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Article

Synthesis of Highly Substituted Oxazoles through Iodine(III)-Mediated Reactions of Ketones with Nitriles

by
Akio Saito
*,†,
Nao Hyodo
and
Yuji Hanzawa
*
Laboratory of Organic Reaction Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Current address: Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
Molecules 2012, 17(9), 11046-11055; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170911046
Submission received: 6 August 2012 / Revised: 29 August 2012 / Accepted: 10 September 2012 / Published: 13 September 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic Iodine Chemistry 2012)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
In the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) or bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide (Tf2NH), iodosobenzene (PhI=O) efficiently promoted the reactions of dicarbonyl compounds as well as monocarbonyl compounds with nitriles to give 2,4-disubstituted and 2,4,5-trisubstituted oxazole in a single step under the mild conditions.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The synthesis of oxazole compounds has attracted a great deal of attention due to the widespread application of oxazole derivatives in biologically active compounds as well as versatile building blocks in organic synthesis [1,2,3]. For the purpose of synthesizing highly substituted oxazole compounds, an intramolecular reaction, the so-called Robinson-Gabriel cyclocondensation of α-acylamino ketones in the presence of dehydrating reagents [H2SO4, POCl3, (CF3SO2)2O, and so on] has been commonly employed [4,5,6]. As for the intermolecular approaches to highly substituted oxazoles, α-diazo ketones [7,8,9], α-halo ketones [10,11], α-sulfonyloxy ketones [12], and iodonium ylides of ketones [13] have been used as a reactive synthetic intermediate. The preparation of α-acylamino ketones or these intermediates, however, requires a multi-step synthesis and/or the harsh reaction conditions. Although the direct synthesis of oxazoles from simple ketones and nitriles with oxidants based on Tl(III) [14], Hg(II) [15], Fe(III) [16], or Cu(II) [17] have been developed as a convenient procedure, these procedures have met with the drawbacks including the limitation of the substrates and/or the use of toxic oxidants.
Hypervalent iodine(III) reagents have gained increasing popularity in organic syntheses due to their low toxicity, mild reactivity, high stability, easy handling, and so on [18]. Among them, [hydroxyl-(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene (Koser’s reagent) and related reagents have been reported to work well for the α-sulfoxylations of ketones [19,20]. [Hydroxy(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonyloxy)iodo]benzene (HDNIB) has been used in the stepwise and one-pot synthesis of oxazoles via the formation of α-sulfonyloxy ketones as intermediate from simple ketones [21]. In addition, phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) [22] or the iodoarene-oxone-TfOH system [23] efficiently promoted the direct synthesis of oxazoles from monocarbonyl compounds, such as alkyl aryl ketones with nitriles. To the best of our knowledge, however, there is no report about the direct synthesis of oxazoles from simple dicarbonyl compounds and nitriles [21,24,25]. As a part of our study on the iodine(III)-mediated synthesis of heterocycles [26,27], we carried out research on iodine(III) reagents for the direct synthesis of oxazoles from monocarbonyl or dicarbonyl compounds. In this article, we describe a single-step synthesis of highly substituted oxazoles by the reaction of ketones with nitriles in the presence of iodosobenzene (PhI=O) and a Brønsted acid.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Evaluation of Oxidants for the Direct Synthesis of Oxazole

At the outset, we focused on the investigation of reactive oxidants for the reaction of monocarbonyl compounds with nitriles as shown in Table 1. In the presence of PIDA (1.2 equiv.) with TfOH (4.5 equiv.), the reaction of acetophenone (1a) in acetonitrile (MeCN) afforded the oxazole 2a in 94% yield at 80 °C for 2 h (entry 1) [23], albeit low yield (22%) at ambient temperature for 3 h (entry 2). Exploring milder conditions, we examined the oxidants which were prepared from miscellaneous Brønsted acids (1.5–3.0 equiv.) and PhI=O (1.5 equiv.) [28,29], in the reaction of 1a in MeCN (entries 3–8). Although the use of p-toluenesulfonic aicd (TsOH) gave α-tosyloxy ketone 3 as a main product (entry 3), the other acids led to the desired formation of oxazole compound 2a (entries 4–8). Thus, 3.0 equiv. TfOH showed the similar results to entry 1 (entry 7) and 3.0 equiv. bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide (Tf2NH) produced a good yield of 2a (86%) after 3 h at ambient temperature (entry 9). It should be mentioned that the use of 10 equiv. of MeCN in 1,2-dichloroethane instead of MeCN solvent decreased the yield of 2a, even under the similar conditions mediated by PhI=O with TfOH or Tf2NH.
For the formation of oxazole 5a from β-keto ester 4a in MeCN, PhI=O/Tf2NH system turned out to display superior activity to iodine(III) reagents/TfOH (Table 2). Thus, PhI=O (1.5 equiv.) with Tf2NH (3.0 equiv.) improved the yield of 5a to 51% at 80 °C for 16 h (entry 4), compared to the use of 1.5 equiv. PIDA or 1.5 equiv. PhI=O in the presence of TfOH (3.0–4.5 equiv.), in which 4a were converted to 5a in only 4–7% yields even at 80 °C for 24–25 h (entries 1 and 2). In the case of the extension of the reaction time (72 h) or the increase in the amount of Tf2NH (6.0 equiv.), 5a was obtained in 79–81% yields (entries 5 and 6).
Table
Table 1. Evaluation of oxidants for the reaction of acetophenone (1a) in MeCN.
Table 1. Evaluation of oxidants for the reaction of acetophenone (1a) in MeCN.
EntryOxidant (equiv)Acid (equiv.)Temp. (°C)Time (h)2a (%) [a]
1 [b]PIDA (1.2)TfOH (4.5)80294
2PIDA (1.2)TfOH (4.5)rt322
3PhI=O (1.5)TsOH (1.5)8018-( 3 69)
4PhI=O (1.5)HBF4/Et2O (1.5)801854
5PhI=O (1.5)TfOH (1.5)801869
6PhI=O (1.5)Tf2O (1.5)801821 [c]
7PhI=O (1.5)TfOH (3.0)80394
8PhI=O (1.5)Tf2NH (1.5)80340( 1a 16)
9PhI=O (1.5)Tf2NH (3.0)rt386 Molecules 17 11046 i001
[a] Yields were determined by 1H-NMR analysis; [b] Ref. [21]; [c] 2,4-Dimethyl-6-phenylpyrimidine was obtained in 38% yield.
Table
Table 2. Evaluation of oxidants for the reaction of benzoylacetate 4a in MeCN.
Table 2. Evaluation of oxidants for the reaction of benzoylacetate 4a in MeCN.
EntryOxidantAcid Time (h)5a (%) [a]
1PIDATfOH [b] 244
2PhI=OTfOH 257
3PhI=OTfOH 11541
4PhI=OTf2NH 1651
5PhI=OTf2NH 7279
6PhI=OTf2NH [c] 381 Molecules 17 11046 i002
[a] Yields were determined by 1H-NMR analysis; [b] TfOH: 4.5 equiv.; [c] TfOH: 6.0 equiv.

2.2. Scope of the Direct Synthesis of Oxazoles Using PhI=O with TfOH or Tf2NH

The scope of monocarbonyl compounds 1 and dicarbonyl compounds 4 by means of the PhI=O (1.5 equiv.)-mediated procedure A (acid: 3.0 equiv. TfOH), B (acid: 3.0 equiv. Tf2NH), or C (acid: 6.0 equiv. Tf2NH) was shown in Table 3 and Table 4 and Scheme 1. Procedure A could be applied to the reactions of monocarbonyl compounds 1a–g in MeCN, and the corresponding oxazoles 2a–g were obtained in 53–94% yields at 80 °C (Table 3, entries 1, 3–6, 8, and 9). Furthermore, procedure B brought about the formation of 2a or 2e at ambient temperature (entries 2 and 7). In the case of benzoylacetonitrile (1g), an increase in the amount of Tf2NH (procedure C) improved the yield of 5f up to 69% at ambient temperature for 24 h (entry 11). Although the dicarbonyl compounds 4a,b required the long time (72–139 h) to give good yields of products through procedure B (entries 12 and 14), procedure C reduced the reaction times (3 h) giving rise to 5a–c in 67–83% yields (entries 13, 15 and 17). Bicyclic oxazole 5d could be formed by procedure C, albeit in only 40% yield after 167 h (entry 18). Unfortunately, p-methoxyacetophenone and 4-phenyl-2-butanone did not give the desired products with any of the procedures. By procedure A, the reaction of acetophenone (1a) in propionitrile (EtCN) or benzonitrile (PhCN) instead of MeCN smoothly proceeded at 80 °C for 4 h to yield the corresponding oxazole 6 or 7 in good yields (Scheme 1). The procedure C could be applied to the reaction of dicarbonyl compounds 4a–c in EtCN or PhCN (Table 4).
Table
Table 3. The reactions of 1 or 4 in MeCN by the means of procedures A, B, or C [a].
Table 3. The reactions of 1 or 4 in MeCN by the means of procedures A, B, or C [a].
Entry1 or 4R1R2Procedure(°C)(h)2 or 5Yield (%) [b]
11aPhHA8032a88
21a Brt32a86
31bm-Me-C6H4HA8032b75
41cp-Cl-C6H4HA8032c86
51dp-NO2-C6H4HA8032d73
61ePhMeA8032e94
71e Brt22e91
81fPhClA80492f68
91gPhCNA80202g53
101g B80202g38
111g Crt242g69
124aPhOEtB80725a78
134a C8035a81
144bPhPhB801395b89
154b C8035b83
164cMeMeB801205c35
174c C8035c67
184d-(CH2)4-C801675d40 Molecules 17 11046 i003
[a] Procedure A: 3 equiv. TfOH was used as a Brønsted acid. Procedure B: 3 equiv. Tf2NH was used as a Brønsted acid. Procedure C: 6 equiv. Tf2NH was used as a Brønsted acid; [b] Isolated yields.
Molecules 17 11046 g001 550
Scheme 1. The reactions of 1a in EtCN or PhCN by the means of procedure A.
Scheme 1. The reactions of 1a in EtCN or PhCN by the means of procedure A.
Molecules 17 11046 g001
Table
Table 4. The reactions of 4a–c in EtCN or PhCN by the means of procedure C.
Table 4. The reactions of 4a–c in EtCN or PhCN by the means of procedure C.
Entry4R1R2R3(h)2 or 5Yield (%) [a]
14aPhOEtEt28a83
24a Ph39a72
34bPhPhEt38b89
44b Ph39b67
54cMeMeEt208c56
64c Ph209c60 Molecules 17 11046 i004
[a] Isolated yields.

2.3. Mechanistic Considerations

Since it has been known that PhI=O reacts with two equiv. of TfOH in CH2Cl2 to produce to the oxidant 10 [30], to better understand the present oxazole formation, we examined the reaction of acetophenone (1a) with 10 (Scheme 2). Thus, under conditions similar to those of entry 7 in Table 1, 1a was treated with 10 (0.75 equiv.) instead of PhI=O (1.5 equiv.) and TfOH (3 equiv.) in MeCN to give 2a in only 11% yield at 80 °C for 3 h. Therefore, 10 would not be considered to take part in the present oxazole formation.
Molecules 17 11046 g002 550
Scheme 2. Preparation of 10 and the reaction of 1a with 10.
Scheme 2. Preparation of 10 and the reaction of 1a with 10.
Molecules 17 11046 g002
On the basis of abovementioned observations and the previous reports about the iodine(III)-mediated synthesis of oxazoles [21,22,23], the mechanism for the present oxazole formation from ketones 1 or 4 with nitriles as shown in Scheme 3 is proposed. That is, α-iodanyl ketone Int-A, which is generated from 1 or 4 with PhI=O and H-X (TfOH or Tf2NH), would be converted to Int-B by the Ritter-type reaction with R3CN. Int-C generated by the reductive elimination of ArI might also be a possible intermediate for the formation of Int-B, and the subsequent cyclization of Int-B gives oxazoles 2 or 5. The formation of Int-A and/or Int-C is supported by the formation of α-tosyloxy ketone 3 (69%) in the case of TsOH as an acid (Table 1, entry 3) [19,23].
Molecules 17 11046 g003 550
Scheme 3. Proposed reaction mechanism of direct synthesis of oxazoles.
Scheme 3. Proposed reaction mechanism of direct synthesis of oxazoles.
Molecules 17 11046 g003

3. Experimental

3.1. General

All starting materials and reagents were commercially available. Dried organic solvents were purchased and used without further drying. Unless otherwise stated, all reactions were conducted under an argon atmosphere. Melting points were measured on a Yanaco SP-M1 melting point apparatus (Yanagimoto Co.) and were uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on a HORIBA FT-710 FT-IR spectrometer. 1H and 13C-NMR spectra were measured in CDCl3 with a Bruker AV300M FT NMR spectrometer at 300 and 75 MHz, and the chemical shifts are given in ppm using CHCl3 (7.26 ppm) for 1H-NMR and CDCl3 (77.0 ppm) for 13C-NMR as an internal standard, respectively. Mass spectra and HRMS were recorded by FAB method on a JMS-HX110 Mass spectrometer. Elemental analysis was measured on a Perkin-Elmer 240B or Elemental Vavio EL. For the TLC analysis, Merck precoated TLC plates (silica gel 60 F254) were used. Column chromatography was performed on Silica gel 60N (63–200 μm, Kanto Kagaku Co., Ltd.).

3.2. General Procedure for the Iodine(III)-Mediated Synthesis of Oxazoles

Ketone 1 or 4 (0.4 mmol) was added to a solution of iodosobenzene (132 mg, 0.6 mmol) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (106 μL, 1.2 mmol) or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (337 or 675 mg, 1.2 or 2.4 mmol), which were premixed in acetonitrile, propionitrile, or benzonitrile (2 mL) at 0 °C for 5 min, and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature or 80 °C until the consumption of substrate by TLC analysis. The mixture was diluted with ether and filtered through a short alumina column. After concentration of the filtrate to dryness, the subsequent purification gave the corresponding oxazole 2 or 5. 2a [21], 2c [21], 2d [31], 2e [21], 6 [21], 7 [32], and 9a–c [33] were identified by the comparison with 1H-NMR spectra reported in the appropriate literature.
2-Methyl-5-(3′-methylphenyl)oxazole (2b). Colorless oil. IR (neat) ν cm−1; 3054, 2925, 2863, 1610, 1560, 1519, 784, 748. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 7.02 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.28 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 14.0, 21.4, 121.0, 121.6, 124.5, 128.0, 128.7, 128.9, 138.5, 151.2. FAB-LM m/z: 174.2 (M++H). FAB-HM Calcd for C11H12NO: 174.0919, Found: 174.0906.
4-Chloro-2-methyl-5-phenyloxazole (2e). White solid. Mp 56 °C. IR (KBr) ν cm−1; 3050, 3002, 2923, 2856, 1438, 1378. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.50 (s, 3H), 7.30–7.36 (m, 1H), 7.41–7.46 (m, 2H), 7.83–7.84 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 14.2, 124.8, 127.0, 128.7, 143.8, 159.4. FAB-LM m/z: 194.1 (M++H). FAB-HM Calcd for C10H9ClNO: 194.0373, Found: 194.0383. Anal. Calcd for C10H8ClNO: C, 62.03; H, 4.06; N, 7.23. Found: C, 62.21; H, 4.47; N, 7.23.
4-Cyano-2-methyl-5-phenyloxazole (2f). White solid. Mp 49 °C. IR (KBr) ν cm−1; 3062, 2927, 2854, 2225. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.56 (s, 3H), 7.48–7.50 (m, 3H), 7.89–7.92 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 13.9, 108.0, 113.8, 125.2, 125.5, 129.3, 130.9, 157.8, 161.1. FAB-LM m/z: 185.2 (M++H). Anal. Calcd for C11H8N2O: C, 71.73; H, 4.38; N, 15.21. Found: C, 71.91; H, 4.39; N, 15.02.
4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-5-phenyloxazole (5a). White solid. Mp 64 °C. IR (KBr) ν cm−1; 3054, 3006, 2977, 2927, 2857, 1598, 1560, 1488. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.38 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 4.40 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.43–7.45 (m, 3H), 8.02–8.05 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ; 13.9, 14.3, 61.3, 106.9, 127.1, 128.3, 128.3, 130.1, 155.3, 159.9, 162.2. FAB-LM m/z: 232.2 (M++H). FAB-HM Calcd for C13H14NO3: 232.0974, Found: 232.0977. Anal. Calcd for C13H13NO3: C, 67.52; H, 5.67; N, 6.06. Found: C, 67.80; H, 5.81; N, 5.89.
4-Benzoyl-2-methyl-5-phenyloxazole (5b). Colorless oil. IR (neat) ν cm−1; 3031, 2965, 2927, 2927, 2856, 1710. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.58 (s, 3H), 7.40–7.47 (m, 5H), 7.47–7.55 (m, 1H), 7.95–7.98 (m, 2H), 8.05–8.08 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ; 13.8, 127.3, 127.6, 128.1, 128.4, 130.0, 130.2, 132.9, 133.7, 137.5, 154.7, 159.0. FAB-LM m/z: 264.2 (M++H). FAB-HM Calcd for C18H14NO2: 264.1025, Found: 264.1014. Anal. Calcd for C17H13NO2: C, 77.55; H, 4.98; N, 5.32. Found: C, 77.38; H, 5.16; N, 5.40.
4-Acetyl-2,5-dimethyloxazole (5c). White solid. Mp 39 °C. IR (KBr) ν cm−1; 1681. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.73 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 12.0, 13.6, 27.8, 134.5, 154.2, 158.4, 194.7. EI-LM m/z: 139.1 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C7H9NO2: C, 60.42; H, 6.52; N, 10.07. Found: C, 60.02; H, 6.16; N, 9.82.
6,7-Dihydro-2-methylbenzo[d]oxazole-4(5H)-one (5d). Colorless oil. IR (neat) ν cm−1; 2952, 2927, 2854, 1682. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 2.12–2.20 (m, 2H), 2.52 (s, 3H), 2.57 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 2H), 2.81 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 14.4, 23.2, 23.8, 38.0, 144.2, 156.1, 165.9, 185.8. FAB-HM Calcd for C8H10NO2: 152.0712, Found: 152.0697.
4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethyl-5-phenyloxazole (8a). White solid. Mp 37 °C. IR (KBr) ν cm−1; 3066, 2983, 2933, 2875, 1714, 1240, 1189. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.38 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.39 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.42–7.47 (m, 3H), 8.01–8.04 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 11.2, 14.3, 21.6, 61.3, 126.7, 127.1, 128.3, 130.0, 155.0, 162.2, 164.1. FAB-LM m/z: 264.2 (M++H). FAB-HM Calcd for C14H16NO3: 246.1130, Found: 246.1126. Anal. Calcd for C14H15NO3: C, 68.56; H, 6.16; N, 5.71. Found: C, 68.79; H, 6.06; N, 5.61.
4-Benzoyl-2-ethyl-5-phenyloxazole (8b). Colorless oil. IR (neat) ν cm−1; 3064, 2981, 2937, 1656. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.43 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 2.92 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.40–7.45 (m, 5H), 7.53–7.58 (m, 1H), 7.94–7.97 (m, 2H), 8.06–8.10 (m, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ 11.3, 21.7, 127.5, 127.7, 128.2, 128.5, 130.0, 130.4, 133.0, 133.7, 137.5, 154.5, 163.4. FAB-LM m/z: 278.2 (M++H). FAB-HM Calcd for C18H16NO2: 278.1181, Found: 278.1177. Anal. Calcd for C18H15NO2: C, 77.96; H, 5.45; N, 5.05. Found: C, 77.95; H,5.42; N,5.10.
4-Acetyl-2-ethyl-5-menyloxazole (8c). Colorless oil. IR (neat) ν cm−1; 1685. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 1.25 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 2.68 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) δ; 11.1, 12.1, 21.4, 27.8, 134.4, 154.0, 162.7, 194.9. FAB-LM m/z: 154.1 (M++H). FAB-HM Calcd for C8H12NO2: 154.0868, Found: 154.0873.

3.3. Formation of α-Tosyloxy Ketone 3 under the Iodine(III)-Mediated Conditions

Ketone 1a (47 μL, 0.4 mmol) was added to a solution of iodosobenzene (132 mg, 0.6 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (114 mg, 0.6 mmol), which were premixed in MeCN (2 mL) at 0 °C for 5min, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 18 h. The mixture was diluted with ether and filtered through a short alumina column. After concentration of the filtrate to dryness, the subsequent purification gave 3 (73.2 mg, 0.25 mmol, 63%). Compound 3 was identified by the comparison with the 1H-NMR spectrum reported in the literature [20].

4. Conclusions

We have demonstrated the single-step synthesis of highly substituted oxazoles from ketones and nitriles by the use of iodosobenzene with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid or bis(trifluoromethane-sulfonyl)imide. The present procedure could be applied not only to monocarbonyl compounds, but also to dicarbonyl ones. In particular, we believe that the reactivity of iodosobenzene with bis(trifluoro-methanesulfonyl)imide sheds light on a new possibility for the use of hypervalent iodine compounds in organic synthesis.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B), MEXT Japan (No 24790024).

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MDPI and ACS Style

Saito, A.; Hyodo, N.; Hanzawa, Y. Synthesis of Highly Substituted Oxazoles through Iodine(III)-Mediated Reactions of Ketones with Nitriles. Molecules 2012, 17, 11046-11055. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170911046

AMA Style

Saito A, Hyodo N, Hanzawa Y. Synthesis of Highly Substituted Oxazoles through Iodine(III)-Mediated Reactions of Ketones with Nitriles. Molecules. 2012; 17(9):11046-11055. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170911046

Chicago/Turabian Style

Saito, Akio, Nao Hyodo, and Yuji Hanzawa. 2012. "Synthesis of Highly Substituted Oxazoles through Iodine(III)-Mediated Reactions of Ketones with Nitriles" Molecules 17, no. 9: 11046-11055. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules170911046

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