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Article

Synthesis, Reactions and Antimicrobial Activities of 8-Ethoxycoumarin Derivatives

by
Hany M. Mohamed
1,3,*,
Ashraf H. F. Abd El-Wahab
2,3,
Kamal A. Ahmed
3,
Ahmed M. El-Agrody
3,4,
Ahmed H. Bedair
3,
Fathy A. Eid
3 and
Mostafa M. Khafagy
3
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 2097, Saudi Arabia
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
4
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2012, 17(1), 971-988; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17010971
Submission received: 14 November 2011 / Revised: 1 January 2012 / Accepted: 4 January 2012 / Published: 18 January 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocycles)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Condensation of 3-acetyl-8-ethoxycoumarin (3) with thiosemicarbazide gave ethylidenehydrazinecarbothioamide 5, which was transformed into the thiazolidin-4-one derivatives 6,7. Interaction of 3 with DMF/POCl3 gave β-chloroacroline derivative 8. Treatment of 3 with malononitrile gave benzo[c]chromone and 2-aminobenzonitrile derivatives 9 and 10, respectively with respect to the reaction conditions. Condensation of 3-(2-bromoacetyl)-8-ethoxycoumarin (4) with o-phenylenediamine gave 3-(quioxaline-2-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin hydrobromide (11), while 4 reacted with 2-aminopyridine to give chromenopyridopyrimidine derivative 12. Condensation of 4 with potassium thio-cyanate/methanol gave an unexpected derivative, 2H-chromeno-3-carboxy(methyl-carbonimidic)thioanhydride 16, which upon treatment with (NH2)2·H2O gave 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde azine 19. Interaction of 4 with thiourea derivatives gave thiazole derivatives 20a–c. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by their spectra data. The newly synthesized compounds were also screened for their antimicrobial activity.

1. Introduction

Coumarin and its derivatives are used as additives in food, perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals [1,2], for their spasmolytic, cardiothioc, antiviral, anticancer properties [3,4] and as laser dyes in the blue-green region. These types of dyes have been employed as labels for fluorescent energy transfer experiments [5,6]. Coumarin compounds also form a group of more than 40 drugs, which are widely used in medicine as anticoagulant, hypertensive, antiarrhythmic and immunomodulant agents [7]. Many coumarins were tested for various kinds of biological activity and their structures established based on chemical analytical techniques and spectroscopic methods [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. The present study is a part of our programme [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28] directed towards the synthesis of novel coumarin and chromene derivatives and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

Treatment of 3-ethoxysalicylaldehyde (1) with ethyl acetoacetate (2) in boiling ethanol containing few drops of piperidine afforded 3-acetyl-8-ethoxycoumarin (3) [29]. Bromination of 3 in acetic acidgave the corresponding ω-bromo-8-ethoxy-3-acetylcoumarin (4) [29] (Scheme 1).
Molecules 17 00971 g001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 3-(2-bromoacetyl)-8-ethoxycoumarin (4).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 3-(2-bromoacetyl)-8-ethoxycoumarin (4).
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Condensation of 3 with thiosemicarbazide afforded 2-[1-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)ethylidene]-hydrazinecarbothioamide (5). Reaction of 5 with chloroacetic acid or ethyl chloroacetate afforded 2-[(1-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)ethylidene]hydrazonothiazolidin-4-one (6). Treatment of the thiazolidin-4-one derivative 6 with p-methoxybenzaldehyde or α-cyano-p-methoxycinnamonitrile in ethanolic piperidine afforded the corresponding 2-[(1-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazono]-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)thiazolidin-4-one (7) (Scheme 2).
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Scheme 2. Synthesis hydrazone derivatives 5–7.
Scheme 2. Synthesis hydrazone derivatives 5–7.
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Structures 5–7 were established on the basis of spectral data. IR spectra showed the presence of NH2 and NH absorptions at υ 3,404, 3,254, 3,174 cm−1 and CO at υ 1,720 cm−1 for 5, NH at υ 3,147 cm−1, υ 2,977 C-H (aliphatic), CO at υ 1,720, 1,648 cm−1 for 6 and a CO at υ 1,705, 1,655 cm−1 and υ 1,605 cm−1 for N=C and 2,939.3 cm−1 for 7. The 1H-NMR spectrum of 6 showed signals at δ 12.05 ppm (brs, 1H, NH), 3.87 ppm (s, 2H, CH2), 2.49 ppm (s, 3H, CH3) and that of 7 signals atδ 12.40 (brs, 1H, NH), 8.44 ppm (s, 1H, 4-H), 8.25 ppm (s, 1H, =CH-Ar), 3.84 ppm (s, 3H, OCH3). The mass spectra of compounds 5,6 provided additional evidence in support of the proposed structures.
Treatment of 8-ethoxy-3-acetylcoumarin (3) with DMF/POCl3 gave 3-chloro-3-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)acrylaldehyde(8) (Scheme 3). The formation of 8 indicates that the enolate form of 3 attacks the chloroiminium salt to gave the iminium ion which is hydrolyzed to the β-chloroacroline derivative 8 [30].
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Scheme 3. Synthesis of β-chloroacroline derivative 8.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of β-chloroacroline derivative 8.
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Interaction of 3 with malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate in ethanolic triethylamine solution gave the same product, the benzo[c]chromene-6-one derivative 9 (Scheme 4).
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Scheme 4. Synthesis of benzo[c]chromene-6-one derivative 9.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of benzo[c]chromene-6-one derivative 9.
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The formation of 9 can be explained by a self condensation of 3 to give a chalcone (A) as intermediate which undergoes an intramolecular cyclization through the addition of an active methylene group to the activated 3,4-double bond forming the intermediate (B), which then underges spontaneous oxidation to the final product 9 [31] (Scheme 4).
Treatment of 3 with malononitrile in boiling methanolic piperidine solution instead of triethyl-amine, gave a product which formulated as 2-amino-4,6-bis(8-ethoxycouarin-3-yl)benzonitrile (10) (Scheme 5). The formation of 10 could be explained by condensation of the intermediate (A) with malononitrile to give another intermediate (C) which underges intramolecular cyclization through the nucleophilc addition of active methylene group to one of the carbonitrile functions followed by aromatization [32] (Scheme 5).
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Scheme 5. Synthesis of 2-amino-4,6-bis(8-ethoxycouarin-3-yl)benzonitrile (10).
Scheme 5. Synthesis of 2-amino-4,6-bis(8-ethoxycouarin-3-yl)benzonitrile (10).
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Treatment of 4 with an equimolar amount of o-phenylenediamine in boiling methanol resulted in the formation of 3-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin hydrobromide (11) (Scheme 6). The formation of 11 [33] may be explained by cyclocondensation of ω-bromo-8-ethoxy-3-acetylcoumarin (4) with o-phenylenediamine, followed by subsequent oxidation (Scheme 6).
Molecules 17 00971 g006 550
Scheme 6. Synthesis of 3-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin hydrobromide (11).
Scheme 6. Synthesis of 3-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin hydrobromide (11).
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In a similar manner, 4 reacted with 2-aminopyridine to give the 4-ethoxychromeno[4,3-d]pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-6-(7H)-one derivative 12 rather than the expected 3-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-yl-8-ethoxychrome-2-one 13 [34] (Scheme 7).
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Scheme 7. Synthesis of chromenopyridopyrimidine 12.
Scheme 7. Synthesis of chromenopyridopyrimidine 12.
Molecules 17 00971 g007
The formation of 12 can be explained by a nucleophilic addition of the more nucleophilic cyclic secondary nitrogen of 2-aminopyridine to the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of 3-(2-bromoacetyl)-8-ethoxycoumarin (4) instead of nucleophilic replacement of bromine; the addition intermediate undergoes a subsequent cyclodehydration with the addition of the exonucleophilic nitrogen atom of 2-aminopyridine at position 2 to the active site of the coumarin ring (C-4), and the intermediate then acts as a nucleophile which attacks a second molecule of 4 at C-4 followed by aromatization and elimination of a bromoacetaldehyde molecule to give the final product 12. Previously Ramanna et al. [35] had stated that 3-(ω-bromoacetyl)coumarins 14 on reaction with potassium thiocyanate gave 3-thiocyanatoacetylcoumarins 15 (Scheme 8).
Molecules 17 00971 g008 550
Scheme 8. Synthesis of 3-thiocyanato derivatives 15.
Scheme 8. Synthesis of 3-thiocyanato derivatives 15.
Molecules 17 00971 g008
In the present research, treatment of 4 with KSCN in boiling methanol gave 2-bromoethylene-8-ethoxy-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic(methylcarbonimidic)thioanhydride (16) rather than the corresponding 3-thiocyanatoacetylcoumarin derivative 17 (Scheme 9).
Molecules 17 00971 g009 550
Scheme 9. Synthesis of compounds 16, 18 and 19 with MS fragmentaion patterns.
Scheme 9. Synthesis of compounds 16, 18 and 19 with MS fragmentaion patterns.
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The structure was supported by the following evidence: (i) in the IR spectrum, the absence of SCN and the presence of NH at 3,141 cm−1; (ii) the 1H-NMR spectrum exhibited a characteristic singlet for OCH3 protons at 4.10 ppm and at 7.88 as singlet signal for =CH-Br; (iii) the mass spectrum gave a molecular ion peak at m/z (%): 385 (M++2, 37.3), 383 (M+, 42.4) with a base peak at 303 (M-HBr, 100). The formation of 16 indicates that the strong nucleophile SCN− attacks the lactone carbonyl with concomitant addition of a methanol molecule and cyclization to give a chromene nucleus. When 16 was treated with HClgas/AcOH, a methanol molecule was eliminated and the chromene ring was opened to furnish 4-bromo-2-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxybut-3-enoic cyanic thioanhydride (18) (Scheme 9). The mass spectrum of 18 gave a molecular ion peak at m/z (%): 369 (M+, 88.8) together with a base peak at 288 (100), and other peaks at 289 (65.4), 260 (99.0), 228 (46.7), 161 (39.3). Interaction of 16 with ethanolic hydrazine hydrate solution effected ring opening with scission of the C3-C4 bond [36] and gave 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde azine (19) (Scheme 9). IR gave υ C=N at 1,562 and 1,597 cm−1, and OH at 3,302 cm−1, 1H-NMR ppm: 9.20 (s, 1H, CH=N), 12.10, 12.45 (phenolic OH). Its mass spectrum gave a molecular ion peak at m/z (intensity %): 328 (100) as a base peak, and other peaks at 164 (M/2, 57.12), 136 (45.7), 121 (50.9), 80 (65.3).
Interaction of 4 with thiourea, phenylthiourea and cyanothioacetamide in boiling methanol afforded the thiazole derivatives 20a–c [37,38,39] respectively (Scheme 10). Interaction of 20c with neat triethyl orthoformate under reflux give the ethoxymethyleneamino derivative 21, which reacted with dimethylamine to give N, N-dimethylaminoethyleneamino derivative 22 (Scheme 10).
Molecules 17 00971 g010 550
Scheme 10. Synthesis of coumarinothiazole derivatives 20, 21 and 22.
Scheme 10. Synthesis of coumarinothiazole derivatives 20, 21 and 22.
Molecules 17 00971 g010
The structures of 20–22 were confirmed by their spectral data. The IR spectra showed NH2 bands at υ 3,387, 3,302, 3,148 cm−1 and a CO band at υ 1,705 cm−1 for 20a; NH bands at υ 3,302, 3,148 cm−1 and CO band at υ 1,697 cm−1 for 20b, and CN band at υ 2,262 cm−1 and CO band at υ 1,722 cm−1 for 20c; C-H (aliphatic) at υ 2,978 cm−1, CN band at υ 2,222 cm−1 a CO band at υ 1,728 cm−1 for 21 and a CN band at υ 2,191 cm−1, a CO band at υ 1,720 cm−1, C-H (aliphatic) at υ 2,927 & 2,874 cm−1 for 22. Characteristic 1H-NMR resonances were observed at δ 10.31 (s, 1H, HNPh) and 8.61 ppm (s, 1H, H-4) for 20b, δ 8.42 (s, 1H, 4-H) and 4.55 ppm (s, 2H, CH2) 8.71 (s, 1H, thiazole-H) for 20c, δ 8.43 (s, 1H, 4-H) 8.15 (s, 1H, =CHOEt), 8.70 (s, 1H, thiazole-H) for 21 and 8.12 ppm (s, 1H, 4-H) and 3.28 ppm (s, 6H, N(CH3)2), 7.89 [s, 1H, =CHN(Me)2], 8.74 (s, 1H, thiazole-H) for 22. The mass spectrum of 20c gave a molecular ion peak at m/z (%) 394 (M++2, 24.90) and 392 (M+, 28.90) with a base peak at 284 (M+-(HBr+CO), 100); for 21: m/z (%) 448 (M+, 12.1), 450 (M++2, 10.1) and a base peak at 368 (M-HBr, 100); for 22: m/z: 449 (M++2, 14.1), 447 (M+, 18), 367 (M+-HBr, 100).
Condensation of 20c with various aromatic aldehydes 23 afforded the corresponding dicoumarin-3-ylthiazole derivatives 24, 25 and iminocoumarin derivative 26, while condensation of 20c with aromatic aldehydes in methanolic piperidine solution give 27a,b. Compound 20c was also readily coupled with p-methoxybenzenediazonium chloride to afford 28 (Scheme 11). The structure of 28 was supported by its independent synthesis from 4 and (4-methoxyphenylazo)-2-cyanoethanethioamide (29) (Scheme 11).
Molecules 17 00971 g011 550
Scheme 11. Synthesis of coumarin-3-ylthiazole derivatives 24–28.
Scheme 11. Synthesis of coumarin-3-ylthiazole derivatives 24–28.
Molecules 17 00971 g011
Structures 24–28 were established on the basis of spectral data. The IR spectra showed the presence of a CO bands at υ 1,720 cm−1 for 24–26, while a NH band appeared at υ 3,449, 3,209 cm−1 for 26; a CN and at υ 2,207 cm−1 a CO band at υ 1,728 cm−1 for 27a; a CN band at υ 2,214 cm−1 and a CO band at υ 1,720 cm−1 for 27b and a NH band at υ 3,156 cm−1 a CN band at υ 2,214 cm−1 CO at υ 1,736 cm−1 for 28. The 1H-NMR spectra showed two signals at δ 8.95, 8.54 ppm (2s, 2H, H-4) 9.14 (s, 1H, thiazole-H) for 24; at δ 8.39 (s, 2H, 2H-4) and 3.31 ppm (s, 6H, 2CH3) for 26 and δ 11.93 (s, 1H, NH, exchangeable with D2O), 8.39 (s, 1H, H-4) and 3.76 ppm (s, 3H, OCH3) for 28. The mass spectra of compounds 24–28 provided additional evidence for the proposed structures.

3. Experimental

3.1. General

Melting points were determined with a Stuart Scientific Co. Ltd. apparatus. IR spectra were determined as KBr pellets on a Jasco FT/IR 5300 spectrophotometer. 1H-NMR spectra were recorded using a Varian Mercury (300 MHz) spectrometer. The mass spectra recorded on a Shimadzu GC-MS QP 1000 EX spectrometer. Elemental analyses were performed on a Perkin-Elmer 240 microanalyser in the Cairo University Faculty of Science.
Synthesis of 3-acetyl-8-ethoxycoumarin (3). 3-Ethoxysalicylaldehyde 1 (10 mmol) was refluxed with ethyl acetoacetate 2 (10 mmol) in ethanolic/piperidine solution (20 mL, 0.5 mL) for two hours. The precipitate formed on cooling was collected by filtration, washed with cold ethanol and dried. The solid formed was recrystallized from diluted ethanol to give pale yellow crystals; yield 88%; m.p. 130–132 °C, lit. (135–7 °C) [29]; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,060, 2,976, 2,874 (CH stretching), 1,730, 1,678 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.40 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.2 Hz), 2.58 (s, 3H, COCH3), 4.19 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.31-7.65 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.59 (s, 1H, H-4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 13.90 (CH3-ester), 25.72 (CH3-acetyl), 62.33 (CH2-ester), 115.40 (C-7), 118.21 (C-5), 120.11 (C-4a), 126.37 (C-6), 128.00 (C-3), 145.03 (C-4), 150.80 (C-8a), 154.12 (C-8), 160.04 (CO-lactone), 175.19 (CO-acetyl); Anal. calcd. for C13H12O4: C, 67.22; H 5.17; found: C, 67.20; H, 5.16%.
Synthesis of 3-(2-bromoacetyl)-8-ethoxycoumarin (4). A solution of 3 (10 mmol) in acetic acid (10 mL) was stirred with bromine (0.50 mL, 10 mmol) for 2 hours in direct sun-light. The solid formed was collected by filtration, washed with acetic acid, then ethanol, and dried. The product was recrystallized from ethanol to give yellow crystals; yield: 79%; m.p. 180–182 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,080, 2,972, 2,952, (CH stretching), 1,722, 1,692 (CO); 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 1.54 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.23 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.77 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.19–7.32 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.60 (s, 1H, H-4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 13.73 (CH3-ester), 35.10 (CH2Br) 62.13 (CH2-ester), 115.47 (C-7), 118.43 (C-5), 120.01 (C-4a), 125.75 (C-6), 127.92 (C-3), 145.53 (C-4), 151.42 (C-8a), 154.19 (C-8), 162.70 (CO-lactone), 173.03 (CO-acetyl); MS m/z (%): 312 (M++2, 29.02), 310 (M+, 29.29), 231 (70.11), 217 (58.15), 203 (61.9), 189 (100); Anal. calcd. for C13H11BrO4: C, 50.32; H 3.55; found: C, 50.33; H, 3.57%.
Synthesis of 2-(1-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide (5). A solution of 3 (10 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was refluxed with thiosemicarbazide (10 mmol) for 2 hours. The product formed was filtered off, washed with ethanol, dried and recrystallized from ethanol to give 5 as colourless needles; yield 81%; m.p. 218–220 °C,; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,404, 3,254, 3,174, (NH and NH2), 2,976 (C-H aliphatic), 1,720 (CO); MS m/z (%): 305 (M+, 42), 290 (100), 245 (23), 230 (27), 161 (24); Anal. calcd. for C14H15N3O3S: C, 55.07; H, 4.95; N, 13.76; found: C, 55.09; H, 4.94; N, 13.78%.
Synthesis of 2-((1-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one (6). A mixture of 5 (10 mmol) and chloroacetic acid or ethyl chloroacetate (10 mmol) was refluxed in acetic acid (20 mL) for 3 hours. The solid product was filtered off, washed with excess ethanol and recrystallized from acetic acid to give pale yellow crystals; yield 83%; m.p. 238–240 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,147 (NH), 2,977, (CH aliphatic), 1,720, 1,648 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.41 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 6.9 Hz), 2.49 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.87 (s, 2H, CH2), 4.18 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.29–7.36 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.46 (s, 1H, H-4), 12.05 (brs, 1H, NH); MS m/z (%): 345 (M+, 100), 344 (94), 330 (58), 301 (53), 288 (61), 188 (55), 185 (51), 130 (50), 87 (59); Anal. calcd. For C16H15N3O4S: C, 55.64; H, 4.38; N, 12.17; found: C, 55.66; H, 4.37; N, 12.19%.
Synthesis of 2-((1-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)ethylidene)hydrazono)-5-(4-methoxybenz-ylidene)thiazolidin-4-one (7). A solution of 6 (5 mmol), p-methoxybenzaldehyde or α-cyano-p-methoxycinnamonitrile (5 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) containing few drops of piperidine was heated under reflux for 3 hours. The solid obtained on cooling was filtered off, washed with ethanol, dried and recrystallized from acetic acid to give pale brown crystals; yield 92%; m.p. 220–2 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 2,939.3 (CH aliphatic), 1,705, 1,655 (CO), 1,605 (N=C); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.42 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 6.9 Hz), 2.38 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.83 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.20 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.56–7.79 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 8.25 (s, 1H, =CH-Ar), 8.44 (s, 1H, 4-H), 12.40 (brs, 1H, NH); Anal. calcd. for C24H21N3O5S: C, 62.19; H, 4.57; N, 9.07; found: C, 62.18; H, 4.55; N, 9.09%.
Synthesis of 3-chloro-3-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)acrylaldehyde (8). A solution of compound 3 (10 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was cooled in an ice bath, a 1:1 mixture of DMF (10 mmol) and (10 mmol) POCl3 was added to it dropwise while the temperature was kept at 0 °C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hours at 0 °C, hen it was allowed to stir at room temperature for 3 hours more and poured onto crushed ice. The solid formed was filtered, washed with water and dried under vacuum. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol to give pale yellow needles; yield 94%; m.p. 123–125 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,094, 2,978, 2,928 (CH stretching), 1,720, 1,668 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.42 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.21 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.41 (d, 1H, vinyl proton, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.33–7.53 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.81 (s, 1H, H-4), 10.19 (d, 1H, CHO, J = 6.9 Hz); MS m/z (%): 280 (M++2, 3.1), 278 (M+, 6.4), 252 (3), 250 (9), 224 (6), 222 (20), 187 (100); Anal. calcd. for C14H11ClO4: C, 60.34; H, 3.98; found: C, 60.43; H, 3.96%.
Synthesis of 4-ethoxy-9-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)-7-hydroxy-6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one (9). Method A: A solution of 1 (10 mmol), malononitrile (10 mmol) in absolute ethanol (30 mL) was refluxed in the presence of TEA (0.2 mL). A solid formed after 30 min. boiling and the refluxing were continued for 1.5 hours more. The crude product was recrystallized from an ethanol/benzene mixture to give colourless crystals; yield 77%; m.p. 236–8 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,425 (OH), 3,094, 2,978, 2,928 (CH stretching), 1,704, 1,694 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.45 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.20 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.30–8.16 (m, 8H, Ar-H), 8.55 (s, 1H, H-4) and 11.22 (s, 1H, enolic OH, exchangeable by D2O); MS m/z (%): 444 (M+, 68), 388 (100), 360 (28), 304 (21), 189 (15); Anal. calcd. for C26H20O7: C, 70.25; H, 4.50. Found: C, 70.27; H, 4.52%. Method B: The reaction was carried out as described in Method A, but using ethyl cyanoacetate (1.13 mL) instead of malononitrile; yield (82%) (identity confirmed by m.p. and mixed m.p.).
Synthesis of 2-amino-4,6-bis(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)benzonitrile (10). The reaction was carried out with the same procedure described for compound 9 (Method A) but using absolute methanol as a solvent and piperidine as a catalyst; m.p. 330–332 °C, 75%; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,474, 3,320 (NH2), 3,092, 3,042, 2,980 (CH stretching); 2,206 (CN), 1,720, 1,696 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.43 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.23 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.31 (m, 10H, Ar-H+NH2), 7.69 (s, 1H, H-4), 8.37 (s, 1H, H-4); MS m/z (%): 494 (M+, 27), 412 (100), 384 (19), 344 (28), 316 (44), 243 (19), 242 (10), 206 (22); Anal. calcd. for C29H22N2O6: C, 70.44; H, 4.48; N, 5.67; found: C, 70.40; H, 4.47; N, 5.68%.
Synthesis of 3-(quinoxalin-2-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin hydrobromide (11). A solution of 4 (5 mmol) and o-phenylenediamine (5 mmol) in absolute methanol (20 mL) was refluxed for 3 hours. The solid obtained was filtered, washed with ethanol and dried under vacuum. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol/benzene mixture to give compound 11 as pale brown crystals; yield 77%; m.p. 208–209 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,417 broad (NH), 3,098, 3,022, 2,987, 2,896 (CH stretching); 1,720 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.43 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.1 Hz), 4.21 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.1 Hz), 7.37–8.15 (m, 8H, Ar-H), 8.88 (s, 1H, H-4), 9.58 (brs, 1H, NH, exchangeable by D2O); MS m/z (%): 400 (M++2, 75), 398 (M+, 76), 370 (98), 368 (100), 289 (69), 205 (96), 102 (53), 76 (57); Anal. calcd. for C19H15BrN2O3: C, 57.16; H, 3.79; N, 7.02; found: C, 57.26; H, 3.69; N, 6.98%.
7-(Bromo-(8-ethoxycoumarin-4-yl)methylene)-4-ethoxychromeno[4,3-d]pyrido[1,2-a]-pyrimidin-6(7H)-one (12). Compound 12 was prepared from 4 (5 mmol) and 2-aminopyridine (5 mmol) according to the procedure described for 11 to give 12 from acetic acid as pale brown crystals; yield 63%; m.p. 231–233 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 2,924 (CH stretching), 1,713, 1,692 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.18 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.1 Hz), 1.37 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 6.9 Hz), 4.02 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.1 Hz), 4.18 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 6.9 Hz), 6.46 (s, 1H, H-3, coumarin), 7.04–8.36 (m, 10H, Ar-H, pyridine-H); MS m/z (%): 574 (M++2, 25), 572 (M+, 31), 493 (100), 465 (97), 304 (49), 280 (30), 224 (51), 196 (41), 134 (17); Anal. calcd. for C29H21BrN2O6: C, 60.75; H, 3.69; N, 4.89; found: C, 60.85; H, 3.68; N, 4.91%.
Synthesis of 2-bromomethylene-8-ethoxy-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic (methyl-carbonimidic)thioanhydride (16). A solution of compound 4 (10 mmol) in absolute methanol (40 mL) was refluxed with potassium thiocyanate (10 mmol) for 2 hours. The solid formed on cooling filtered off, washed with ethanol and dried under vacuum. The product was then recrystallized from acetic acid to give 16 as brown needles; yield 83%; m.p. 165–167 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3141 (NH), 3093, 3021, 2985, 2890 (CH stretching); 1717 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.41 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.1 Hz), 4.10 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.17 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.1 Hz), 7.16–7.54 (m, 4H, Ar-H, NH), 7.88 (s, 1H, =CH), 8.58 (s, 1H, H-4); MS m/z (%): 385 (M++2, 37), 383 (M+, 42), 303 (100), 355 (37), 276 (67), 232 (44), 218 (28); Anal. calcd. for C15H14BrNO4S: C, 46.89; H, 3.67; N, 3.65; found: C, 47.01; H, 3.67; N, 3.67%.
4-Bromo-2-(3-ethoxy-2-hyroxybenzylidine)-3-hydroxybut-3-enoic cyanic thioanhydride (18). A solution of 16 (10 mmol) was boiled in glacial acetic acid/methanol mixture (1:1; 40 mL). HCl gas stream was bubbled into the hot solution for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool down and the solid formed was filtered off and recrystalized from methanol as yellow crystals; yield 89%; m.p. 235–237 °C; Anal. calcd. for C14H12BrNO4S (368.97): C, 45.53; H, 3.25; Br, 21.41; N, 3.79; S, 8.67; found: C, 45.55; H, 3.27; Br, 21.42; N, 3.81; S, 8.68%.
Synthesis of 3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde azine (19). A solution of compound 16 (5 mmol) in absolute methanol (20 mL) was stirred at room temperature with 85% hydrazine hydrate (10 mmol) for 4 hours. The solid obtained filtered, washed with ethanol (five times, 10 mL each) and dried under reduced pressure. The product was recrystallized from acetic acid to give 19 as yellow crystals; yield 93%; m.p. 275–277 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,302 (OH), 3,083, 3,025, 2,965, 2,870 (CH stretching), 1,562, 1,597 (C=N); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.34 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.09 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.0 Hz), 6.87–7.35 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 9.20 (s, 1H, =CH), 12.10, 12.45 (s, 1H, OH); MS m/z (%): 328 (M+, 100), 164 (57), 136 (46), 121 (51), 80 (65); Anal. calcd. for C18H20N2O4: C, 65.84; H, 6.14; N, 8.53; found: C, 65.81; H, 6.10; N, 5.55%.
Synthesis of 3-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin (20a). Compound 4 (10 mmol) and thiourea (10 mmol) were disolved in absolute methanol (40 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hour. A precipitate formed on cooling, which was collected by filtration, washed with ethanol and dried under vacuum. The crude product was recrystallized from ethanol to give pale yellow crystals; yield 94%; m.p. 200–202 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,387, 3,302, 3,148 (NH2), 3,020, 2,983, 2,887 (CH stretching), 1,705 (CO); MS m/z (%): 288 (M+, 100), 261 (26), 203 (21), 134 (22), 89 (40); Anal. calcd. for C14H12N2O3S: C, 58.32; H, 4.20; N, 9.72; found: C, 58.31; H, 4.18; N, 9.73%.
Synthesis of 3-(2-(phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin (20b). Compound 20b was prepared from 4 (10 mmol) and phenylthiourea (10 mmol) according to the procedure described for 20a to give 20b from ethanol/benzene mixture as yellow crystals; yield 69%; m.p. 216–218 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,302, 3,148 (NH), 3,083, 3,011, 2,955, 2,850 (CH stretching), 1,697 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.41 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.13 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.00–7.76 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 8.61 (s, 1H, H-4), 10.31 (s, 1H, HNPh); MS m/z (%): 364 (M+, 100), 279 (27), 207 (12), 150 (39), 77 (41); Anal. calcd. for C20H16N2O3S: C, 65.92; H, 4.43; N, 7.69; found: C, 65.95; H, 4.40; N, 7.71%.
Synthesis of 2-(4-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile hydrobromide (20c). Compound 20c was prepared from 4 (10 mmol) and cyanothioacetamide (10 mmol) according to the procedure described for 20a to give 20c from benzene as yellow crystals; yield 96%; m.p. 195–197 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 1,722 (CO), 3,021, 2,946, 2,890 (CH stretching), 2,262 (CN); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.43 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.1 Hz), 4.16 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.1 Hz), 4.55 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.29–7.32 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.42 (s, 1H, H-4); 13C (75 MHz) (DMSO-d6) δ: 14.05 (CH3-ester), 22.50 (CH2-), 61.92 (CH2-ester), 115.47 (C-7), 116.43 (CN), 118.95 (C-5), 122.15 (C-4a), 124.26 (C-5 thiazole), 126.91 (C-6), 127.51 (C-3), 142.11 (C-4 thiazole), 144.92 (C-4), 151.32 (C-8a), 154.54 (C-8), 158.65 (C-2 thiazole), 159.89 (CO-lactone); MS m/z (%): 394 (M++2, 24.9), 392 (M+, 28.9), 390 364 (M+-CO, 39.5), 312 (M+-HBr, 54.4), 284 (M+-(HBr+CO), 100), 256 (43.6), 227 (18), 198 (13.7), 134 (11.2), 89 (27.1), 63 (23.1); Anal. calcd. for C16H13BrN2O3S: C, 48.87; H, 3.33; N, 7.12; found: C, 49.25; H, 2.84; N, 7.20%.
Synthesis of 2-(4-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-ethoxyacrylonitrile hydrobromide (21). A solution of compound 20c (5 mmol) was refluxed with triethyl orthoformate (5 mL) for 3 hours. The excess triethyl orthoformate removed under reduced pressure. The residual solid was treated with ethanol, filtered off, washed with ethanol (three times, 10 mL each) and dried under vacuum. The crude product was recrystallized from benzene/petroleum ether 40–60 °C mixture to give compound 21 as green crystals; yield 83%; m.p. 145–147 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,027, 2,966, 2,876 (CH stretching), 2,222 (CN), 1,728 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.39 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.42 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.2 Hz), 4.17 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 6.9 Hz), 4.45 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.2 Hz), 7.28–7.45 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.15 (s, 1H, =CH), 8.43 (s, 1H, 4-H); MS m/z (%): 450 (M++2, 10.1), 448 (M+, 12.1), 368 (100), 340 (50.1), 312 (67), 227 (29.3), 134 (35.7), 89 (49.9); Anal. calcd. for C19H17BrN2O4S: C, 50.79; H, 3.81; N, 6.23; found: C, 51.14; H, 3.35; N, 6.30%.
Synthesis of 2-(4-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-3-(dimethylamino)acrylonitrile hydrobromide (22). A mixture of 21 (2.5 mmol) and dimethylamine (2.5 mmol) in absolute methanol (30 mL) was refluxed for 6 hours. The resulting solid was filtered off, washed with ethanol and dried. The crude product was then crystallized from acetic acid to give compound 22 as brown crystals; yield 89%; m.p. 206–208 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,012, 2,944, 2,927, 2,890, 2,874 (CH stretching), 2,191 (CN), 1,720 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.41 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.28 (s, 6H, (CH3)2), 4.18 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 6.9 Hz), 7.22–7.59 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.89 (s, 1H, C=CHNMe2), 8.12 (s, 1H, 4-H); MS m/z (%); 449 (M++2, 14.1), 447 (M+, 18), 367 (M+-HBr, 100), 334 (35.8), 230 (28.6), 170 (18.3), 132 (29.1), 89 (48.9); Anal. calcd. for C19H18BrN3O3S: C, 50.90; H, 4.05; N, 9.37; found: C, 51.24; H, 3.61; N, 9.46%.
Synthesis of 3-(2-(coumarin-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin hydrobromide (24). A solution of the acetonitrile derivative 20c (10 mmol) in absolute methanol (40 mL) was refluxed with salicyaldehyde (10 mmol) in the presence of piperidine for 2 hours. The solid formed was filtered off, washed with ethanol and dried under reduced pressure. The crude product was recrystallized from acetic acid to give compound 24 as pale yellow crystals; yield 91%; m.p. 265–7 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 2,948, 2,927, 2,897, 2,874 (CH stretching), 1,720 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.43 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.0 Hz), 4.19 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.0 Hz), 7.31–8.00 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 8.54, 8.95 (s, 1H, H-4), 9.14 (s, 1H, thiazole-H); Anal. calcd. for C23H16BrNO5S: C, 55.34; H, 3.24; N, 2.81; found: C, 55.77; H, 2.85; N, 2.84%.
Synthesis of 3-(2-(2-imino-6,8-diiodo-coumarin-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarine hydrobromide (25).Compound 25 was prepared from 20c (10 mmol) and 3,5-diiodosalicyaldehyde (10 mmol) according to the procedure described for 24 to give 25 from benzene as pale green crystals; yield 96%; m.p. 310–312 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 2,938, 2,927, 2,898, 2,877 (CH stretching), 1,720 (CO); MS m/z (%): 749 (M+, 15.9), 669 (100), 668 (59.6), 641 (69), 613 (24), 585 (14), 321 (13), 190 (15), 134 (14), 89 (19). Anal. calcd. for C23H14BrI2NO5S: C, 36.83; H, 1.88; N, 1.87; found: C, 36.98; H, 1.63; N, 1.89%.
Synthesis of 3-(2-(6-(dimethylamino)-2-iminocoumarin-3-yl)thiazol-4-yl)-8-ethoxycoumarin hydrobromide (26). Compound 26 was prepared from 20c (10 mmol) and 5-dimethylaminosalicyaldehyde (10 mmol) according to the procedure described for 24 to give 26 from benzene as brown crystals; yield: 90% m.p. 223–5 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,449, 3,209, (NH), 3,015, 2,978, 2,921, 2,890, 2,873 (CH stretching), 1,597 (C=N), 1,720 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.43 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.1 Hz), 3.31 (s, 6H, 2CH3), 4.19 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.1 Hz), 6.63–7.67 (m, 7H, Ar-H and thiazole-H), 8.39 (s, 2H, H-4); Anal. calcd. for C25H22BrN3O4S: C, 55.56; H, 4.10; N, 7.78; found: C, 55.88; H, 3.74; N, 7.83%.

3.2. Reaction of 20c with Aromatic Aldehydes

A solution of 20c (5 mmol) in absolute methanol (40 mL) was refluxed with 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and/or 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (5 mmol) in the presence of piperidine for 1 hour. The solid formed was filtered off, washed with ethanol and dried under reduced pressure. The crude product was recrystallized from a suitable solvent to give 27a,b. The physical and spectral data of compounds 27a,b are as follows:
3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)acrylonitrile hydrobromide (27a). Yellow crystals; yield 91%; m.p. 215–7 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,425, 3,139, 2,923 (NH and CH stretching), 2,207 (CN), 1,728 (CO); MS m/z (%): 510 [M+] (7.5), 508 (76.3), 430 (100), 265 (15), 216 (42), 134 (15), 89 (34); Anal. calcd. for C24H19BrN2O4S: C, 56.37; H, 3.74; N, 5.48; found: C, 56.71; H, 3.37; N, 5.53%.
3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-(5-bromo-4-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)acrylonitrile hydrobromide (27b). Yellow crystals; yield 86%; m.p. 196–7 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,011, 3,332.8 and 3,224.8, 2,923 (NHBr and CH stretching), 2,214 (CN), 1,720 (CO); MS m/z (%): 516 (M++4, 31.5), 514 (M++2, 100), 512 (M+, 34.9), 433 (76.5), 295 (46), 215 (63), 125 (57), 89 (69); Anal. calcd. for C23H16BrClN2O3S: C, 53.56; H, 3.13; N, 5.43; found: C, 53.90; H, 2.71; N, 5.48%.
Synthesis of 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)hydrazono)-2-(4-(8-ethoxycoumarin-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)acetonitrile hydrobromide (28). Method A: To a solution of compound 20c (10 mmol) in methanol (20 mL), a combination of 4-methoxyaniline (10 mmol), hydrochloric acid (5 mL) and sodium nitrite (10 mmol) in glacial acetic acid (20 mL) at 0 °C was added dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hour then the stirring was continued for 2 hours more at room temperature. The solid formed was filtered, washed with ethanol and dried under vacuum. The crude product was recrystallized from dioxane to give pale green crystals; yield 73%; m.p. 258–60 °C; IR (KBr) υ (cm−1): 3,157 (NH), 3,011, 2,883 (CH stretching), 2,214 (CN), 1,735.8 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.44 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 6.9 Hz), 3.76 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.18 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 6.9 Hz), 6.96–7.47 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 8.39 (s, 1H, H-4), 11.93 (s, 1H, NH, cancelled by D2O); MS m/z (%): 526 (M+, 12), 445 (100). Anal. calcd. for C23H19BrN4O4S: C, 52.38; H, 3.63; N, 10.62; found: C, 52.69; H, 3.26; N, 10.69%. Method B: A solution of 4 (5 mmol) in absolute methanol (20 mL) was refluxed with (4-methoxyphenylazo)-2-cyanoethanethioamide 29 (5 mmol). The work up continued as previously mentioned in Method A to give 28; yield 79 %; (identified by m.p. and mixed m.p.).

3.3. Antibacterial Activity

The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities in vitro against two Gram-negative Bordetella bronchiseptica (ATCC 4617) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 14169) and four Gram-positive Bacillus pumilus (ATCC 14884), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29737) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) pathogenic bacteria and two fungi Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) and Saccharomyces cervesia (ATCC 9080). The activities of these compounds were tested using the disc diffusion method [40] for bacteria and the paper disk diffusion method [41] for fungi. The area of zone of inhibition was measured using Ampicillin (25 μg mL−1) as standard antibiotic Micostatin (25 μg mL−1) was used as a reference antifungal. The tested compounds were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to give a solution of 1 mg mL−1. The inhibition zones were measured in millimeters at the end of an incubation period of 48 hours at 28 °C. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) showed no inhibition zone. Test results are shown in Table 1.
Table
Table 1. Antibacterial screening of the synthetic compounds.
Table 1. Antibacterial screening of the synthetic compounds.
Compd. No.aInhibition Zone Diameter in mm
Bordetella bronchiseptica ATCC 4617Escheri-chia coli ATCC 14169Bacillus pumilus ATCC 14884Bacillus Subtilis ATCC 6633Staph.aureus ATCC 29737Staph. Epidermidis ATCC 12228Candida albicans ATCC 10231Saccharomyces cerevisae ATCC 9080
31920111219121810
42227232020161315
52418282827251521
62814182615182418
72213192314131722
8NANANANANANANANA
9NA13NANA10NANANA
11NANANANANANANANA
12NA14NANA14NANANA
162719182412131713
20aNA10NANA10NANANA
20bNA11NANA12NANANA
20c1310181111201419
212210182011192211
22201120191391315
241310NA2110NANA12
25814NA1415NANA14
27a1910141811201619
27b2010142111131911
282710222211192320
Ampicillin*242520252625--
Mycostatin*------2224
NA = not active; Diameter of the hole = 10 mm; * 25 µg/mL, ac = 1mg/mL of new compounds in DMF.

4. Conclusions

Our interest in the synthesis of the title compounds was to focus on their study as antimicrobial agents as a part of our program which is aimed at the development of new heterocyclic compounds as more potent antimicrobial agents. In this paper we reported the synthesis of some 8-ethoxycoumarin derivatives bearing side chains, thiazole derivatives and the antimicrobial evaluation of all the novel compounds. The structures of the novel compounds were elucidated on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS data. The screening results demonstrated that replacing the hydrogen atom attached to the coumarin nucleus at C-3 with a side chain as in compound 5 and thiazoles 7 and 28 results in wide spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria and fungi compared to ampicillin and mycostatin, while the other compounds with other side chains showed moderate to weak activity.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.
  • Sample Availability: Samples of the all compounds are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mohamed, H.M.; El-Wahab, A.H.F.A.; Ahmed, K.A.; El-Agrody, A.M.; Bedair, A.H.; Eid, F.A.; Khafagy, M.M. Synthesis, Reactions and Antimicrobial Activities of 8-Ethoxycoumarin Derivatives. Molecules 2012, 17, 971-988. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17010971

AMA Style

Mohamed HM, El-Wahab AHFA, Ahmed KA, El-Agrody AM, Bedair AH, Eid FA, Khafagy MM. Synthesis, Reactions and Antimicrobial Activities of 8-Ethoxycoumarin Derivatives. Molecules. 2012; 17(1):971-988. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17010971

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamed, Hany M., Ashraf H. F. Abd El-Wahab, Kamal A. Ahmed, Ahmed M. El-Agrody, Ahmed H. Bedair, Fathy A. Eid, and Mostafa M. Khafagy. 2012. "Synthesis, Reactions and Antimicrobial Activities of 8-Ethoxycoumarin Derivatives" Molecules 17, no. 1: 971-988. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17010971

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