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Article

Synthesis and Anticandidal Activity Evaluation of New Benzimidazole-Thiazole Derivatives

by
Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
1,*,
Serkan Levent
1,2,
Derya Osmaniye
1,2,
Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
1,2,
Ulviye Acar Çevik
1,2,
Betül Kaya Çavuşoğlu
1,
Yusuf Özkay
1,2 and
Sinem Ilgın
3
1
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu Universty, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
2
Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu Universty, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
3
Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu Universty, 26470 Eskişehir, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2017, 22(12), 2051; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122051
Submission received: 31 October 2017 / Revised: 20 November 2017 / Accepted: 21 November 2017 / Published: 23 November 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Drug Discovery Approaches against Infectious Diseases)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Azole-based antifungal agents constitute one of the important classes of antifungal drugs. Hence, in the present work, 12 new benzimidazole-thiazole derivatives 3a–3l were synthesized to evaluate their anticandidal activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei, and C. parapsilopsis. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds 3a–3l were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS spectroscopic methods. ADME parameters of synthesized compounds 3a–3l were predicted by an in-slico study and it was determined that all synthesized compounds may have a good pharmacokinetic profile. In the anticandidal activity studies, compounds 3c and 3d were found to be the most active compounds against all Candida species. In addition, cytoxicity studies showed that these compounds are nontoxic with a IC50 value higher than 500 µg/mL. The effect of compounds 3c and 3d on the ergosterol level of C. albicans was determined by an LC-MS-MS method. It was observed that both compounds cause a decrease in the ergosterol level. A molecular docking study including binding modes of 3c to lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51), a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis, was performed to elucidate the mechanism of the antifungal action. The docking studies revealed that there is a strong interaction between CYP51 and the most active compound 3c.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Fungal infections represent a serious and presently unresolved health problem, particularly in developed countries. Fungal infections represent 17% of all intensive care unit infections in Europe and the statistics for the United States are similar. Treatment, especially of systemic infections, is accompanied not only by moderate success rates but also by high costs. Furthermore, emerging resistance to commercially offered antifungals has been reported. Additionally, common non-life threatening by aggressive superficial infections such as recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, cause important restrictions to patients, resulting in reduced quality of life [1]. Invasive fungal infections and dermatomycoses are the other type of fungal infections, caused by fungal organisms in people with increased vulnerability such as burn patients, neonates, organ transplant patients, and cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Other risk factors include antibiotic and steroid uses, diabetes, lesions of the dermis and epidermis, neutropenia, malnutrition, and surgery. In recent years, the frequency and severity of fungal infections have increased, mainly in patients with impaired immunity. Besides, an increasing number of fungal cases involved in sepsis is an observed regular trend. Fungal infections in humans can be classified into three groups: (a) infections (mycoses); (b) toxic reactions to toxins present in certain fungi; and (c) allergic reactions to fungal proteins [2,3].
Like their human hosts, fungi are eukaryotic, which limits the number of molecular targets that can be selectively used for drug development without risk of cross-target toxicity. The current portfolio of antifungal compounds approved for the treatment of invasive infections comprises only four classes of antifungal agents active against a limited number of cellular processes. Of perhaps greater concern is the existence of few discovery programs devoted to the development of new antifungal therapeutics because of the probability of limited financial return for the pharmaceutical industry [4].
Presently, azoles, polyenes, pyrimidine analogs, and echinocandins constitute the four classes of antifungal agents used for the treatment of fungal infections [5]. There is also a fifth class, the allylamines, but compounds of this class are only used for treating superficial dermathophytic infections. Current antifungals have many disadvantages such as narrow spectra of activity, toxicity, safety issues, and poor pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, the emergence of strains resistant to the current antifungal agents has highlighted the urgency of developing new drugs with different mechanisms of action that target the biosynthesis of fungal proteins, lipids, and cell walls [6,7,8].
Most antifungal agents, especially the azoles, target the biosynthesis of ergosterol, a main component of the fungal cell wall. This scarcity of fungus-specific targets is a difficult problem because of the frequency of cross-resistance to all drugs with a common target. Resistance to all major current antifungals has been reported in both laboratory and clinic, and continues to be a growing problem in the medical community [9,10]. The growing emergence of azole-resistant yeast and fungal strains is related to the prophylactic use of azole drugs, long treatment programs in the clinic, and usage of agricultural azole fungicides in crop protection. Thus, there is a need for development of new azole antifungal compounds with augmented selectivity for the fungal sterol 14α-demethylase enzyme (CYP51), alternative antifungal approaches, and treatment regimens against drug-resistant strains. Currently, new azole and nonazole CYP51 inhibitors are being developed as the next generation of antifungal drugs [11,12]. The mechanism of action of azole antifungals involves the direct coordination of nucleophilic nitrogen of the azole heterocyclic ring to the sixth ligand of the heme ferric ion, and interactions of the azole drug side chains with the CYP51 polypeptide structure [13,14]. CYP51 is a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily and is necessary for ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi and cholesterol biosynthesis in mammals. Therefore, fungal CYP51 is the main target for therapeutic azole antifungal agents and agricultural azole fungicides [15]. The similar biosynthesis pathways of ergosterol and cholesterol have led researchers to develop azole inhibitors that are selective for the fungal CYP51 enzyme, and are usually used to treat fungal infections caused by Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus [16,17].
Several triazole-based azole antimycotic agents have been incessantly optimized and presented in clinical practice [18]. However, increased triazole resistance, reproductive toxicity, and hepatic toxicity cases are associated with long-term use of triazole compounds. The capability of triazoles to inhibit CYP-reliant enzymes raises alarms about triazole effects on hormone synthesis and drug metabolism [19,20,21,22]. Therefore, some research group efforts include compound collections of the more encouraging benzimidazole type for antifungal discovery [1,3,14,23,24]. For instance, in our recent study [25], we reported 2-((5-(4-(6-fluoro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl)-4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethan-1-one (BT-23, Figure 1), a new benzimidazole-triazole hybrid compound with a significant MIC50 (0.78 µg/mL) against Candida strains. We also determined that BT-23 acts as an ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitor at 0.78–3.12 µg/mL concentrations.
In addition to classical activity methods, high throughput screening-compatible assays have been adapted in the presence of fungal pathogens to classify novel and selective antifungal lead compounds. In these screenings, a lot of heterocyclic scaffold-based small molecules have been evaluated and several benzimidazole compounds with potential antifungal activity have been identified [1,23,26]. A novel benzimidazole derivative EMC120B12 ((S)-2-(1-aminoisobutyl)-1-(3-chlorobenzyl)benzimidazole, Figure 1), displaying high antifungal activities against the major Candida species, is an example identified in such screenings [1,26].
In addition to benzimidazoles, new thiazolyl-triazole Schiff bases (TTSBs), which have MICs close to those of reference agents ketoconazole and fluconazole, have been reported as potential anticandidal agents [27]. Besides, the newly synthesized thiazolin-4-one derivative, 5-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene)-2-(naphthalen-1-ylamino)thiazol-4(5H)-one (DCBNAT), has been found as highly effective (MIC = 0.015 µg/mL) against a series of pathogenic fungi [28] (Figure 1).
As described above, we have reported the anticandidal potential of benzimidazole-triazole hybrid compounds in our recent work [25]. However, there was no in-silico study, displaying interactions between potent compound (BT-23) and an enzyme like CYP51. Hence, with the purpose of developing new lead antifungal agents, we initially designed novel compounds depending on a similar hybridization strategy as used in our recent work. Benzimidazole and thiazole pharmacophore groups, which have a significance in terms of anticandidal activity, were combined on the same chemical structure and then investigated for their anticandidal effect, cytotoxicity and ability to inhibit CYP51.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

The compounds 3a–3l were synthesized as outlined in Scheme 1. Firstly, 4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)benzaldehyde (1) was prepared by reacting 1H-benzimidazole and 4-fluorobenzaldehyde under microwave irradiation. Secondly, 4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)benzaldehyde (1) and hydrazine-carbothioamide were reacted to obtain 2-(4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (2). Finally, reaction of compound 2 and an appropriate 2-bromoacetophenone afforded the target compounds 3a–3l. In the IR spectra (Supplementary Materials Figures S1 and S5), stretching absorptions at 3097–3218 cm−1 indicated the presence of hydrazone group N-H bonds. The stretching absorption at about 1585–1610 cm−1 was attributed to C=N double bonds. The stretching absorption belonging to the C–N single bond was determined at 1105–1141 cm−1. Stretching absorptions for the out of plane bending of a 1,4-disubstituted benzene moiety was observed at 825–846 cm−1. In the 1H-NMR spectra (Supplementary Materials Figures S3 and S7), the aromatic protons of benzene, benzimidazole, thiazole and –CH=N– groups were recorded between 6.97 ppm and 9.27 ppm. Methyl protons in compounds 3b and 3j were recorded between 2.30 ppm and 2.42 ppm as a singlet. Moreover, the benzimidazole H2 and –CH=N– group protons were seen as a singlet between 8.13 ppm and 9.27 ppm. However, the proton of the thiazole ring was recorded as a multiplet (compounds 3a, 3c–3f, 3h–3k) or a singlet (3b, 3g, 3l) at 6.19–7.67 ppm. The N–H proton on the hydrazide moiety showed a signal over 12 ppm. In the 13C-NMR (Supplementary Materials Figures S4 and S8), all aromatic carbons gave peaks from 102.16 ppm to 168.75 ppm. In fluorinated derivatives (compounds 3f, 3k and 3i), carbon fluorine coupling was observed. In the MS spectra (Supplementary Materials Figures S2 and S6), all masses matched well with the expected [M + H]+ or [M + 2H]2+ values.

2.2. Antifungal Activity Assay

The obtained compounds 3a–3l were evaluated for anticandidal activity against C. albicans (ATCC 24433), C. krusei (ATCC 6258), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and C. glabrata (ATCC 90030) according to the protocol of the EUCAST [29]. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the final compounds were recorded by fluorometric measurements [30,31]. Ketoconazole and fluconazole were used as reference drugs in the activity tests. The antifungal activity results are presented in Table 1.
As regards to the chemical structure of the compounds, the substituents on the phenyl ring are different. According to the antifungal screening results, the most active compound 3c indicated similar antifungal activity to ketoconazole and fluconazole against all Candida strains with a MIC50 value of 1.56 µg/mL. Moreover, compound 3d displayed remarkable activity too. This compound exhibited antifungal activity against C. glabrata and C. krusei with a MIC50 value of 1.56 µg/mL, while it displayed a MIC50 value of 3.12 µg/mL against C. albicans and C. parapsilopsis. The only difference between these two compounds is the substitution at C-4 of the phenyl ring. Compound 3c bears a nitro group, whereas compound 3d has a nitrile group at this position. In terms of electronic features, both nitro and nitrile substituents act as strong electron withdrawing groups, so it can be assumed that higher antifungal activity of compounds 3c and 3d than other derivatives is related to the presence of electron withdrawing groups, which enhances the antifungal activity.

2.3. Quantification of Ergosterol Level

Due to the fact both humans and fungi are eukaryotic, there are comparatively limited antifungal agents able to attack unique fungal targets not shared with human hosts. The fungal cell wall is a however a significant target for selective antifungal drugs owing to the chitin structure that is lacking in the human cells [32,33]. Most of the therapies for fungal infections target the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, as it is a vital membrane sterol for the normal fungal cell cycle [34].
From this point of view, in the current work newly synthesized benzimidazole-thiazole compounds 3c and 3d were selected to investigate their probable mechanism of action. Thus, a LC-MS-MS-based method that quantifies the ergosterol level was applied [25]. Compound 3c, ketoconazole, and fluconazole were used at 0.78 µg/mL, 1.56 µg/mL, and 3.12 µg/mL concentrations. Ergosterol quantity in negative control samples was regarded as 100%. All concentrations were analyzed in quadruplicate, and the results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD, Table 2).
Ergosterol quantification studies indicated that compounds 3c, 3d, and the reference agents significantly reduced the level of ergosterol of C. albicans at all tested concentrations. It was determined that tested compounds and reference agent caused a concentration dependent decrease in the ergosterol level. As a result, it can be proposed that compounds 3c and 3d have an impact on the biosynthesis pathway of ergosterol.

2.4. Cytotoxicity Test

The toxicity of compounds 3c and 3d was examined using the MTT assay, which is based upon the reduction of yellow MTT dye by metabolically active eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells to form a purple formazan product. The MTT assay was carried out using healthy NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell lines (ATCC CRL1658), which are recommended for cytotoxicity screening by ISO (10993-5, 2009) [35]. The IC50 values of the compounds are presented in Table 3. The IC50 values of compounds 3c and 3d were recorded above 500 µg/mL. Consequently, it can be stated that the obtained compounds are nontoxic at their active concentrations against Candida species.

2.5. Prediction of ADME Parameters

Most new drug candidates fail in clinical trials due to their poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. Late-stage failures cause significant costs in new drug development. The ability to ientiify problematic issues early can significantly decrease the amount of lost time and costs, and rationalize the complete development progression. Therefore, the pharmacokinetic properties of new drug candidates are very vital and should be evaluated as early as possible in the drug development process [36]. Therefore, predictions of ADME parameters of synthesized compounds 3a–3l were performed by using the QikProp 4.8 software [37].
This program applies the Lipinski’s rule of five [38] and Jorgensen’s rule of three [39], which evaluate the ADME properties of drug-like compounds, and are important for the optimization of a biologically active compound. The theoretical calculations of ADME parameters (molecular weight, log P, polar surface area (PSA), number of hydrogen donors, number of hydrogen acceptors, number of rotatable bonds and volume) are presented in Table 4, along with the violations of the rules of three and five.
According to Lipinski’s rule of five, all compounds 3a–3l abide by the rules by causing no more than one violation. Furthermore, these compounds fulfil Jorgensen’s rule of three with no more than one violation. Also, it can be seen that all rule of three and five results are within the desired ranges. Thus, it can be stated that all synthesized compounds may have a good pharmacokinetic profile, increasing their pharmacological significance.

2.6. Molecular Docking Studies

Docking studies were performed in order to gain more insight into the binding modes of compound 3c to 14-α-sterol demethylase, which is a key enzyme in ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. Studies were performed with the X-ray crystal structure of 14-α-sterol demethylase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in complex with our reference agent fluconazole (PDB ID: 1EA1) [40].
According to the antifungal activity results, the compound 3c shows significant antifungal activity against all Candida species with a MIC50 value of 1.56 µg/mL. Thus, the main purpose is to investigate the possible interaction of this compound with cytochrome P450 14-α-sterol demethylase from Candida species. However, this enzyme is a membrane-bound enzyme and it is difficult to crystallize for X-ray analysis and modelling studies. Moreover, there is no experimental data or crystal structure of this enzyme in Protein Data Bank server. On the other hand, in the database there are two-analogous enzymes from Candida P450 and Mycobacterium P450. These enzymes have high homology and a high degree of similarity between the hydrophobic cavities of the catalytic site [41,42,43,44]. Among them Mycobacterium P450 has been resolved with higher resolution. For these reasons, we choose the PDB ID: 1EA1 crystal structure from Mycobacterium tuberculosis to obtain a clearer pose.
In docking studies the crystal structure of 14-α-sterol demethylase, which has been reported in a complex with our reference agent fluconazole [40], was used to compare the binding modes of 3c and fluconazole. It has been reported that the HEM molecule has an interaction with the triazole ring of fluconazole. Two different π-π interactions were also assigned between the 2,4-difluorophenyl moiety and amino acids of Phe83 and Phe255. In Figure 2, the docking pose of the same enzyme reveals that the interactions between compound 3c and amino acid residues are very important in terms of binding to the active site.
Compound 3c has some similar interactions to those of fluconazole. The HEM molecule creates a π–π interaction with the phenyl ring, near the benzimidazole ring. It is seen that there are three hydrogen bonds. The nitrogen atom of benzimidazole establishes a hydrogen bond with the amino group of Gly257. The amino of the hydrazone is in an interaction with carbonyl of Thr260. The last hydrogen bond is formed between the nitro group at the C-4 position of the phenyl ring, and the amino group of Arg326. These interactions help explain the stronger anticandidal activity of 3c. It can be suggested that electron withdrawing groups such as nitro at C-4 of the phenyl ring are very important in terms of binding to the enzyme active site and anticandidal activity. As a result, it is considered that these interactions could explain the better binding capability and stronger activity of compound 3c than other compounds in the series.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Chemistry

All chemicals were obtained either from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO, USA) or Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany), and used without further chemical purification. Melting points of the compounds were measured by using an automatic melting point determination instrument (MP90, Mettler-Toledo, Columbus, OH, USA) and were presented as uncorrected. 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded in DMSO-d6 by a Bruker digital FT-NMR spectrometer (Bruker Bioscience, Billerica, MA, USA) at 300 MHz and 75 MHz, respectively. The IR spectra of the compounds were recorded using an IRAffinity-1S Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectrometer (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). MS studies were performed on an LCMS-8040 tandem mass system (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan). Chemical purities of the compounds were checked by classical TLC applications performed on silica gel 60 F254 (Merck KGaA).

3.1.1. Synthesis of 4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzaldehyde (1)

4-Fluorobenzaldehyde (1.607 mL, 0.015 mol), benzimidazole (1.770 g, 0.015 mol), and sodium hydride (NaH) (0.396 g, 0.016 mol) in DMF (10 mL) were put into a 30 mL microwave synthesis reactor vial (Monowave 300, Anton-Paar, Graz, Austria). The reaction mixture was kept under the conditions of 170 °C and 10 bar for 25 min. After cooling, the mixture was poured into ice-water, the precipitated product was washed with water, dried, and recrystallized from ethanol.

3.1.2. Synthesis of 2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (2)

A mixture of 4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)benzaldehyde (1, 2.887 g, 0.013 mol) and thiosemicarbazide (1.183 g, 0.013 mol) were refluxed in EtOH (50 mL) for 3 h. After completion of the reaction the mixture was cooled in an ice-bath, the precipitated product was filtered, dried, and recrystallized from EtOH.

3.1.3. General Procedure for the Synthesis of the Target Compounds 3a–3l

2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (2, 0.3 g, 0.001 mol) and appropriate 2-bromoacetophenone derivative (0.001 mol) in EtOH (20 mL) were refluxed for 4 h. The mixture was cooled in an ice-bath, the precipitated product was filtered, dried, and recrystallized from EtOH.
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-phenylthiazole (3a). Yield: 88%, m.p. = 270–271 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 1610 (C=N), 1141 (C–N), 738, 696. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.29–7.36 (3H, m, benzimidazole CH, thiazole CH), 7.42 (2H, t, J = 7.20 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.69–7.72 (1H, m, phenyl CH), 7.77 (2H, d, J = 8.58 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.80–7.82 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.88 (2H, d, J = 7.17 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.91 (2H, d, J = 8.73 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.15 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.64 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.32 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 104.32, 111.34, 120.41, 123.15, 124.13, 124.34, 126.00, 128.04, 128.19, 129.09, 133.30, 134.21, 135.11, 136.75, 140.49, 143.61, 144.15, 151.11, 168.61. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 198 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(p-tolyl)thiazole (3b). Yield: 83%, m.p. = 266–267 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3082 (N–H), 1604 (C=N), 1139 (C–N), 837. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 2.33 (3H, s, –CH3), 7.22 (2H, d, J = 8.07 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.27 (1H, s, thiazole), 7.33–7.37 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.68–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.75–7.78 (4H, m, phenyl CH), 7.81–7.85 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.91 (2H, d, J = 8.61 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.14 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.61 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.28 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 21.27, 103.39, 111.30, 120.50, 123.08, 124.07, 124.30, 125.95, 128.17, 129.65, 132.49, 133.34, 134.19, 136.78, 137.30, 140.41, 143.63, 144.37, 151.16, 168.51. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 205 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(4-nitrophenyl)thiazole (3c). Yield: 89%, m.p. = 274–275 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3163 (N–H), 1598 (C=N), 1105 (C–N), 846. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.49–7.53 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.76–7.80 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH, thiazole CH), 7.84 (2H, d, J = 8.52 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.88–7.91 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.96 (2H, d, J = 8.55 Hz, phenyl), 8.12 (2H, d, J = 8.91 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.19 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.28 (2H, d, J = 8.97 Hz, phenyl CH), 9.27 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.48 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 109.30, 112.38, 118.30, 124.15, 124.57, 125.08, 125.60, 126.82, 128.26, 129.21, 132.41, 135.15, 135.60, 140.77, 141.04, 143.02, 146.69, 149.06, 168.97. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + H]+: 441 (100%).
4-(2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)thiazol-4-yl)benzonitrile (3d). Yield: 85%, m.p. = 283–284 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3196 (N–H), 1610 (C=N), 1139 (C–N), 837. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.33–7.38 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.67 (1H, s, thiazole CH), 7.68–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.77 (2H, d, J = 8.58 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.79–7.83 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.88 (2H, d, J = 8.52 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.91 (2H, d, J = 8.64 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.06 (2H, d, J = 8.43 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.17 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.62 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.39 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 108.20, 110.10, 111.30, 119.45, 120.50, 123.09, 124.08, 124.28, 125.15, 126.59, 128.27, 133.16, 134.02, 136.90, 139.20, 140.96, 143.62, 144.35, 149.41, 168.95. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + H]+: 421 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)thiazole (3e). Yield: 81%, m.p. = 253–254 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm-1): 3105 (N–H), 1600 (C=N), 1138 (C–N), 831. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 3.77 (3H, s, –OCH3), 6.97 (2H, d, J = 8.91 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.17 (1H, s, thiazole CH) 7.32–7.37 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.67–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.76 (2H, d, J = 8.61 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.77–7.78 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.80 (2H, d, J = 8.85 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.90 (2H, d, J = 8.64 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.13 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.61 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.27 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 55.61, 102.16, 111.31, 114.45, 120.48, 123.09, 124.09, 124.31, 127.33, 128.00, 128.16, 133.33, 134.22, 136.75, 140.36, 143.62, 144.31, 150.87, 159.29, 168.50. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 213 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)thiazole (3f). Yield: 80%, m.p. = 260–261 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3091 (N-H), 1606 (C=N), 1138 (C–N), 825. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.24 (2H, t, J = 8.91 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.32–7.37 (3H, m, benzimidazole CH, thiazole CH), 7.68–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.75-7.81 (3H, m, benzimidazole CH, phenyl CH), 7.88–7.93 (4H, m, phenyl CH), 8.14 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.61 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.30 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 104.12, 111.30, 115.92 (J2 = 21.41 Hz), 120.50, 123.08, 124.08, 124.31, 127.98 (J3 = 8.06 Hz), 128.21, 131.77 (J4 = 2.55 Hz), 133.33, 134.13, 136.83, 140.58, 143.64, 144.37, 150.14, 162.09 (J1 = 242.71 Hz), 168.70. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 215 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole (3g). Yield: 84%, m.p. = 279–280 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3213 (N–H), 1585 (C=N), 1141 (C–N), 831. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.33–7.38 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.43 (1H, s, thiazole CH), 7.48 (2H, d, J = 8.58 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.68–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.77 (2H, d, J = 8.67 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.80–7.82 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.88–7.93 (4H, m, phenyl CH), 8.15 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.64 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.33 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 105.16, 111.35, 120.40, 123.17, 124.15, 124.34, 127.71, 128.22, 129.11, 132.43, 133.29, 133.98, 134.15, 136.79, 140.68, 143.61, 144.08, 149.87, 168.75. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 207 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazole (3h). Yield: 85%, m.p. = 274–275 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3188 (N–H), 1608 (C=N), 1141 (C–N), 829. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.33–7.37 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.44 (1H, s, thiazole CH), 7.61 (2H, d, J = 8.55 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.68–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.76–7.79 (3H, m, benzimidazole CH, Phenyl CH), 7.83 (2H, d, J = 8.49 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.91 (2H, d, J = 8.55 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.15 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.62 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.32 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 105.25, 111.31, 120.49, 121.02, 123.10, 124.09, 124.32, 128.02, 128.23, 132.02, 133.32, 134.10, 134.32, 136.84, 140.69, 143.63, 144.33, 153.18, 168.75. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 238 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(4 (trifluoromethyl)phenyl)thiazole (3i). Yield: 83%, m.p. = 279–280 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3097 (N–H), 1606 (C=N), 1139 (C–N), 837. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.32–7.37 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.60 (1H, s, thiazole CH), 7.68–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.77 (4H, m, phenyl CH), 7.80–7.81 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.91 (2H, d, J = 8.58 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.08 (2H, d, J = 8.04 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.15 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.61 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.37 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 107.16, 111.30, 120.50, 123.08, 124.08, 124.31, 124.82 (q, J = 270.2 Hz), 126.08 (q, J = 3.5 Hz), 126.54, 128.26, 126.08 (q, J = 37.4 Hz), 133.32, 134.05, 136.86, 138.80, 140.86, 143.63, 144.37, 149.56, 168.91. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + H]+: 464 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)thiazole (3j). Yield: 87%, m.p. = 215–216 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3097 (N–H), 1606 (C=N), 1126 (C–N), 831, 875. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 2.30 (3H, s, –CH3), 2.42 (3H, s, –CH3), 6.91 (1H, s, thiazole CH), 7.04-7.08 (2H, m, phenyl CH), 7.48–7.51 (3H, m, benzimidazole CH, phenyl CH), 7.75–7.79 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.82 (2H, d, J = 8.61 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.86–7.90 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.94 (2H, d, J = 8.70 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.15 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 9.20 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 21.14, 21.53, 106.51, 112.29, 118.57, 124.83, 125.06, 125.44, 126.86, 128.15, 129.63, 131.89, 132.33, 132.57, 135.28, 135.56, 135.59, 137.22, 139.12, 140.18, 143.11, 150.98, 167.57. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + H]+: 424 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-Benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiazole (3k). Yield: 81%, m.p. = 274–276 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3147 (N–H), 1608 (C=N), 1141 (C–N), 831, 840. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.19 (1H, td, J1 = 2.49 Hz, J2 = 8.91 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.25 (1H, d, J = 2.58 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.30–7.39 (3H, m, benzimidazole CH, thiazole CH), 7.68–7.71 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.77 (2H, d, J = 8.70 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.80-7.86 (1H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.91 (2H, d, J = 8.61 Hz, phenyl CH), 8.00–8.08 (1H, m, phenyl CH), 8.15 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.61 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH), 12.33 (1H, s, –NH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 105.03 (t, J = 26.1 Hz), 108.48 (d, J = 13.5 Hz), 111.30, 112.31 (dd, J = 21.0 Hz−3.1 Hz), 120.50, 123.08, 124.32, 128.24, 130.85 (dd, J = 9.1 Hz–4.6 Hz), 133.33, 134.08, 136.88, 140.68, 140.77, 143.64, 144.00, 144.36, 144.38, 160.01 (dd, J = 248.2 Hz–12.6 Hz), 161.70 (dd, J = 246.2 Hz–11.3 Hz), 168.11. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 216 (100%).
2-(2-(4-(1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazineyl)-4-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)thiazole (3l). Yield: 84%, m.p. = 271–271 °C, FTIR (ATR, cm−1): 3061 (N–H), 1585 (C=N), 1139 (C–N), 825, 854. 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 7.33–7.37 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH), 7.44 (1H, s, thiazole CH), 7.52 (1H, dd, J1 = 2.16 Hz, J2 = 8.49 Hz, phenyl CH), 7.68–7.72 (2H, m, benzimidazole CH, phenyl CH), 7.76–7.79 (3H, m, phenyl CH, benzimidazole CH), 7.91 (3H, m, phenyl CH), 8.14 (1H, s, –CH=N–), 8.61 (1H, s, benzimidazole CH). 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6): δ = 109.90, 111.30, 120.50, 123.08, 124.32, 127.98, 128.24, 129.34, 130.24, 132.06, 132.99, 133.33, 134.09, 136.87, 140.75, 141.47, 143.64, 144.37, 167.86. ESI-MS (m/z): [M + 2H]2+: 232 (100%).

3.2. Antifungal Activity Assays

Microbiological study was performed according to EUCAST definitive method EDef 7.1 for Candida species [29]. Synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro growth inhibitory activity against C. glabrata (ATCC 90030), C. krusei (ATCC 6258), C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) and C. albicans (ATCC 24433). The yeasts were sustained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium, after an overnight incubation at 37 °C. The inocula of test microorganisms adjusted to match the turbidity of a MacFarland 0.5 standard tube as determined with a spectrophotometer and the final inoculum size was 0.5–2.5 × 105 cfu/mL for antifungal assay. The test was performed for medium at pH = 7 and two-fold serial dilutions were applied. The last well on the microplates, which contained only the inoculated broth, was kept as control, and the last well with no growth of microorganism was recorded to represent the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) in μg/mL. For the antifungal assays, the test compounds and reference drugs were firstly dissolved in DMSO, and further dilutions were performed to the desired concentrations of 800, 400, 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, 1.56 and 0.78 μg/mL using RPMI medium. The completed plates were incubated for 24 h, and at the end of the incubation, resazurin (20 µg/mL) was added into each well to control the growth in the wells. Final plates including microorganism strains were incubated for 2 h. MIC50 values were determined using microplate reader at 590 nm excitation and 560 nm emission wavelengths; MIC50 readings were performed twice for entire compounds. Ketoconazole and fluconazole were used as reference drugs.

3.3. Quantification of Ergosterol Level

Extraction of total sterols from C. krusei was performed as recorded by Breivik and Owades [45]. Quantification of ergosterol level in this extract was carried out in accordance with our recently described method [25].

3.4. Cytotoxicity Test

Cytotoxicity was experienced using the NIH/3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (ATCC® CRL-1658™, London, UK). NIH/3T3 cells were incubated according to the supplier’s references and they were seeded at 1 × 104 cells into each well of 96-well plates. MTT assay was carried out as reported data [46,47,48]. Treated with the compounds at concentrations ranging from 800 µg/mL to 0.78 µg/mL. Percent inhibition was evaluated for each concentration in accordance with the following formula. Moreover, dose-response curves were plotted against compound concentrations to determine IC50 values [49].

3.5. Prediction of ADME Parameters

Physicochemical parameters of compounds (3a–3l) were analyzed by using QikProp 4.8 [37].

3.6. Molecular Docking Studies

A structure-based in silico procedure was applied to discover the binding modes of the most active compound 3c to 14 α-sterol demethylase enzyme active sites. The crystal structures of enzyme (PDB ID: 1EA1) [40] in complex with our reference agent fluconazole, was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank server (www.pdb.org).
The structure of ligand was built using the Schrödinger Maestro [50] interface and then was submitted to the Protein Preparation Wizard protocol of the Schrödinger Suite 2016 Update 2 [51]. The ligand was prepared by the LigPrep 3.8 [52] to assign the protonation states at pH 7.4 ± 1.0 and the atom types, correctly. Bond orders were assigned and hydrogen atoms were added to the structures. The grid generation was formed using the Glide 7.1 [53] program and docking runs were performed with single precision docking mode (SP).

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have synthesized novel benzimidazole-thiazole derivatives showing significant anticandidal effects. Additionally, antifungal activity studies, quantification of ergosterol level, preliminary toxicological screening, ADME prediction and docking evaluations of obtained compounds were undertaken in the current study. Activity studies showed that the compound 3c was the most active compound in the series, with a MIC50 value of 1.56 µg/mL against Candida strains. Toxicological and ADME studies enhanced the biological importance of this compound. Docking evaluations demonstrated the binding modes of this compound to enzyme active site. We presume that in further studies all these findings may help medicinal chemists to discover more promising anticandidal compounds.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary materials are available online.

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by Anadolu University Scientific Projects Fund, Project No.: 1705S183.

Author Contributions

Y.Ö. and Z.A.K. conceived and designed the experiments; D.O. and B.K.Ç. performed the synthesis; S.L. performed analysis studies; B.N.S. and U.A.Ç. performed activity tests; B.N.S. performed docking studies; SI performed the toxicity tests; Z.A.K., Y.Ö., U.A.Ç., B.N.S., S.L., B.K.Ç. and D.O. wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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  50. Maestro, version 10.6; Schrödinger, LLC: New York, NY, USA, 2016.
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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 1, 2 and 3a–3l are available from the authors.
Molecules 22 02051 g001 550
Figure 1. Structures of BT-23, EMC120B12, TTSBs and DCBNAT.
Figure 1. Structures of BT-23, EMC120B12, TTSBs and DCBNAT.
Molecules 22 02051 g001
Molecules 22 02051 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the target compounds 3a–3l.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the target compounds 3a–3l.
Molecules 22 02051 sch001

CompoundsR1R2
3a–H–H
3b–H–CH3
3c–H–NO2
3d–H–CN
3e–H–OCH3
3f–H–F
3g–H–Cl
3h–H–Br
3i–H–CF3
3j–CH3–CH3
3k–F–F
3l–Cl–Cl
Molecules 22 02051 g002 550
Figure 2. The interacting mode of compound 3c in the active region of 14 alpha-sterol demethylase. The inhibitor is colored with green and HEM with turquoise.
Figure 2. The interacting mode of compound 3c in the active region of 14 alpha-sterol demethylase. The inhibitor is colored with green and HEM with turquoise.
Molecules 22 02051 g002
Table
Table 1. MIC50 (µg/mL) values of compounds (3a–3l).
Table 1. MIC50 (µg/mL) values of compounds (3a–3l).
CompoundsC. albicansC. glabrataC. kruseiC. parapsilopsis
3a10025100100
3b10025100100
3c1.561.561.561.56
3d3.121.561.563.12
3e6.25100100100
3f6.25256.256.25
3g6.2512.56.256.25
3h10012.5100100
3i100100100100
3j50100100100
3k6.256.2512.56.25
3l6.2512.56.256.25
Ketoconazole0.781.561.561.56
Fluconazole0.781.561.560.78
Table
Table 2. Inhibition potency (%) of compounds 3c and 3d on ergosterol biosynthesis of C. albicans.
Table 2. Inhibition potency (%) of compounds 3c and 3d on ergosterol biosynthesis of C. albicans.
CompoundsConcentrations (µg/mL)
0.781.563.12
3c56.83 ± 2.9665.81 ± 3.8879.14 ± 4.29
3d48.25 ± 3.1758.77 ± 4.0366.58 ± 3.27
Ketoconazole60.99 ± 2.9473.12 ± 4.1684.56 ± 3.01
Fluconazole61.74 ± 1.7070.12 ± 3.2282.13 ± 4.45
Table
Table 3. Cytotoxic activity of the compounds 3c and 3d against NIH/3T3 Cell Line.
Table 3. Cytotoxic activity of the compounds 3c and 3d against NIH/3T3 Cell Line.
CompoundsIC50 (µg/mL)R2
3c>5000.9754
3d>5000.9839
Table
Table 4. Calculated ADME parameters of compounds 3a–3l.
Table 4. Calculated ADME parameters of compounds 3a–3l.
CompoundsMWRBMVDHBAHBPSAlog PVRTVRF
3a395.4841263.6015.551.985.3311
3b409.5141322.5415.551.985.6311
3c440.4851346.0016.5100.644.6201
3d420.4951330.301777.774.5601
3e425.5151331.3816.2560.465.3711
3f413.4741279.7115.551.985.5611
3g429.9341307.7215.551.985.8211
3h474.3841316.6315.551.985.9011
3i463.4841360.4315.551.986.3111
3j423.5341346.8815.547.095.8011
3k431.4641289.3715.550.545.7211
3l464.3741316.5315.548.576.0011
Ketoconazole530.4551511.3906.7555.754.9110
Fluconazole306.276883.5016.7572.553.5500
MW: Molecular weight; RB: Number of rotatable bonds (recommended value: 0–15); MV: Total solvent-accessible volume in cubic angstroms using a probe with a 1.4 Å radius (recommended value: 500–2000); DHB: Estimated number of hydrogen bonds that would be donated by the solute to water molecules in an aqueous solution (recommended value: 0–6); AHB: Estimated number of hydrogen bonds that would be accepted by the solute from water molecules in an aqueous solution (recommended value: 2–20); PSA: Van der Waals surface area of polar nitrogen and oxygen atoms and carbonyl carbon atoms (recommended value: 7–200); log P: Predicted octanol/water partition coefficient (recommended value: −2–6.5); VRF: Number of violations of Lipinski’s rule of five [38]. The rules are: mol_MW < 500, QPlogPo/w < 5, donorHB ≤ 5, accptHB ≤ 10. Compounds that satisfy these rules are considered druglike. (The “five” refers to the limits, which are multiples of 5.) (maximum is 4); VRT: Number of violations of Jorgensen’s rule of three [39]. The three rules are: QPlogS > −5.7, QP PCaco > 22 nm/s, # Primary Metabolites < 7. Compounds with fewer (and preferably no) violations of these rules are more likely to be orally available (maximum is 3).

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Kaplancıklı, Z.A.; Levent, S.; Osmaniye, D.; Sağlık, B.N.; Çevik, U.A.; Çavuşoğlu, B.K.; Özkay, Y.; Ilgın, S. Synthesis and Anticandidal Activity Evaluation of New Benzimidazole-Thiazole Derivatives. Molecules 2017, 22, 2051. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122051

AMA Style

Kaplancıklı ZA, Levent S, Osmaniye D, Sağlık BN, Çevik UA, Çavuşoğlu BK, Özkay Y, Ilgın S. Synthesis and Anticandidal Activity Evaluation of New Benzimidazole-Thiazole Derivatives. Molecules. 2017; 22(12):2051. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122051

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kaplancıklı, Zafer Asım, Serkan Levent, Derya Osmaniye, Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık, Ulviye Acar Çevik, Betül Kaya Çavuşoğlu, Yusuf Özkay, and Sinem Ilgın. 2017. "Synthesis and Anticandidal Activity Evaluation of New Benzimidazole-Thiazole Derivatives" Molecules 22, no. 12: 2051. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22122051

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