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Article

A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Novel 3-Acetyl Coumarins Oxadiazoles Derivatives with Expected Biological Activity

by
Abdullah Sulaiman Al-Ayed
1 and
Naceur Hamdi
1,2,*
1
Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Al-Rass, P.O. Box 53, Qassim University, Buraidah 51477, Saudi Arabia
2
Higher Institute of Environmental Science and Technologies (HIEST-Borj Cedria, Tunisia), University of Carthage, Touristic Road of Soliman, BP 95, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2014, 19(1), 911-924; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010911
Submission received: 2 December 2013 / Revised: 30 December 2013 / Accepted: 30 December 2013 / Published: 14 January 2014
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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Abstract

:
This paper presents the design of some novel 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives, based on minimal inhibitory concentration values (MICs) previously obtained against some microorganism cultures, Gram positive and negative bacteria and fungi. Some of these molecules exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, comparable to that of the standard used (impinem). The in vitro antioxidant activities of the novel 3-acetylcoumarin oxadiazoles were assayed by the quantitative 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity method. The compounds 5c,d proved to be the most active, showing the highest capacity to deplete the DPPH radicals. Structure elucidation of the products has been accomplished on the basis of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, NOESY and HMBC NMR data.

1. Introduction

Due to the interesting activity of 2,5-disubstitued 1,3,4-oxadiazoles as biological agents considerable attention has been focused on this class of heterocycles. The pharmaceutical importance of these compounds lies in the fact that they can be effectively utilized as antioxidant, antibacterial, antitubercular and insecticidal agents [1,2,3,4]. Some of these compounds have also analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-HIV agent and antiproliferative agent activity [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13].
Coumarin and its derivatives represent one of the most active classes of compound possessing a wide spectrum of biological activity [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31]. Many of these compounds have proven to be active as antimicrobial [32], anti-inflammatory [33], and antitumor [34,35] agents and in inhibition of hepatitis C virus [36,37,38], however, their natural abundance in plants is very low and the purification processes are complex. Therefore, various methods have been developed for the total synthesis of coumarins [39,40,41], including the Perkin [42], Pechmann [43], and Knoevenagel reactions [44]. Herein, we report the highly efficient total synthesis of five novel 3-acetylcoumarin oxadiazole derivatives. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the total synthesis of these compounds. The preparation of 3-acetyl ethyl(coumarin-4-oxy) acetate (2) which was used as a starting material for the synthesis of compounds 5, is also presented in this study. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds 5 were determined by spectroscopic techniques and confirmed. Their antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidants activities were investigated.

2. Results and Discussion

The synthesis of the target compounds was carried out according to the representative Scheme 1. The starting material 4‑hydroxycoumarin was reacted with acetic anhydride to produce the corresponding O-acyloxyl product a1.
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Scheme 1. Synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives 5.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin derivatives 5.
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It was observed that a proton on the hydroxyl group of coumarin was substituted by an acyl group when we elevated the temperature to ca. 150 °C. The subsequent reaction involving heating to over 170 °C in a sealed tube led to the rearrangement product a2 in yields comparable to those of a1. Compound 2 was prepared in 92% yield by refluxing ethyl bromoacetate with the O-acyloxyl product a2 in anhydrous acetone in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate.
Hydrazinolysis of 2 with 86% hydrazine hydrate in methanol at room temperature afforded hydrazide 3 in good yield. The FT-IR spectrum of compound 3 showed absorption bands in the 3293.3–3211.0 cm−1 (hydrazide NH-NH2) and 1715 cm−1 (lactonic-C=O carbonyl stretching). The 1H-NMR spectrum exhibited a singlet due to the –NH proton at δ 8.89 ppm. The –OCH2methylene protons resonated as a singlet at 4.89 ppm. Boiling hydrazide 3 with different aryl aldehydes in absolute ethanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of glacial acetic acid for 2 to 4 h afforded the corresponding compounds 4. The thus obtained compounds 4 were then refluxed with acetic anhydride for 6–8 h to give the corresponding substituted 3-acetylcoumarin oxadiazoles 5 in good yields.
All the new substituted oxadiazoles 5 have been characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy, as well as by NOESY and HMBC NMR experiments to elucidate their structures and completely assign the structural network of both protons and carbons. The IR spectra of compound 5c, for example, showed characteristic bands at 1612 cm−1 (C=C), 1289 cm−1 (lactone C-O-C) and 1556 cm−1 (N=N). Its 1H-NMR spectrum showed the disappearance of the NH2 protons at 3.38, and instead, it displayed a signal at 8.30 ppm for the N=CH proton at 8.30 ppm. The singlet signal at δ 6.07 ppm was assigned to the H-3 proton. The methyl protons of the acyl group appear as a singlet at δ 2.38 ppm, while the H-5' proton from the oxodiazole fragment appeared as a singlet at δ 8.53 ppm. The aromatic protons (both coumarinic and oxodiazolinic) are observed between δ 7.08 and δ 7.91 ppm. The structure of compounds 5 was also established by 1H-13C HMBC 2D NMR spectroscopy, which shows the C5–C4–C3–Me linkages. A correlation between protons (b) and carbons C2 and C4 at 162.0 ppm 164.8 ppm, respectively, was observed. Another correlation was also observed between the H5 proton and an aromatic carbon at 125.5 ppm.

2.1. Antibacterial Studies

The synthesized compounds 2–5 were checked against various microorganisms such as Salmonella typhi, Schigella flexenari, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtills in order to establish their bioactivities. In these tests impinem was used as the standard drug [45]. The results obtained against these microorganisms are given in Figure 1.
The results obtained clearly show the efficiency of some of the new compounds, even at low concentrations. The results indicated that some of the synthesized compounds have higher activity than the standard.
We found that the activity of the synthesized compounds depends on their concentration and the strain of tested bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible to the synthesized compounds than Gram negative ones. This effect can be attributed in part to the great complexity of the double membrane-containing cell envelope in Gram negative bacteria, compared to the single membrane structure of positive ones.
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Figure 1. MIC value of the synthesized compounds 2–5 in mg/mL.
Figure 1. MIC value of the synthesized compounds 2–5 in mg/mL.
Molecules 19 00911 g001

2.2. Statistical Analysis

Results were expressed as the mean ± standard error means (S.E.M.). The comparison of data within groups was performed by the analysis of variance using ANOVA test. A probability level of less than 1% (p < 0.01) was considered significant. The statistical analysis was made by using Systat 7.0.

2.3. Antifungal Activity

The antifungal activity of the newly synthesized oxadiazole 5 derivatives has been studied against the C. capsici, C. gloeosporioides, A. brassicicola and A. brassicae. Fluconazole [46] and DMSO were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The antifungal study results are shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6. The results showed that all the compounds possess excellent fungal toxicity.
It has also been observed that toxicity is enhanced as the concentration of compounds increases. Compound 5d showed promising activity against all fungi at a dose of 500 ppm and even at lower concentration (Figure 2). Compounds 5b,c exhibit moderate activity at all concentrations (Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5 and Figure 6).
Molecules 19 00911 g002 550
Figure 2. Antifungal results for compound 5a.
Figure 2. Antifungal results for compound 5a.
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Positive control: fluconazole; negative control: DMSO.
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Figure 3. Antifungal results for compound 5b.
Figure 3. Antifungal results for compound 5b.
Molecules 19 00911 g003
Positive control: fluconazole; negative control: DMSO.
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Figure 4. Antifungal results for compound 5c.
Figure 4. Antifungal results for compound 5c.
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Positive control: fluconazole; negative control: DMSO.
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Figure 5. Antifungal results for compound 5d.
Figure 5. Antifungal results for compound 5d.
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Positive control: fluconazole; negative control: DMSO.
Molecules 19 00911 g006 550
Figure 6. Antifungal results for compound 5e.
Figure 6. Antifungal results for compound 5e.
Molecules 19 00911 g006
Positive control: fluconazole; negative control: DMSO.

2.4. Antioxidant Activities

The antiradical activities of antioxidants can be determined using the free radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH*). In its radical form, DPPH* has an absorption band at 515 nm which disappears upon reduction by an antiradical compound. Compounds 5 were thus screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using the DPPH* free radical assay and the results are shown in Figure 7. The effect of the different synthetic compounds on DPPH radical scavenging was compared to those of Trolox [47], used as positive control, and appreciated by the determination of the IC50 values.
Molecules 19 00911 g007 550
Figure 7. .Values of IC50 exhibited by coumarinic derivatives 5a–e.
Figure 7. .Values of IC50 exhibited by coumarinic derivatives 5a–e.
Molecules 19 00911 g007
The data proved that compound 5d showed the strongest antioxidant activity.

2.5. ABTS Radical Cation Decolourization Assay

As shown for DPPH scavenging, the obtained results indicate the higher capacity of 5a–d to quench ABTS as compared to the synthetic antioxidant Trolox (Figure 8).
Molecules 19 00911 g008 550
Figure 8. Scavenging ability on ABTS radical of compounds 5.
Figure 8. Scavenging ability on ABTS radical of compounds 5.
Molecules 19 00911 g008

3. Experimental

3.1. General Information

Melting points were determined on a Köfler block and are uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer 983 IR spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, Waltham, MD, USA) as KBr pellets. The 1H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AC 300F (300 MHz) (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany) using DMSO-d6 or CDCl3 as solvents and TMS as internal standard. NMR assignments were obtained from examination of 1D and 2D experiments (1H, 13C, NOESY and HMBC). Mass spectra were recorded on a GC-MS solution DI Analysis Shimadzu Qp-2010 unit (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Elemental analysis was determined at the University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on silica gel plates (particle size 0.030–0.040 mm, pore diameter ca. 6 nm). Solutions were evaporated under diminished pressure unless otherwise stated. The ChemDrew-Ultra-8.0 software was used for naming the prepared compounds.

3.2. Preparation of 4-O-Acetylcoumarin (a1) and 3-Acetyl-4-hydroxycoumarin (a2)

4-Hydroxycoumarin (1, 0.01 mol) was added to a high-pressure tube containing acid anhydride (5 mL). The solution was stirred for 2 h at 150 °C. The title compound was separated by column chromatography (CHCl3/ethyl acetate/n-hexane = 8:1:1). Next the solution was stirred at 180 °C and then purified by column chromatography to obtain the rearranged compound a2.
a1. M.p.: 128–130 °C. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 6.32 (1H, s), 7.26 (1H, d, J = 7.5 Hz), 7.46 (1H, dd, J = 7.5, 2.1 Hz), IR (KBr, cm−1) 1,645, 1,680 (C=O).
a2. M.p.: 194–196 °C. 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ: 2.73 (3H, s), 3.89 (3H, s), 6.72 (1H, d, J = 2.1 Hz), 6.85 (1H, dd, J = 8.9, 2.1 Hz), 7.92 (1H, d, J = 8.9 Hz). IR (KBr, cm−1) 1661, 1753 (C=O), 3442 (OH). LC/MS/MS (ESI) m/z, (rel. int. %): 234.9 (M+, 20), 217.3 (M+–OH, 100), 192.9 (M+‒acetyl, 62), 151.1 (74).

3.3. Preparation of Compounds 2–5

3.3.1. Preparation of 3-Acetyl Ethyl (coumarin-4-oxy) Acetate (2)

A mixture of 3-acetyl-4-hydroxycoumarin (a2, 0.1 mol), anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.1 mol), and ethyl bromoacetate (0.1 mol) was refluxed in dry acetone (10 mL) for 10 h. The resulting solution was left at R.T., and the product that separated out was filtered off and washed with acetone. Yield: 80%; M.p.: 245 °C. IR (υ, cm–1): 1732 (CO); 1525 (O-CO lactone). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ: 1.23 (t, 3H, CH3, J = 7.9 Hz), 2.26 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.23 (q, 2H, CH2, J = 7.9 Hz), 5.1 (s, 2H, OCH2), 5.93 (s, 1H, H3), 7.36–7.82 (m, 4H, Harom). 13C-NMR spectrum (DMSO-d6) δ: 14.2 (CH3), 61.4 (CO-O-CH2), 91.7 (C3), 65.7 (OCH2), 115.2–153.0 (Carom), 161.7 (C2), 164.3 (C4), 167.3 (COester), 172.5 (CO).

3.3.2. Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin-4-oxyacetic Hydrazide (3)

A solution of compound 2 (0.037 mol) and hydrazine hydrate (0.022 mol) in methanol (25 mL) was stirred for 7 h at room temperature. After concentrating the reaction mixture a solid mass separated out and was recrystallized using ethanol to give a white precipitate of 3-acetylcoumarin-4-oxyacetic hydrazide (3) which was crystallized to give colourless plates. Yield: 85%; M.p.: 270 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1720 (CO); 1715 (O–CO lactone), 3293.3–3211.0 (–NHNH2). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 5.70 (s, 3H, H3), 4.78 (s, 2H, OCH2), 4.43 (s, 2H, NH2), 7.34–8.03 (m, 4H, Harom), 8.53 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 67.4 (OCH2), 91.6 (C3), 115.3–133.2 (Carom), 161.8 (C2), 164.8 (C4), 165.3 (CONH), 173.5 (CO).

3.3.3. Preparation of 3-Acetyl-(E)-N-arylidenecoumarin-4-oxyacetic Hydrazones 4

A mixture of hydrazide 3 (0.01 mol) and the appropriate aldehyde (0.01 mol) was refluxed for 5 h in a methanol–water mixture (20 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled and the separated product was filtered off, dried and recrystallized using ethanol.
3-Acetyl-(E)-N-(4-bromobenzylidene) coumarin-4-oxyacetic hydrazone (4a). Yield: 75%; M.p.: 236 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1694 (C=O); 1435 (C=N); 3120 (NH). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 5.86 (s, 1H, H3), 5.56 (s, 2H, OCH2), 11.82 (s, 1H, NH), 7.12–8.02 (m, 8H, Harom), 5.95 (s, 1H, N=CH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 66.4 (OCH2), 91.6 (C3), 115.6–133.3 (Carom), 147.5 (N=C), 161.9 (C2), 165.1 (C4), 167.6 (C1'), 166.3 (CONH), 172.5 (CO). Anal. Calcd for C18H13N2O4Br: C, 55.04; H, 3.96; Br, 17.44; N, 6.11; O, 17. Found C, 56.1; Br, 17.6; H, 3.97; N, 5.8.
3-Acetyl-(E)-N-(β-naphtyl)coumarin-4-oxyacetic hydrazone (4b). Yield: 80%; M.p.: 226 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1692 (C=O), 1410 (C=N), 3120 (NH). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 5.54 (s, 2H, OCH2), 5.88 (s, 1H, H3), 7.02–7.94 (m, 11H, Harom); 7.97 (s, 1H, N=CH), 11.85 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 56.5 (OCH3), 60.7 (OCH3), 66.6 (OCH2), 91.7 (C3), 104.7–144.5 (Carom), 144.6 (NC), 162.8(C2), 165.2 (C4), 167.6 (C1'), 167.3 (CONH), 173.5 (CO). Anal. Calcd for C22H18N2O6: C, 69.92; H, 4.93; N, 6.52; O, 18.63 Found C, 69.8; O, 17.6; H, 4.95; N, 6.5.
3-Acetyl-(E)-N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)coumarin-4-oxyacetic hydrazone (4c). Yield: 80%; M.p.: 226 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1692 (C=O), 1410 (C=N) 3125 (NH). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 3.72 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.84 (s, 3H, OCH3), 5.54 (s, 2H, OCH2), 5.86 (s, 1H, H3), 7.12–7.95 (m, 6H, Harom), 7.98 (s, 1H, N=CH), 11.84 (s, 1H, NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 56.5 (OCH3), 60.8 (OCH3), 66.4 (OCH2), 91.7 (C3), 105.7–144.6 (Carom), 144.6 (NC), 162.8 (C2), 165.3 (C4), 167.7 (C1'), 165.3 (CONH), 173.5 (CO). Anal. Calcd for C20H18N2O6: C, 62.86; H, 5.28; N, 6.37; O, 25.49 Found C, 62.8; O, 25.4; H, 5.20; N, 6.3.
3-Acetyl-(E)-N-(4-hydroxybenzylidene)coumarin-4-oxyacetic hydrazone (4d). Yield: 75%; M.p.: 248 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1715 (C=O), 1629 (C=N), 2963 (NH). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 5.97 (s, 1H, H3), 5.73 (s, 1H, OH), 5.50 (s, 2H, OCH2), 8.25 (s, 1H, N=CH), 11.86 (s, 1H, NH), 7.40–8.28 (m, 8H, Harom). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 66.5 (OCH2); 91.9 (C3), 116.2–134.3 (Carom), 145.2 (N=C), 162.9 (C2), 166.1 (C4), 168.4 (C1'), 166.3 (CONH), 171.5 (CO) Anal. Calcd for C18H18N2O5: C, 63.79; H, 4.84; N, 7.09; O, 24.28 Found C, 63.7; O, 24.2; H, 4.80; N, 6.9.
3-Acetyl-(E)-N-(4-methylbenzylidene)coumarin-4-oxyacetic hydrazine (4e). Yield: 73%; M.p.: 265 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1685 (C=O), 1687 (C=N), 3107 (NH). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 2.80 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.96 (s, 1H, H3), 5.46 (s, 2H, OCH2), 5.92 (s, 1H, N=CH), 11.67 (s, 1H, NH), 6.98–8.30 (m, 8H, Harom). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6). δ ppm: 55.70 (OCH3), 66.5 (OCH2), 91.8 (C3), 114.7–133.4 (Carom), 144.6 (N=C), 162.8 (C2), 166.3 (CONH), 172.5 (CO), 167.5 (C1'). Anal. Calcd for C19H16N2O4: C, 67.16; H, 5.38; N, 7.12; O, 20.33 Found C, 67.1; O, 20.5; H, 3.8; N, 7.1.

3.3.4. Preparation of 3-Acetyl-2-[(coumarin-4-oxy)methyl]-4-acetyl-5-substitued-1,3,4-oxodiazolines 5

A mixture of compound 4 (0.001 mol) and acetic anhydride (10 mL) was refluxed for 8 h. The hot solution was poured onto ice water (10 mL) and the product which separated was filtered off, washed several times with water, recrystallized from ethanol and dried.
3-Acetyl-4-(4-acetyl-5-(4-bromophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxodiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5a). Yield: 75%, M.p.: 232 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1632 (C=N), 1407 (N–N), 1247 (C–O–C). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 2.42 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.49 (s, 2H, OCH2), 6.1 (s, 1H, H3), 7.35–7.99 (m, 8H, Harom), 5.68 (s, 1H, H5'). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 26.2 (CH3), 69.4 (OCH2), 91.8 (C3), 115.6 (C5'), 116.5–133.3 (Carom), 162.5 (C2), 164.9 (C4), 166.7 (C=O), 171.3(C2'), 166.3(CO). Anal. Calcd for C22H17N2O6Br: C, 55.21; H, 4.03; Br, 15.97; N, 5.60; O, 19.19 Found C, 56.1; Br, 15.9; O, 19.2; H, 3.98; N, 5.8.
3-Acetyl-(4-acetyl-5-(β-naphtyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxodiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5b). Yield: 76%; M.p.: 248 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1635 (C=N), 1409 (N–N), 1285 (C–O–C). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 2.43 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.96 (s, 2H, OCH2), 5.86 (s, 1H, H3), 7.21–7.77 (m, 11H, Harom), 5.35 (s, 1H, H5'). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 20.6 (CH3), 57.3 (OCH3), 56.5 (OCH3), 60.8 (OCH2), 91.3 (C3), 116.7 (C5'), 123.4–153.8 (Carom), 162.5 (C2), 164.6 (C4), 173.4 (CO), 193.2 (C2'), 167.3 (CO). Anal. Calcd for C26H20N2O6: C, 68.78; H, 4.92; N, 5.94; O, 20.36 Found C, 68.8; O, 20.6; H, 4.85; N, 5.8.
3-Acetyl-(4-acetyl-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxodiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5c): Yield: 75%; M.p.: 250 °C. IR (υ cm–1) 1635 (C=N), 1410 (N–N), 1285 (C–O–C). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 2.42 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.77 (s, 3H, OCH3), 3.80 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.85 (s, 2H, OCH2), 5.86 (s, 1H, H3), 7.22–7.57 (m, 6H, Harom), 5.44 (s, 1H, H5’). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 20.8 (CH3), 56.5 (OCH3), 56.4 (OCH3), 60.7 (OCH2), 92.9 (C3), 116.7 (C5'), 124.3–155.7 (Carom), 162.5 (C2), 164.9 (C4), 172.5 (CO), 192.3 (C2), 166.5 (CO). Anal. Calcd for C24H22N2O8: C, 62.36; H, 5.23; N, 5.82; O, 26.58 Found C, 62.3; O, 26.6; H, 5.2; N, 5.8.
3-Acetyl-4-(4-acetyl-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxodiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5d). Yield: 76%. M.p.: 226 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1628 (C=N), 1415 (N–N), 1243 (C–O–C). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 2.28 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.69 (s, 1H, OH), 5.42 (s, 2H, OCH2), 5.94 (s, 1H, H3), 7.28–8.29 (m, 8H, Harom), 5.82 (s, 1H, H5'). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 20.7 (CH3), 66.5 (OCH2), 91.9 (C3), 115.5 (C5'), 116.4–153.1 (Carom), 157.5 (C2), 165.8 (C4), 163.6 (CO), 164.8 (C2'), 165.3 (CO). Anal. Calcd for C22H18N2O7: C, 63.15; H, 4.84; N, 6.40; O, 25.60 Found C, 63.1; O, 25.6; H, 4.9; N, 6.4.
3-Acetyl-4-(4-acetyl-5-(4-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxodiazol-2-yl)methoxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (5e). Yield: 77%; M.p.: 268 °C. IR (υ cm–1): 1625 (C=N), 1385 (N–N), 1247 (C–O–C). 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 2.28 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.36 (s, 3H, CH3), 5.36 (s, 2H, OCH2), 6.2 (s, 1H, H3), 7.17–7.85 (m, 8H, Harom), 5.56 (s, 1H, H5’). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6) δ ppm: 25.8 (CH3), 24.6 (CH3), 55.8 (OCH3), 69.4 (OCH2), 91.8 (C3), 114.2 (C5'), 116.5–153.1 (Carom), 164.0 (C2), 165.8 (C4), 167.0 (CO), 173.2 (C2'), 167.3 (CO). Anal. Calcd for C23H20N2O6: C, 66.20; H, 5.32; N, 6.43; O, 22.05 Found C, 66.1; O, 22.1; H, 5.3; N, 6.5.

3.4. Antioxidant Activity Tests

3.4.1. Free Radical Scavenging Activity Evaluation by DPPH Test

The DPPH free radical scavenging activity measurements were carried out according to the procedure of Sanchez-Moreno et al. [48] with some modifications. Briefly, the solution of compound 5 (0.1 mL) was added to 1,1-diphenyl-l-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*; 2.46 mL, 0.025 g·L−1 in 50% ethanol) and mixed for 5 min. The absorbance of the samples was measured at 515 nm every 1 min for 5 min using a Genesys 2 spectrophotometer (Genesys 10uv scanning, Thermo Spectronic, Rochester, NY, USA). For each sample, three separate determinations were carried out. The antioxidant activity was expressed as the percentage of decline of the absorbance after 1 min, relative to the control, corresponding to the percentage of DPPH*d that was scavenged. The percentage of DPPH*d, which was scavenged (% DPPH sc) was calculated using the following formula:
DPPH scavenging effect (%) = (Acontrol − Asample/Acontrol) × 100
where Acontrol is the absorbance of the control reaction were the sample is replaced by 500 µL ethanol. Tests were carried out in triplicate.

3.4.2. Free Radical Scavenging Activity Evaluation by ABTS Radical Cation Test

ABTS radical cation (ABTS+·) was produced by reacting ABTS stock solution with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate and allowing the mixture to stand in the dark at room temperature for 24 h before use 10. Afterwards, the ABTS+· solution was diluted with ethanol to an absorbance of 0.7 at 734 nm. After addition of diluted ABTS+· solution (990 mL) to sample (10 mL), absorbance readings were taken at 30 °C exactly 6 min after initial mixing, at 734 nm, using a Genesys 2 spectrophotometer. Absorption of a blank sample containing the same amount of ethanol and ABTS+· solution acted as negative control.

4. Conclusions

In this study, an expeditious, atom economic methodology for the synthesis of novel 3-acetylcoumarin oxadiazoles has been described, and the products characterized by IR/1D/2D NMR and IR spectroscopy The antioxidant activity of the novel 3-acetylcoumarin oxadiazoles was tested and they displayed improved properties compared to Trolox. The synthesized compounds 5 were tested for antifungal activities and the results indicated significant activities as compared with fluconazole. The antimicrobial tests performed on coumarin derivatives 5 confirmed the better potential activities of these compounds against Gram-positive rather than Gram-negative bacteria.

Acknowledgments

Authors are thankful to Anis Ben Hsouna (Gafsa University, Gafsa, Tunisia) for performing the biological activity tests.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds a1, a2 and 2–5 are available from the authors.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Al-Ayed, A.S.; Hamdi, N. A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Novel 3-Acetyl Coumarins Oxadiazoles Derivatives with Expected Biological Activity. Molecules 2014, 19, 911-924. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010911

AMA Style

Al-Ayed AS, Hamdi N. A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Novel 3-Acetyl Coumarins Oxadiazoles Derivatives with Expected Biological Activity. Molecules. 2014; 19(1):911-924. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010911

Chicago/Turabian Style

Al-Ayed, Abdullah Sulaiman, and Naceur Hamdi. 2014. "A New and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Novel 3-Acetyl Coumarins Oxadiazoles Derivatives with Expected Biological Activity" Molecules 19, no. 1: 911-924. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19010911

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