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Communication

A Simple Hydrophilic Palladium(II) Complex as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Room Temperature Aerobic Suzuki Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media

by
Mengping Guo
1,2,*,
Shiwen Liu
1,2,
Xiuling Zhou
1,
Meiyun Lv
1,
Sanbao Chen
1 and
Daoan Xiao
1
1
Institue of Coordination Catalysis, College of Chemistry and Bio-Engineering, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
2
Engineering Center of Jiangxi University for Lithium Energy, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2014, 19(5), 6524-6533; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19056524
Submission received: 8 April 2014 / Revised: 19 May 2014 / Accepted: 19 May 2014 / Published: 21 May 2014
Browse Figure
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
A study on room temperature Suzuki cross-coupling in an aqueous medium was carried out using a simple hydrophilic palladium (II) complex, trans-PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 as catalyst in the presence of K2CO3 in air. This approach with a comparatively inexpensive and hydrophilic catalyst, mild reaction condition and aqueous media exhibits excellent catalytic activity towards the Suzuki coupling of aryl bromides and arylboronic acids, and good yields were obtained in the Suzuki coupling of activated aryl chlorides.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

During the last two decades, the palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides and arylboronic acids is probably one of the most studied by the chemists. Its discovery and industrial significance were recognized by the 2010 Nobel Prize [1,2,3,4]. From the academic and industrial view points, alternative reaction media are currently of considerable interest given an increasing emphasis on making this palladium catalyzed cross-coupling process “greener” [5,6,7], for example, by minimizing the use of organic solvents [8,9]. Water is the obvious leading candidate in this regard because of its low cost, non-flammability, non-toxicity and low environmental concerns [10,11,12]. Since the first use of water in palladium-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions was reported by Casalnuovo and Calabrese in 1990, a large number of strategies for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in water have been developed [13,14,15,16,17,18], such as synthesizing water-soluble catalysts or water-soluble ligands [19,20,21,22,23,24,25], adding surfactants or phase-transfer agents [26,27,28,29,30], using organic co-solvents or inorganic salts as a promoter [31,32], utilizing microwave-heating or ultrasonic-irradiation [33,34,35,36]. During our ongoing research on the Suzuki coupling reaction [37,38,39,40,41], we have been interested in the design of new, highly efficient, air- and moisture-stable palladium catalysts that can be used in room temperature Suzuki cross-coupling reaction in organic/aqueous co-solvents medium under ambient atmosphere since such catalysts have the potential to be used in industrial systems. It is also desirable to have simple, inexpensive, easily accessible and stable catalysts for this reaction. In 2003, Boykin et al., for the first time, report the first well-defined single-component Pd(OAc)2-amine complex as an efficient catalyst and its temperature-dependent catalytic behavior toward aryl bromides with different electronic substituents [42]. Herein, we report an air- and moisture-stable hydrophilic palladium(II) complex 2 (Scheme 1) containing the simple, economical and accessible glycine ligand 1 for palladium-catalyzed fast room temperature Suzuki coupling reactions of arylboronic acids with aryl halides in aqueous media under an ambient atmosphere.

2. Results and Discussion

The palladium(II) complex 2, which is water-soluble and air-stable, was synthesized according to the reaction illustrated in Equation (1):
Molecules 19 06524 i001
The next investigation was to study the catalytic activity of the synthesized complex 2 in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. With the water-soluble catalyst PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 at hand, we performed the Suzuki cross-coupling between bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid in the presence of 1.0 mol % of 2 in water without organic co-solvent at room temperature in 20 h for screening different bases. The results are summarized in Table 1. Unfortunately, inorganic bases, which are soluble in water, demonstrated low activity in the present protocol (Table 1, entries 1–7). It is a well-known fact that many reports have described use of alcohol as co-solvent in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction [43,44,45,46,47,48]. Therefore we studied the use of alcohol as co-solvent in this protocol. As expected, we were delighted to see that the ethanol/water (in 1:1 proportion) used had a dramatic effect on the reactivity of K2CO3 and the desired biphenyls were isolated in nearly quantitative yields within 30 min with complex 2 as catalyst at room temperature under aerobic conditions (Table 1, entries 9). Among the alcohols screened, propanol and isopropanol gave good turnovers (Table 1, entries 10–11). The lowest yields (24%, 18%) were obtained in methanol, and n-butyl alcohol (Table 1, entries 8, 12). Consequently, ethanol/water (in 1:1 proportion) was chosen as the best solvent.
Table
Table 1. The effects of base and solvent on the cross-coupling of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid. a Molecules 19 06524 i002
Table 1. The effects of base and solvent on the cross-coupling of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid. a Molecules 19 06524 i002
EntrySolventBaseYield b (%)
1WaterNa2CO339
2WaterK2CO349
3WaterNa3PO426
4WaterNaOAc30
5WaterCs2CO335
6WaterNaF43
7WaterNaOH40
8 cMethanol + WaterK2CO324
9 cEthanol + WaterK2CO399
10 cPropanol + WaterK2CO376
11 cIsopropanol + WaterK2CO385
12 cN-Butyl alcohol + WaterK2CO318
a Reaction conditions: carried out with 1 mmol of bromobenzene, 1.2 mmol of phenylboronic acid and 0.01 mmol of PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 in 4 mL of H2O for 20 h, room temperature; b Isolated yield was based on the bromobenzene; c Carried out with 1 mmol of bromobenzene, 1.2 mmol of phenylboronic acid and 0.01 mmol of PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 in 6 mL of alcohol/H2O (in 1:1 proportion) for 30 min, room temperature.
We next evaluated the scope and limitations of the current procedure for Suzuki-Miyaura reactions between aryl halides and arylboronic acids in the presence of 1 mol % PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 and two equivalents of K2CO3 at room temperature in ethanol/water (in 1:1 proportion). The results are shown in Table 2. Aryl bromides with various functional groups efficiently reacted with phenylboronic acid affording the desired biphenyls in good to excellent conversions (Table 2, entries 1–3). In the case of o-bromotoluene with a sterically encumbering substituent the conversion is good (Table 2, entries 5, 8), but 2-bromo-m-xylene with a di-ortho-substituent react reluctantly with phenylboronic acid and a very poor yield was obtained (Table 2, entry 9). The effect of varying the arylboronic acids was studied under similar experimental condition. The arylboronic acids with electron-donating groups afforded the corresponding coupling products in good to excellent yields (Table 2, entries 4, 6, 7), while slightly lower conversions were observed when arylboronic acids containing electron-withdrawing substituents are used (Table 2, entries 10, 11).
In general aryl chlorides are difficult substrates for coupling reactions because of the stronger C-Cl bond strength, so next, we turned our attention to the Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of aryl chlorides. Significantly catalyst 2 was able to coupling electron-withdrawing aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids and gave the desired products in moderate yields within 4 h (Table 2, entries 12–15). It is worthy of mention that although relatively less yields of coupling products with aryl chlorides have been obtained compared to aryl bromides as substrates, these results are still quite significant, as they represent successful examples of the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of activated aryl chlorides at room temperature using environmentally-benign reaction media. Unfortunately, this reaction proceeded sluggishly for electron-neutral and electron-releasing aryl chlorides as substrates, such as para-chlorotoluene, giving biaryls in only 15% yield.
Table
Table 2. The Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of aryl halides with arylboronic acids. a Molecules 19 06524 i003
Table 2. The Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of aryl halides with arylboronic acids. a Molecules 19 06524 i003
EntryAryl halideArylboronic acidProductYield b (%)
1 Molecules 19 06524 i004 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i00694
2 Molecules 19 06524 i007 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i00890
3 Molecules 19 06524 i009 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i01099
4 Molecules 19 06524 i007 Molecules 19 06524 i011 Molecules 19 06524 i01295
5 Molecules 19 06524 i013 Molecules 19 06524 i011 Molecules 19 06524 i01486
6 Molecules 19 06524 i007 Molecules 19 06524 i015 Molecules 19 06524 i01694
7 Molecules 19 06524 i004 Molecules 19 06524 i015 Molecules 19 06524 i01799
8 Molecules 19 06524 i013 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i01888
9 Molecules 19 06524 i019 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i02032
10 Molecules 19 06524 i007 Molecules 19 06524 i021 Molecules 19 06524 i02268
11 Molecules 19 06524 i004 Molecules 19 06524 i021 Molecules 19 06524 i02364
12 c Molecules 19 06524 i024 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i02577
13 c Molecules 19 06524 i026 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i02773
14 c Molecules 19 06524 i028 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i02969
15 c Molecules 19 06524 i030 Molecules 19 06524 i005 Molecules 19 06524 i03166
a Carried out with 1 mmol of aryl bromide, 1.2 mmol of arylboronic acid and 0.01 mmol of PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 in 6 mL of CH3CH2OH/H2O (in 1:1 proportion) for 30 min, room temperature, in air; b Isolated yield was based on the aryl halide; c Carried out with 1 mmol of aryl chloride, 1.2 mmol of arylboronic acid and 0.01 mmol of PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 in 6 mL of CH3CH2OH/H2O (in 1:1 proportion) for 4 h, room temperature, in air.

3. Experimental

3.1. General Information

All chemicals employed in the synthesis were analytical grade, obtained commercially from Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA) or Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA) and used as received without any prior purification. Silica gel 60 GF254 was used for analytical TLC. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance III (400 MHz) spectrometer using tetramethylsilane as the internal standard and CDCl3 or DMSO as the solvent. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were carried out on a Perkin Elmer model 240 C automatic instrument. Electrospray mass spectra (ES-MS) were recorded on a Finnigan LCQ mass spectrometer.

3.2. General Procedure for the Preparation of the Hydrophilic Palladium(II) Complex 2

Glycine (1, 10.2 mmol) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid (20 mL) and a concentrated ethanolic solution of the palladium chloride (5.0 mmol) was added. After several hours the crystalline product 2 was collected, washed with acetic acid and with ether and dried at 250/1 mm Hg to obtain a light brown solid. Yield: 0.93 g, 57%. Calcd. for C4H10N2Cl2O4Pd(%): C 14.67, H 3.08, N8.55; found: C 14.90, H 3.10, N 8.56; ESI-MS (m/z): 326.8 [ M+H ]+. The geometry of this hydrophilic palladium(II) complex PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 is trans, according to Jarolìm’s report [49].

3.3. General Procedure for the Suzuki Type Coupling Reactions

All Suzuki reactions were carried out without an inert atmosphere. A mixture of aryl halide (1.0 mmol), arylboronic acid (1.2 mmol), K2CO3 (2 mmol), and PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 (0.01 mmol) in CH3CH2OH/H2O (in 1:1 proportion, 6 mL) was allowed to react at room temperature for 30 min, and then quenched with brine (15 mL) and extracted three times with ethyl acetate (3 × 15 mL). The combined organic phase was dried with MgSO4, filtrate, solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator, and the product was isolated by thin layer chromatography. The purified products were identified by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy.

3.4. Analytical Data of Representative Products

4,4'-Dimethylbiphenyl (Table 2, entry 4): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 7.54 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 4H), 7.29 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 2.45 (s, 6H). 13C-NMR: δ 21.1, 126.8, 129.5, 136.7, 138.3.
4-Acetyl-4'-methylbiphenyl (Table 2, entry 10): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.05 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.56 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR: δ 21.2, 26.7, 127.0, 127.1, 128.9, 135.6, 137.0, 138.3, 145.7, 197.8.
4-Acetyl-4'-methoxybiphenyl (Table 2, entry 11): 1H-NMR (CDCl3) δ 8.00 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.00 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 2.63 (s, 3H). 13C-NMR: δ 26.6, 55.4, 114.4, 126.6, 128.4, 129.0, 132.3, 135.3, 145.4, 160.0, 197.7.

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, a convenient and fast methodology has been developed for the palladium-catalyzed aerobic Suzuki-Miyaura reaction in aqueous media at room temperature using a simple, inexpensive, easily accessible, stable and hydrophilic palladium (II) complex, PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 as catalyst. The advantages of our catalytic system compared with Boykin’s reported one [42] rest on the application of unactivated aryl bromides and activated aryl chlorides at room temperature. This method is consistent with the green chemistry concept and provides both an economically and technologically practical procedure for the synthesis of complexes containing the biaryl nucleus in industrial applications.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials can be accessed at: https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/5/6524/s1.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21063015), Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 20114BAB203012) and the Key Science and Technology plan of Yichun City (No. [2010] 24).

Author Contributions

Guo and Liu conceived and designed research. Zhou, Lv, Chen and Xiao performed the experiments. Guo wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  • Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds trans-PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2 are available from the authors.

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Guo, M.; Liu, S.; Zhou, X.; Lv, M.; Chen, S.; Xiao, D. A Simple Hydrophilic Palladium(II) Complex as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Room Temperature Aerobic Suzuki Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media. Molecules 2014, 19, 6524-6533. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19056524

AMA Style

Guo M, Liu S, Zhou X, Lv M, Chen S, Xiao D. A Simple Hydrophilic Palladium(II) Complex as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Room Temperature Aerobic Suzuki Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media. Molecules. 2014; 19(5):6524-6533. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19056524

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guo, Mengping, Shiwen Liu, Xiuling Zhou, Meiyun Lv, Sanbao Chen, and Daoan Xiao. 2014. "A Simple Hydrophilic Palladium(II) Complex as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Room Temperature Aerobic Suzuki Coupling Reactions in Aqueous Media" Molecules 19, no. 5: 6524-6533. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules19056524

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