern of an azaphilone skeleton [3,9] with three olefinic protons attributed to H-1, H-4, and H-5. In the lower field region, another two olefinic proton signals attributed to a disubstituted double bond at δ 5.94 (1H, dd, J = 1.5, 15.5 Hz, H-10) and 6.49 (1H, dq, J = 7.0, 15.5 Hz, H-11). In the higher field region, the ¹H-NMR spectrum exhibited three methyl signals at δ 1.28 (3H, s, CH₃-9), 1.89 (3H, dd, J = 1.0, 6.5 Hz, CH₃-12) and 0.84 (3H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, CH₃-19), and five methylene signals at δ [2.33 (1H, dd, J = 10.0, 18.0 Hz, H-13α), 2.99 (1H, dd, J = 3.0, 18.0 Hz, H-13β)], [2.22 (1H, dt, J = 7.5, 18.0 Hz, H-15α), 2.34 (1H, dt, J = 7.5, 18.0 Hz, H-15β)], 1.49 (2H, m, H₂-16), 1.24 (2H, m, H₂-17) and 1.18 (2H, m, H₂-18) as well as one methine resonating at δ 3.37 (1H, dd, J =3.0, 10.0 Hz, H-8) (Table 1).

The ¹³C-NMR spectrum of 1 showed 20 carbons, and the DEPT experiment differentiated them to be 3 × CH₃, 5 × CH₂, 6 × CH, and 6 × C (Table 2). On the basis of the chemical shift values, 10 of them were assigned to be sp² carbons including two carbonyls (δ_c 198.3, 209.8) and eight olefinic carbons, and 10 of them were sp³ carbons (one oxygen-bearing, δ > 70 ppm). The structure of 1 was finally elucidated as azaphilone by analysis of the data obtained in 2D NMR experiments and comparison with those of previously characterized azaphilones [9,10,11,12].

The proton and protonated carbon signals in the NMR spectra of 1 were assigned unequivocally on the basis of heteronuclear correlations in the HMQC spectrum. In the HMBC spectrum of 1, a series of two- and three-bond correlations from H-1 to C-3, C-8, C-4a, and C-8a, from H-4 to C-3, C-5, C-4a and C-8a, from H-5 to C-4, C-6, C-7, C-4a and C-8a, from CH₃-9 to C-6, C-7 and C-8 (Figure 2, arrows), in combination with their chemical shift values, revealed unequivocally a 7-hydroxy-7-methyl-7,8-dihydro-6H- isochromen-6-one nucleus (azaphilone skeleton) for 1. The presence of prop-1-enyl unit was established by ¹H–¹H coupling between H-11/H-10 and CH₃-12 and long-range correlations between CH₃-12 and C-10 and C-11. In addition, HMBC correlations from H-4 to C-10, from H-10 to C-3 and C-4 and from H-11 to C-3 allowed the prop-1-enyl unit to be connected to C-3 of the azaphilone nucleus. Futher investigation of ¹H–¹H COSY and HMBC spectra of 1 (Figure 2) revealed the presence of the 2-oxoheptyl side chain, which was located at C-8 of the azaphilone nucleus based on the homonuclear coupling correlation between H-8 and H₂-13 and the long-range correlations from H-8 to C-13 and C-14, and from H₂-13 to C-7, C-8 and C-8a. Thus, the full planar structure of 1 was assigned as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2. Main ¹H-¹H COSY (bold lines) and HMBC (arrows) correlations of compounds 1 and 2.

Figure 2. Main ¹H-¹H COSY (bold lines) and HMBC (arrows) correlations of compounds 1 and 2.

The relative stereochemistry of 1 was verified by a careful analysis of its 600 MHz NOESY (in CD₃COCD₃) and 500 MHz NOESY (in CDCl₃) spectroscopic data. NOE correlations between H-8 and CH₃-9 revealed that these protons were cofacial and arbitrarily defined as having an α-orientation. The 2-oxoheptyl side chain and OH-7 were assigned to be β-configuration judging from the NOE correlations between OH-7 and H-13β (Figure 3). The C-10–C-11 double bond was established to be E-form by the coupling constant (Table 1) and the NOE correlation between H-10 and CH₃-12. Furthermore, the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by direct comparison of the CD spectrum, which showed the positive (369 nm and 258 nm) and negative (326 nm) Cotton effects, with those of known azaphilones. The positive Cotton effects at 369 nm (Δε +5.5) clearly showed (R)-configuration of chiral center at C-7 [9,12,13,14]. Since the chiral center at C-7 was R, C-8 was established as (R)-configuration by NOESY. Based on the above spectral evidence, monapurone A (1) was determined to be (7R,8R)-7-hydroxy-7-methyl-8-(2-oxoheptyl)-3-((E)-prop-1-enyl))-7,8-dihydro-6H-isochromen-6-one (Figure 1).

Figure 3. Key NOESY correlations of compounds 1-3.

Figure 3. Key NOESY correlations of compounds 1-3.

Table 1. ¹H-NMR data forcompounds 1-3.

No.	1a δH (mult, J, Hz)	1b δH (mult, J, Hz)	2a δH (mult, J, Hz)	3a δH (mult, J, Hz)
1	7.35 (br s)	7.37 (brs)	7.04 (br s)	7.09 (br s)
4	5.95 (br s)	6.23 (brs)	5.91 (br s)	5.90 (br s)
5	5.37 ( br s )	5.34 (d. 1.2)	5.37 (br s)	5.34 (br s)
8	3.37 (dd, 3.0, 10.0)	3.31 (dd, 3.6, 10.2)	2.92 (t, 10.0)	3.30 (t, 10.0)
9	1.28 (s)	1.21 (s)	1.31 (s)	1.36 (s)
10	5.94 (dd, 1.5, 15.5)	6.14 (dd, 1.8 15.6)	5.95 (dd, 1.5, 15.5)	5.93 (dd, 1.5, 15.5)
11	6.49 (dq, 7.0, 15.5)	6.50 (dq, 7.2, 15.6)	6.41 (dq, 7.0, 15.5)	6.43 (dq, 7.0, 15.5)
12	1.89 (dd, 1.0, 6.5)	1.88 (dd, 1.8, 6.6)	1.87 (dd, 1.0, 6.5)	1.86 (dd, 1.0, 6.5)
13α	2.33(dd, 10.0, 18.0)	2.39 (dd, 10.2, 17.4)	1.96 (dd, 10.5, 13.0)	1.93 (overlap)
13β	2.99 (dd, 3.0, 18.0)	2.99 (dd, 3.6, 17.4 )	2.36 (dd, 10.5, 13.0)	1.98 (overlap)
15a	2.22 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	2.32 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	1.58 (m)	1.45 (m)
15b	2.34 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	2.39 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	1.84 (m)	2.00 (overlap)
16	1.49 (m)	1.48 (m)	1.29 (m)	1.23 (m)
17	1.24 (m)	1.19 (m)	1.29 (m)	1.23 (m)
18	1.18 (m)	1.28 (m)	1.29 (m)	1.23 (m)
19	0.84 (t, 7.5)	0.84 (t, 7.8)	0.87 (t, 7.5)	0.82 (t, 7.5)
OH-7	4.17 (br s)	4.17 (br s)
OCH3			3.16 (s)	3.29 (s)

^a Data were recorded in CDCl₃ at 500 MHz; ^b Data were recorded in CD₃COCD₃ at 600 MHz. The assignments were based on DEPT, ¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.

Table 1. ¹H-NMR data forcompounds 1-3.

No.	1a δH (mult, J, Hz)	1b δH (mult, J, Hz)	2a δH (mult, J, Hz)	3a δH (mult, J, Hz)
1	7.35 (br s)	7.37 (brs)	7.04 (br s)	7.09 (br s)
4	5.95 (br s)	6.23 (brs)	5.91 (br s)	5.90 (br s)
5	5.37 ( br s )	5.34 (d. 1.2)	5.37 (br s)	5.34 (br s)
8	3.37 (dd, 3.0, 10.0)	3.31 (dd, 3.6, 10.2)	2.92 (t, 10.0)	3.30 (t, 10.0)
9	1.28 (s)	1.21 (s)	1.31 (s)	1.36 (s)
10	5.94 (dd, 1.5, 15.5)	6.14 (dd, 1.8 15.6)	5.95 (dd, 1.5, 15.5)	5.93 (dd, 1.5, 15.5)
11	6.49 (dq, 7.0, 15.5)	6.50 (dq, 7.2, 15.6)	6.41 (dq, 7.0, 15.5)	6.43 (dq, 7.0, 15.5)
12	1.89 (dd, 1.0, 6.5)	1.88 (dd, 1.8, 6.6)	1.87 (dd, 1.0, 6.5)	1.86 (dd, 1.0, 6.5)
13α	2.33(dd, 10.0, 18.0)	2.39 (dd, 10.2, 17.4)	1.96 (dd, 10.5, 13.0)	1.93 (overlap)
13β	2.99 (dd, 3.0, 18.0)	2.99 (dd, 3.6, 17.4 )	2.36 (dd, 10.5, 13.0)	1.98 (overlap)
15a	2.22 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	2.32 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	1.58 (m)	1.45 (m)
15b	2.34 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	2.39 (dt, 7.5, 18.0)	1.84 (m)	2.00 (overlap)
16	1.49 (m)	1.48 (m)	1.29 (m)	1.23 (m)
17	1.24 (m)	1.19 (m)	1.29 (m)	1.23 (m)
18	1.18 (m)	1.28 (m)	1.29 (m)	1.23 (m)
19	0.84 (t, 7.5)	0.84 (t, 7.8)	0.87 (t, 7.5)	0.82 (t, 7.5)
OH-7	4.17 (br s)	4.17 (br s)
OCH3			3.16 (s)	3.29 (s)

^a Data were recorded in CDCl₃ at 500 MHz; ^b Data were recorded in CD₃COCD₃ at 600 MHz. The assignments were based on DEPT, ¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.

Monapurone B (2) was isolated as a yellow oil. Its molecular formula C₂₁H₂₈O₄ was established by HREI-MS (m/z 344.1993 [M]⁺) corresponding to 8 degrees of unsaturation. This molecular formula was also supported by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectral data (Table 1 and Table 2).

The NMR spectral data of 2 were similar to those of 1, except that the carbonyl signal(δ_c 209.8, C-14) in 1 was replaced by a hemiacetal carbon signal (δ_c 108.0, C-14) in 2 and C-7 of 2 was downfield shifted by Δδ_c 9.6 ppm compared to that of 1. These data indicated the linkage between C-7 and C-14 via oxygen atom to form an five-membered ring in 2, which was further confirmed by the 2D NMR experiments and the absence of hydroxyl absorption band at 3,403 cm^-1 in the IR spectrum. Meanwhile, the NMR spectra of 2 showed the presence of an extra methoxyl signal (δ_H 3.16, δ_c 48.5), which was located at C-14 on the basis of the HMBC correlation from the methoxy protons at C-14 to C-14.

The relative configuration of H-8, CH₃-9 and the pentyl side chain were established to be on the same side of the molecular plane toward α-orientation based on their NOE correlations (Figure 3) between H-8 and CH₃-9/CH₂-15. As a consequence, the methoxyl group at C-14 (CH₃O-14) was assigned as having a β-orientation. Furthermore, the absolute configuration at C-7 was determined to be R by comparing its CD spectrum with that of 1, which showed both positive (357 and 259 nm) and negative (334 nm) Cotton effects. Therefore, monapurone B (2) was elucidated to be (6aR, 8S, 9aR)-8-methoxy- 6a-methyl-8-pentyl-3-((E)-prop-1-enyl))-6a, 8, 9, 9a-tetrahydro-6H-furo [2,3-h] isochromen-6-one (Figure 1).

Table 2. ¹³C-NMR data forcompounds 1-3.

No.	1 δC, mult	2 δC, mult	3 δC, mult	No.	1 δC, mult	2 δC, mult	3 δC, mult
1	146.0 ( d )	143.4 ( d )	144.1 ( d )	11	134.3 ( d )	133.1 ( d )	133.6 ( d )
3	155.5 ( s )	154.7 ( s )	155.1 ( s )	12	18.4 ( q )	18.4 ( q )	18.4 ( q )
4	106.9 ( d )	108.2 ( d )	107.6 ( d )	13	40.4 ( t )	44.8 ( t )	43.3 ( t )
4a	145.8 ( s )	142.9 ( s )	143.6 ( s )	14	209.8 ( s )	108.0 ( s )	107.0 ( s )
5	103.7 ( d )	107.0 ( d )	106.7 ( d )	15	43.5 ( t )	34.9 ( t )	34.3 ( t )
6	198.3 ( s )	196.2 ( s )	196.8 ( s )	16	23.4 ( t )	24.1 ( t )	24.7 ( t )
7	73.1 ( s )	82.7 ( s )	83.6 ( s )	17	22.4 ( t )	24.0 ( t )	24.1 ( t )
8	40.5 ( d )	44.8 ( d )	43.5 ( d )	18	31.3 ( t )	31.9 ( t )	31.8 ( t )
8a	120.1 ( s )	118.1 ( s )	117.2 ( s )	19	13.9 ( q )	14.0 ( q )	13.9 ( q )
9	26.8 ( q )	22.5 ( q )	22.4 ( q )	OCH3		48.5	48.3
10	123.1 ( d )	123.3 ( d )	123.2 ( d )

¹³C-NMR data were measured in CDCl₃ at 125 MHz. The assignments were based on DEPT, ¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.

Table 2. ¹³C-NMR data forcompounds 1-3.

No.	1 δC, mult	2 δC, mult	3 δC, mult	No.	1 δC, mult	2 δC, mult	3 δC, mult
1	146.0 ( d )	143.4 ( d )	144.1 ( d )	11	134.3 ( d )	133.1 ( d )	133.6 ( d )
3	155.5 ( s )	154.7 ( s )	155.1 ( s )	12	18.4 ( q )	18.4 ( q )	18.4 ( q )
4	106.9 ( d )	108.2 ( d )	107.6 ( d )	13	40.4 ( t )	44.8 ( t )	43.3 ( t )
4a	145.8 ( s )	142.9 ( s )	143.6 ( s )	14	209.8 ( s )	108.0 ( s )	107.0 ( s )
5	103.7 ( d )	107.0 ( d )	106.7 ( d )	15	43.5 ( t )	34.9 ( t )	34.3 ( t )
6	198.3 ( s )	196.2 ( s )	196.8 ( s )	16	23.4 ( t )	24.1 ( t )	24.7 ( t )
7	73.1 ( s )	82.7 ( s )	83.6 ( s )	17	22.4 ( t )	24.0 ( t )	24.1 ( t )
8	40.5 ( d )	44.8 ( d )	43.5 ( d )	18	31.3 ( t )	31.9 ( t )	31.8 ( t )
8a	120.1 ( s )	118.1 ( s )	117.2 ( s )	19	13.9 ( q )	14.0 ( q )	13.9 ( q )
9	26.8 ( q )	22.5 ( q )	22.4 ( q )	OCH3		48.5	48.3
10	123.1 ( d )	123.3 ( d )	123.2 ( d )

¹³C-NMR data were measured in CDCl₃ at 125 MHz. The assignments were based on DEPT, ¹H-¹H COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.

Monapurone C (3) was obtained as a yellow oil. The ¹³C-NMR spectral data of 3 was very similar to that of 2, except that the chemical shifts of C-8, C-13 and C-14 in 3 were upfield shifted by ∆δ_c 1.3, 1.5 and 1.0 ppm, respectively, and C-7 of 3 was downfield shifted by ∆δ_c 0.9ppm, compared to those of 2. The HREI-MS established its molecular formula as C₂₁H₂₈O₄ identical to that of 2. These information indicated it was isomeric with 2 (Figure 1). In the NOESY spectrum of 3, strong NOE correlations between H-8 and CH₃-9, CH₃O-14 clearly demonstrated that these protons were oriented on the same side of the tetrahydrofuran ring toward α-orientation, and confirmed the proposed structure as shown in Figure 3. The absolute configuration at C-7 was determined to be R by comparing the CD spectra of 1 and 2. Combined with other 2D NMR experiments, monapurone C (3) was established as (6aR, 8R, 9aR)-8-methoxy-6a-methyl-8-pentyl-3-((E)-prop-1-enyl))-6a,8,9,9a-tetrahydro-6H-furo[2,3-h]- isochromen-6-one (Figure 1).

To verify the deduced stereochemistry at C-7 of 2 and 3, the two compounds were subjected to acid hydrolysis with 0.1N HCl at room temperature. Almost all 2 and 3 were converted into 1 after two hours. The products in both reactions were identified to be 1 based on the identical ¹H-NMR, ¹H-¹H COSY, NOESY and CD data. On the basis of the above results, the chiral centers at C-7 of 2 and 3 were further established as R configuration.

In the in vitro cytotoxic assays, monapurones A-C (1-3) showed potent selective cytotoxicity against human cancer cell line A549 with IC₅₀ value of 3.8, 2.8 and 2.4 μM respectively, while posing no toxicity to normal MRC-5 and WI-38 cells at the same concentration.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

CD spectra were recorded on a JASCO J-810 circular dichroism spectrometer. UV data were determined on a Hitachi UV-3000 spectrometer, and IR spectra were recorded as KBr disks on a Nicolet Impact 400 FT-IR Spectrophotometer. 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra were acquired in CDCl₃ and CD₃COCD₃ with TMS as internal standard on Varian 500 or 600 MHz spectrometers. Mass spectra including high-resolution mass spectra were recorded on a JEOL JMS AX-500 spectrometer. Column chromatography was performed with silica gel (200-300 mesh, Qingdao Marine Chemical Inc. China), RP-18 reverse phase silica gel (43-60 μm) and Sephadex LH-20 (Pharmacia Biotech AB, Uppsala Sweden). LPLC separation was performed with Combiflash (ISCO Companion). HPLC was performed with a Waters 600 system with 2996 DAD-detector, with an Alltima (C18, 250 × 10 mm i.d., 5 μm) column. TLC was carried out with glass precoated silica gel GF254 plates. Spots were visualized under UV light or by spraying with 8 % H₂SO₄ in 95 % EtOH followed by heating.

3.2. Fungal material

Red yeast rice was prepared from cooked paddy rice inoculated with Monascus purpureus B0708, purchased from the Beijing Dawn Aerospace Bio-tech Company. The sample was deposited at Beijing Union University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing 100083, China.

3.3. Extraction and isolation

The dried red yeast rice powder (4.5 kg) was extracted with 50 L of 95 % EtOH, 80 % EtOH and 60 % EtOH, respectively, at room temperature (×3, each for 3 hours). After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue (850.0 g) was suspended in 3 L of H₂O, and then partitioned sequentially with petroleum ether (3 times with 5 L each) and EtOAc (4 times with 5 L each) to yield a petroleum ether (38.0 g), a EtOAc (223.5 g) and a H₂O (588.5 g) fractions, respectively.

The petroleum ether-soluble portion (38.0 g) showing cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀< 50 μg/mL) was fractionated via silica gel column chromatography eluted with a gradient of increasing acetone (0–100%) in petroleum ether (60–90 °C) to give 12 fractions F₁-F₁₂. The cytotoxic fraction F₃ (6.5 g, IC₅₀< 20 μg/mL) was further separated via Sephadex LH-20 eluted with petroleum ether-chloroform-acetone (5:5:1) to afford five subfractions. The first subfraction was purified by preparative reversed phase (C-18) HPLC eluted with ACN-H₂O (40:60) to yield 1 (14.3 mg), 2 (12.6 mg) and 3 (11.8 mg).

3.4. Acid hydrolysis of 2 and 3

Compound 2 (5.0 mg in MeOH) was hydrolyzed with 0.1 N HCl (0.5 mL) at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction progress was monitored by TLC eluted with CHCl₃–CH₃COCH₃ (6:1). After evaporation of the solvent under a stream of nitrogen, the residue dissolved in CD₃COCD₃ with TMS as internal standard was analyzed by Varian 600 MHz spectrometer. Then, the solvent was removed under a nitrogen stream and the residue dissolved in MeOH was analyzed on the JASCO J-810 circular dichroism spectrometer. Compound 3 (5.0 mg) was hydrolyzed using the same method.

3.5. Cells and culture condition

Human lung fibroblast (WI-38), human lung fibroblast (MRC-5), human colon cancer (HCT-8), human hepatoma (Bel7402), human stomach cancer (BGC-823), human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), human breast cancer (MCF-7), and human ovarian cancer (A2780) cell lines were obtained from ATCC. Cells were maintained in RRMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10 % fetal newborn bovine serum (FBS), 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Cultures were incubated at 37 °C in a humidified 5 % CO₂ atmosphere.

3.6. In vitro cytotoxicity assay

WI-38, MRC-5, HCT-8, Bel7402, BGC-823, A549, MCF-7, and A2780 cells were seeded in 96-well microtiter plates at 1,200 cells/well. After 24 h, the tested compounds were added to the systems. After 96 h of drug treatment, cell viability was determined by measuring the metabolic conversion of MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) into purple formazan crystals by active cells. MTT assay results were read using a MK 3 Wellscan (Labsystem Drogon) plate reader at 570 nm. All compounds were tested in five concentrations and were dissolved in 0.1 % DMSO each well. Each concentration of the compounds was tested in three parallel wells. IC₅₀ values were calculated using Microsoft Excel software.

3.7. Spectral Data

Monapurone A (1): yellow oil; EI-MS m/z 330 [M]⁺; HREI-MS m/z 330.1827 [M]⁺ (calc. for C₂₀H₂₆O₄, 330.1831); UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 352(4.5), 284 (2.2), 230 (4.1) nm; CD (MeOH) λ_max (Δε) 258(+0.28), 326 (-6.4) and 369 (+5.5) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max 3,403, 1,712, 1,669, 1,618, 1,569, 1,547, 1,450, 1,434, 1,378, 1,219, 1,170 cm^-1; for ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2.

Monapurone B (2): yellow oil; EI-MS m/z 344 [M]⁺; HREI-MS m/z 344.1993 [M]⁺ (calc. for C₂₁H₂₈O₄, 344.1988); UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 343(4.4), 280 (2.0), 228 (4.0) nm; CD (MeOH) λ_max (Δε) 259(+0.22), 334 (-6.6) and 357 (+5.2) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max 1,681, 1,661, 1,455, 1,384, 1,277, 1,222, 1,136 cm^-1; for ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2.

Monapurone C (3): yellow oil; EI-MS m/z 344 [M]⁺; HREI-MS m/z 344.1995 [M]⁺ (calc. for C₂₁H₂₈O₄, 344.1988); UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 345(4.4), 282 (2.1), 229 (4.1) nm; CD (MeOH) λ_max (Δε) 265(+0.31), 321(-6.7) and 360 (+5.7) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max 1,682, 1,646, 1,609, 1,478, 1,456, 1,411, 1,384, 1,284, 1,162 cm^-1; for ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2.

4. Conclusions

As part of our program to systematically assess the chemical constituents of the cytotoxic fraction of Monascus purpureus metabolites, three new azaphilones, including two stereoisomers, monapurones A–C (1–3) were isolated and identified. In the in vitro cytotoxic assays, monapurones A–C showed potent selective cytotoxicity against the A549 human cancer cell line with IC₅₀ value of 3.8, 2.8 and 2.4 μM respectively, while posing no toxicity to normal MRC-5 and WI-38 cells at the same concentration.