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Article

An Efficient One-Pot Protocol for the Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Using Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) as Potent Heterogeneous Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, Aggregation and Antimicrobial Activity

1
Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (LR16ES09), Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Carthage, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
2
Chemistry Department, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Al-Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
3
Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
4
Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120, Almería, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2017, 22(4), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040605
Submission received: 3 February 2017 / Revised: 15 March 2017 / Accepted: 23 March 2017 / Published: 9 April 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multicomponent Reaction-Based Synthesis of Bioactive Molecules)

Abstract

:
In this study, novel phthalonitrile 3 and their corresponding metal-free 4 and metallophthalocyanine derivatives 57 bearing 2-isopropenyl-4-methoxy-1-methylbenzene groups were synthesized and characterized. 3,4-Dihydropyrimidinones have been synthesized by a modified Biginelli-type reaction with various metallophthalocyanines 57 as catalysts. Compared to the classical Biginielli reaction, the new method has the advantages of good yield and short reaction time. Among the various metallophthalocyanines studied, cobalt (II)-phthalocyanine was found to be most active for this transformation. The newly prepared compounds were characterized using elemental analyses, MS, IR, 1H/13C-NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. In addition; the 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones (DHPMs) 812 were investigated for antimicrobial activities and revealed good activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution technique in Mueller-Hinton broth. The MICs were recorded after 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C. These results are promising, showing these compounds are biologically active.

1. Introduction

In 1893 Biginelli reported the first synthesis of dihydropyrimidines of type 812 by a simple one-pot condensation reaction of ethyl acetoacetate, benzaldehyde, and urea [1,2]. In the following decades the original cyclocondensation reaction has been extended widely to include variations in all three components, allowing access to a large number of multifunctionalized dihydropyrimidine derivatives [3]. Largely ignored for many years, the Biginelli reaction has recently attracted a great deal of renewed attention, and several improved procedures for the preparation of dihydropyrimidines of type 812 have been reported within the past few years [4,5]. Various solid phase modifications of the Biginelli reaction suitable for combinatorial chemistry have also been described [6,7,8,9]. The Biginelli reaction is a multiple-component chemical reaction that creates 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones from ethyl acetoacetate, an aryl aldehyde (such as benzaldehyde ), and urea [10].The reaction can be catalyzed by Brønsted acids and/or by Lewis acids such as copper(II) trifluoroacetate hydrate and boron trifluoride. Furthemore running this reaction under heterogeneous condition is more promising since it involves the facile recovery and reuse of the expensive catalyst [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20].
In the current work, we report an efficient procedure for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones through one pot cyclocondensation of aldehyde, urea and ethylacetate compounds using metallophthalocyanines as reusable heterogeneous catalysts. Additionally their antibacterial activities against Gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria followed by MIC determination were evaluated (Scheme 1).

2. Results

Acetylation of hydroquinone can be achieved by treating hydroquinone with an acid chloride or anhydride in the presence of a Lewis acid. Rosenmund and Lohfert reported the synthesis of quinacetophenone 1 through the reaction of hydroquinone with acetyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride under thermal conditions [21]. The following text describes the synthesis of the phthalonitrile ligand 3, and its applications. The non-hydrogen bonded, less crowded hydroxyl group of quinacetophenone 1 can be methylated regioselectively by the reaction with Me2CO3 in the presence of potassium carbonate yielding 2-hydroxy-5-methoxyacetophenone 2 in moderate yield (Scheme 2).
Spectral data were coherent with the proposed structure 2. According to the IR spectral results of the compound 2, characteristic OH stretching vibration was observed at 3315 cm−1. In the 1H-NMR spectrum of 2, the disappearance of one OH peak of 1 and the presence of additional methylic protons at δ 2.2 ppm indicated that the synthesis of compound 2 was accomplished. The signals of aromatic protons were observed at δ 7.33–7.85 ppm. In 13C-NMR of 2, the new peak at 50.8 ppm and 195.6 ppm belonging to OCH3 and the (CO) lactone carbons indicated that the acylation has occurred. Mass spectrum of compound 2 indicated that target compound was successfully prepared. Also elemental analysis data of compound 3 was satisfactory.
The procedure for the synthesis of compound 3 was similar to that used for many examples in the literature [22,23]. Phthalonitrile derivative 3 was prepared from 4-nitrophthalonitrile by nucleophilic substitution of the nitro group with the OH function of compound 2 via SNAr reaction in polar aprotic dry solvents (DMSO or DMF) [24,25] in the presence of potassium carbonate as basic catalyst K2CO3 with 90% yield (Scheme 3).
The structures of new compound 3 were confirmed by the combination of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analysis. Spectral investigations of the dinitrile derivative show good agreement with proposed structure of compound 3. The IR spectrum of compound 3 had a strong acetyl C=O vibration absorption at about 1720 cm−1 and displayed absorption at about 2230 cm−1 assigned to CN function. Furthermore, the formation of compound 3 was obviously verified by the disappearance of the OH vibration of compound 2 and NO2 vibration of 4-nitrophthalonitrile. In the 1H-NMR spectrum of 3, the OH group of compound 2 disappeared, as expected, and the appearance of new signals confirmed the proposed structure. The signals of aromatic protons were observed at δ 7.36–8.26 ppm.13C-NMR spectral data of 3 show significant peaks for nitriles, OCH3 and COCH3 carbon atoms at δ 116.07 ppm, 113.25 ppm, 57.8 ppm and 175.5 ppm respectively.
The self-condensation of the dicyanobenzene compound 3 in a high-boiling solvent 2-(dimethylamino) ethanol (DMAE) in the presence of a few drops 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) at 150 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere for 24 h afforded unmetalled phthalocyanine compound 4 with moderate yield after purification by column chromatography method utilizing chloroform/methanol (91:9) as eluent (Scheme 4).
The structure of metal-free phthalocyanine compound 4 was verified by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods, as well as by elemental analysis. All the analytical spectral data are consistent with the predicted structure.
The disappearance of the CN stretching vibration on the IR spectra of phthalonitrile compound 3 suggested the formation of compound 4. In addition in the IR spectrum of compound 4, stretching vibrations of the acetyl C=O vibration at 1725 cm−1 and aromatic CH at 3056 cm−1 appeared at expected frequencies. In the 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 4, the aromatic protons appeared at δ: 7.05–8.55 ppm, the aliphatic CH3 protons appeared at 2.94 ppm and the methoxylic protons appeared at δ: 3.68 ppm.
Metallophthalocyanines 5, 6, and 7 were obtained from the reaction of phthalonitrile derivative 3 with corresponding anhydrous metal salts CuCl2·2H2O for complex 5, CoCl2·6H2O for complex 6, and ZnCl2 for complex 7 in 2-(dimethylamino) ethanol and DBU at 170 °C for 48 h under a nitrogen atmosphere after purification by column chromatography method utilizing chloroform/methanol (80:20) as eluent (Scheme 5).
Characterization of the phthalocyanine compounds was achieved by analysis of spectroscopic data from NMR (for complexe 6), IR, UV-vis, elemental analysis and mass spectroscopy.
In the IR spectra of the phthalocyanines 57, the proof of the cyclotetramerization was the absence of the CN stretching vibration observed at 2230 cm−1 of the compound 3. The main differences between metal-free (compound 4) and metallophthalocyanines 5–7 are inner cores NH stretching vibrations observed at 3406 cm−1 in the IR spectra, respectively.
1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of the metallophthalocyanines (M: Cu, Co) were precluded due to having paramagnetic metal atom [26,27]. Elemental analysis results of all compounds show good agreement with the calculated values.
1H-NMR spectra of the Zn phthalocyanine derivative 6 were obtained in DMSO-d6 at room temperature. The aromatic protons were observed at δ 7.36–8.26 ppm.

2.1. Ground State Electronic Absorption and Aggregation Properties

The spectral profiles of the three phthalocyanine compounds 57 were recorded in three organic solvents DMF, DMSO and THF. The spectra of the phthalocyanines 57 in various organic solvents are presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3.
It is obvious that there is no considerable change in absorption profile of the molecules with variation in polarity of the medium. The given compounds 5 and 6 possess bathochromic spectral shifts (positive solvatochromism) while moving from least polar solvent (DMSO) to the most polar solvent (THF). This is attributed to the fact that molecule in the ground state and excited state possesses different polarities. Absorption and extinction coefficients are presented in Table 1.
They exhibited typical electronic absorption with single intense π-π* transition, referred to as the Q band, much intense and characteristic for phthalocyanines, and another less intense and broader π-π* transition which is so-called Soret band (B).

2.2. Aggregations Studies

In this study, the aggregation behavior of complexes 57 was examined at different concentrations in DMSO [28,29,30,31]. (Figure 4 for complex 5, Figure 5 for complex 6 and Figure 6 for complex 7).
The aggregation behaviours of Pcs (57) were investigated at different concentrations ranging from 1.20 × 10−6 to 14 × 10−6 M in DMSO. It was observed that all of the Pcs (57) are consistent with the Beer-Lambert law for these concentration ranges.

2.3. Catalytic Eficiency of Metallophthalocyanines 57

The cyclocondensation of benzaldehyde, ethylacetoacetate and urea was studied by using phthalocyanines 57 as catalysts. These results are summarized in Table 2.
The DMC was found to be the better solvent in terms of reaction time and yield than all other solvents tested such as THF, ethanol and acetone. Furthermore a variety of different aromatic aldehydes were reacted with ethylacetoacetate and urea in the presence of a catalytic amount of Co(II)Pc 5 under similar reaction conditions. Results of these experiments are given in Table 3.
The new compounds 812 were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The analyses are consistent with the predicted structures as shown in the experimental section.
The data obtained from the 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 9 provided the characteristic chemical shifts for the structures, as expected. The present protocol provides a high yielding, efficient and improved route for the synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones. Further, Co(II)Pc 5 catalyst is better than the usual H+, ZnCl2 and ammonium salt catalysts used previously for the synthesis of (DHPMs) [32,33].

2.4. Recycling Performance of the Catalysts 57

After separation of the products, the filtrate containing the catalyst was reused in the next run without further purification. The data listed in Table 4 show that the Co(II)-phthalocyanine 5 could be reused three times without a notable decrease of catalytic activity. The easy recycling performance is also an attractive property of the Co(II)-phthalocyanine 5 for environmental protection and economic reasons.
The obtained results from Table 4 indicate that the catalyst can be reused as such without further treatment.

2.5. Antimicrobial Activity

The antimicrobial activity of the tested compounds 812 was evaluated against common pathogenic bacteria. They are are given in Table 5. Significant antimicrobial activity (MIC = 0.312 mg/mL) was observed against M. luteus. The antibiotic activity is no good (barely miliMolar) .They are slightly active. The best compound is not from a MCR.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General Information

All solvents and commercially available reagents were purchased from the suppliers and used without further purification. 1H-NMR(300 MHz) and 13C-NMR(75 MHz) spectra were recorded using (Bruker DPX 300, University of Almeria, Spain). Spectra were recorded in DMSO solutions and chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the standard. NMR multiplicities are abbreviated as follows: s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, m = multiplet signal. IR spectra were recorded on a 398 spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer, King Saud University, Ryadh, Saudi Arabia). Elemental microanalysis was performed on an Elementar Vario El III Carlo Erba 1108 elemental analyzer (INRAP, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia) and the values found were within ±0.3% of the theoretical values.

3.2. Synthesis of 4-(2-Acetyl-4-methoxyphenoxy)phthalonitrile (3)

To a stirred solution of 4-nitrophthalonitrile (0.38 g, 1.92 mmol) and 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)ethanone (0.55 g, 1.92 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (15 mL) was added portionwise finely powdered anhydrous potassium carbonate (0.8 g, 5.76 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The crude product was collected by filtration recrystallized from THF-petroleum ether to afford a white powder. Yield: 0.77 g (98%). m.p. = 400 °C. FT-IR (KBr) νmax, cm−1: 1305 (C-N), 1568 (C=C), 2230 (C≡N), 3049 (C-H, aromatic). 1H-NMR δ ppm: 7.35–8.26 (m, 6H, Harom), 3.60 (s, 3H, OCH3), 2.02 (s, 3H, CH3). 13C-NMR δ: 19.9 (CH3), 116.07 (CN), 113.25 (CN), 116.4–135.4 (Carom). MS (LCMS-MS) m/z: Calc. 292.2; found: 292.2. Anal. Calc. for C17H12O3N2: C, 69.85%; H, 4.13%; N, 9.58%; found: C, 69.8%; H, 4.1%; N, 9.4%.

3.3. Synthesis of Metal-Free 4

Compound 3 (0.38 g, 1 mmol), dry N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) (4 mL), three drops of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) were placed in a standard a Schlenk tube under a nitrogen atmosphere and the mixture was refluxed for 24 h at 150 °C. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was precipitated by the addition of ethanol and this green product was filtered off. The raw product was purified by silica gel column chromatography. Yield: (75%). m.p. = 330 °C. FT-IR (KBr) νmax, cm−1: 3406 (N-H); 3056 (C-Harom); 1232 (C-N)arom; 1613 (C=C). UV/Vis (DMSO, λmax nm (log ε)): 340 (4.684), 605 (4.377), 624 (4.528), 658 (5.004), 697 (5.117). 1H-NMR δ ppm: 7.05–8.55 (m, 24H, Harom), 3.68 (s, 12H, OCH3), 2.94 (s, 12H, CH3). Calc. for (C67H38N8O12): calculated (C, 70.15%; H, 3.33%; N, 9.76%); found (C, 70.1%; H, 3.20%; N, 9.8%).

3.4. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Metallophthalocyanines 57

Compound 3 (0.24 mmol), 0.06 mmol of the corresponding metal salts (ZnCl2, CuCl2•2H2O, CoCl2•6H2O), N,N-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) (4 mL) and 1,8-diazabicyclo [4.5.0]-undec-7-ene (DBU) (3 drops) were added in a Schlenk tube. The mixture was heated at reflux temperature of 170 °C for 48 h under a N2 atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the precipitate was filtered off and dried in vacuo over P2O5. The obtained green solid product was purified with column chromatography on silica gel with chloroform/methanol (8:1) as eluent.
Co(II)Pc (5).Yield: (52%). m.p. = 330 °C. FT-IR (KBr) νmax, cm−1: 3024 (C-Harom); 1387 (C-C); 1270 (C-N); 1607 (C=C); 1480 (C=N); 902 (Co-N). UV/Vis (DMSO, λmax nm (log ε)): 340 (5.033), 606 (4.648), 693 (5.243). Calc. for (C67H36N8O12Co): calculated (C, 66.83%; H, 3.01%; N, 9.30%); found (C, 66.8%; H, 3.20%; N, 9.4%).
Zn(II)Pc (6). Elution solvent system: chloroform/methanol (100:3) as eluent. Yield: (66%). m.p. = 330 °C. FT-IR (KBr) νmax, cm−1: 3020 (C-Harom); 1390 (C-C); 1272 (C-N); 1602 (C=C); 1482 (C=N); 903 (Zn-N). UV/Vis (DMSO, λmax nm (log ε)): 331 (4.924), 620 (4.653), 690 (5.169). Calc. for (C67H36N8O12Zn): calculated (C, 66.48%; H, 2.99%; N, 9.25%); found (C, 66.5%; H, 3.10%; N, 9.3%).
Cu(II)Pc (7). Yield: (39%). m.p. = 325 °C. FT-IR (KBr) νmax, cm−1: 3020 (C-Harom); 1385 (C-C); 1269 (C-N); 1606 (C=C); 1479 (C=N); 904 (Cu-N). UV/Vis (DMSO, λmax nm (log ε)): 345 (4.818), 622 (4.526), 681 (5.074). Calc. for (C67H36N8O12Cu): calculated (C, 66.58%; H, 3.00%; N, 9.27%); found (C, 66.5%; H, 3.10%; N, 9.3%).

3.5. General Procedure for Preparation of Compounds 812

Ethyl acetoacetate (1 mmol), aldehyde (1 mmol) and urea or urea (1.5 mmol) was heated at reflux for appropriate duration of time. After completion of the reaction as indicated by TLC (hexane/ethyl acetate 8:2), the reaction mixture was brought to room temperature. The remaining solid material was washed with hot ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated and the solid product was recrystallized from ethanol to give the pure product.
6-Methyl-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5–carboxylate (8). Yield: (78%). m.p. = 310 °C. IR (KBr): νmax (cm−1) = 3394 (NH); 3217 (NH); 3068 (NH); 1730 (C=O); 1660 (C=O); 1566 (C=C). 1H-NMR δ ppm: 1.06 (t, 3H, CH3(a)); 2.24 (s, 3H, CH3(b)); 3.85 (q, 2H, Hd); 6.74 (s, 1H, H3); 6.87 (s, 1H, H1); 7.1 (s, 1H, H6); 13C-NMR δ ppm: 13.5 (CH3(b)); 16.6 (CH3(a)); 52.5 (Cb); 60.7 (Cd); 109.8 (C5); 141.6 (C4); 158.7 (CO ester); 157.4 (C2), 127.4–144.2(Carom). Calc. for C14H1503N2 C, 9.82%; H, 88.53%, N, 1.63%; found: C 9.7%; H, 88.4%; N, 1.5%.
4-(3-Methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5–carboxylate (9). Yield: (92%). M.p. = 220 °C. IR (KBr): νmax (cm−1) = 3361 (NH); 3221 (NH); 1725 (C=O); 1616 (C=O); 1581 (C=C). 1H-NMR δ ppm: 1.14 (s,3H, (CH3(b)); 1.2 (s, 3H, (CH3(c)); 2,19 (s, 3H, CH3(a)); 4.50 (s, 2H, Hd); 6.72 (s, 1H, H3); 7.3-8.4 (m, 5H, Harom); 5.24 (s, 1H, H6). 13C-NMR δ ppm: 13.6 (CH3); 16.5 (CH3(b)); 42.1 (CH3(a)); 52.4 (C6); 60.6 (Cd); 109.6 (C5); 140.7 (C4); 159.6 (COester); 163,5 (C1); 127.5–139.4 (Carom), 176,4 (C3). Calc. for C15H1704N2 C, 9.35%; H, 89.19%, N, 1.45%; found: C, 9.4%; H, 89.2%; N, 1.5%.
4-(3-Methylphenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5–carboxylate (10). Yield: (96%). M.p. = 315 °C. IR (KBr): νmax (cm−1) = 3382 (NH); 3232 (NH); 1720 (C=O); 1652 (C=O); 1570 (C=C). 1H-NMR δ ppm: 1.03 (t, 3H, CH3(c)); 2.24 (s, 3H, CH3(b)); 3.42 (s, 3H, CH3(a)); 3.82 (q, 2H, Hd); 5.85 (s, 1H, Hb); 6,85 (dd, 1H, H6′); 6.80 (s, 1H, H2′); 7.1 (dd, 1H, H4′); 7.25 (dd, 1H, H5′); 7.6 (s, 1H, H1); 8.7 (s, 1H, H3). 13C-NMR δ ppm: 55.5 (OCH3); 16.4 (CH3(b)); 42.5 (CH3(a)); 52.7 (C6); 60,4 (Cd); 109.5 (C5); 140.6 (C4); 160.1 (COester); 156.5 (C2); 127.3–139.1 (Carom). Calc. for C15H1703N2 C, 9.36%; H, 89.18%, N, 1.45%; found: C, 9.4%; H, 89.2%; N, 1.5%.
4-(4-Bromophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5–carboxylate (11). Yield: (92%). m.p. = 315 °C. IR (KBr): νmax (cm−1) = 3398 (NH); 3219 (NH); 3107 (NH); 1720 (C=O); 1631 (C=O); 1568 (C=C). 1H-NMR δ ppm: 1.4 (t, 3H, CH3(c)); 2.22 (s, 3H, CH3(b)); 2.14 (s, 6H, N(CH3)2); 3.55 (q, 2H, Hd); 5.85 (s, 1H, H6); 8.65 (s, 1H, H3); 7.40 (s, 1H, H1); 6.62–7.25 (m, 5H, Harom). 13C-NMR δ ppm: 16.5 (N(CH3)2); 14.6 (CH3(b)); 42.5 (CH3(a)); 52.7 (C6); 61.1 (Cd); 109.4 (C5); 141.3 (C4); 158.8 (COester); 157.4(C2); 125.5–137.3 (Carom). Calc. for C14H1403N2Br C, 9.948%; H, 83.66%, N, 1.65%; found: C, 9.8; H, 83.2, N, 1.7.
4-(4-Nitrophenyl)-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5–carboxylate (12). Yield: (85%). m.p. = 315 °C. IR (KBr): νmax (cm−1) = 3390.6 (NH); 3218 (NH); 1729 (C=O); 1656 (C=O); 1560.3 (C=C). 1H-NMR δ ppm: 1.3 (t, 3H, CH3(c)); 2.22 (s, 3H, CH3(b)); 3.85 (q, 2H, Hd); 5.98 (s, 1H, H6); 8.69 (s, 1H, H3); 7.50 (s, 1H, H1); 6.76–7.36 (m,5H, Harom). 13C-NMR δ ppm: 14.9 (CH3(b)); 41.5 (CH3(a)); 53.7 (C6); 61.3 (Cd); 108.2 (C5); 142.3 (C4); 158.6 (COester); 157. 4 (C2); 127.5-139.3 (Carom). Calc. for C14H14O5N3 C, 10.33%; H, 87.07%; N, 2.58%; found: C, 10.4%; H, 87.2%; N, 2.6%.

3.6. Antimicrobial Activities

Antimicrobial activities of different DHPMs were evaluated by the agar well diffusion method [34] and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) [35,36].

4. Conclusions

The present study reports a new method for the preparation of DHPMs was discovered that utilizes a multicomponent coupling reaction catalyzed by MPc, with a rapid and high yielding cyclocondensation to afford the corresponding DHPMs. The use of MPc, was well tolerated by a range of aldehydes. These phthalocyanine complexes were found to be efficient, recyclable heterogeneous catalyst and showed rate enhancements and high yields in this transformation. Hence the use of MPc as a catalyst, for synthesis DHPMs is a precious addition to the available methods. Structures of synthesized compounds have been confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectra. The compounds 812 were investigated for their antimicrobial activities and revealed good activity.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding the research group No. RG-1435-023. Thanks are given also to Junta de Andalucía PAI-research group FQM-317.

Author Contributions

All the compounds are prepared by Naceur HAMDI. Rawdha Medyouni and Bilel Hallouma assisted in the interpretation of spectra. Lamjed Mansour performed some of analysis as well as interpretation of biological activities. While A.R. planned and discussed part of the research. All authors are aware of this manuscript and have agreed for its publication.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors confirm that this paper content has no conflict of interests.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are available from the authors.
Scheme 1. General one-pot Biginelli reaction to generate 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones 812.
Scheme 1. General one-pot Biginelli reaction to generate 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones 812.
Molecules 22 00605 sch001
Scheme 2. Regioselective methylation of quinacetophenone 1.
Scheme 2. Regioselective methylation of quinacetophenone 1.
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Scheme 3. Synthesis of compound 3.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of compound 3.
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Scheme 4. Synthesis of unmetalled phthalocyanine compound 4.
Scheme 4. Synthesis of unmetalled phthalocyanine compound 4.
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Scheme 5. Synthesis of metallophthalocyanine derivatives 57.
Scheme 5. Synthesis of metallophthalocyanine derivatives 57.
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MCo ZnCu
Compounds567
Figure 1. Absorption spectra of MPc 5 in different solvents at the concentration (Molar, 10−5 M).
Figure 1. Absorption spectra of MPc 5 in different solvents at the concentration (Molar, 10−5 M).
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Figure 2. Absorption spectra of MPc 6 in different solvents at the concentration (Molar, 10−5 M).
Figure 2. Absorption spectra of MPc 6 in different solvents at the concentration (Molar, 10−5 M).
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Figure 3. Absorption spectra of MPc 7 in different solvents at the concentration (Molar, 10−5 M).
Figure 3. Absorption spectra of MPc 7 in different solvents at the concentration (Molar, 10−5 M).
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Figure 4. The aggregation behavior of phthalocyanine 5 in DMSO.
Figure 4. The aggregation behavior of phthalocyanine 5 in DMSO.
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Figure 5. The aggregation behavior of phthalocyanine 6 in DMSO.
Figure 5. The aggregation behavior of phthalocyanine 6 in DMSO.
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Figure 6. The aggregation behavior of phthalocyanine 7 in DMSO.
Figure 6. The aggregation behavior of phthalocyanine 7 in DMSO.
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Table 1. Absorption and extinction coefficients of compounds 57.
Table 1. Absorption and extinction coefficients of compounds 57.
SolventPcsBandes (Q), λmax (nm) (log ε)Bandes (B), λmax (nm) (log ε)
DMF5615 (4.591); 697 (5.135)340 (5.033)
6636 (4.632); 697 (5.064)343 (4.834)
7614 (4.436); 675 (4.968)332 (4.645)
DMSO5622 (4.462); 708 (5.054)334 (4.728)
6631 (4.337); 701 (5.004)340 (4.526)
7614 (4.246); 693 (4.885)351 (4.403)
Table 2. Biginelli condensation using different metallophthalocyanines 57 as catalysts under different reaction conditions.
Table 2. Biginelli condensation using different metallophthalocyanines 57 as catalysts under different reaction conditions.
EntrySubstrateMPcReaction Time (h)SolventCatalyst (mol %)Yield a
(%)
1benzaldehyde51.5DMC298
2benzaldehyde63DMC290
3benzaldehyde72DMC285
43-methoxy benzaldehyde52.5EtOH280
53-methoxy benzaldehyde53THF275
63-methoxy benzaldehyde53.5CH3COCH3598
73-methoxy benzaldehyde51DMC1098
83-methoxy benzaldehyde54DMC-trace
Reaction conditions: aldehyde (5 mmol), urea (5 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (5 mmol), solvent (5 mL) and catalyst (2–10 mol %) at refluxing temperature. a Isolated yields. DMC: dimethylcarbonate.
Table 3. Co (II)Pc-catalyzed one pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones 812.
Table 3. Co (II)Pc-catalyzed one pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones 812.
SubstrateMPcDHPMTime (h)Yield a (%)
BenzaldehydeCo(II)Pc8378
3-MethoxybenzaldehydeCo(II)Pc9492
4-MethylbenzaldehydeCo(II)Pc10296
4-BromobenzaldehydeCo(II)Pc11292
4-NitrobenzaldehydeCo(II)Pc12385
a Isolated yields.
Table 4. Results of reusability of the Co(II)Pc.
Table 4. Results of reusability of the Co(II)Pc.
EntryCatalyst (mol)Reaction Time (h)Yield a
(%)
12198
2Cycle1190
3Cycle2185
4Cycle3195
Cycle 1, 2, 3 indicate the reusability of the catalyst recovered from experiment 1. Reaction condition: Benzaldehyde (5 mmol), ethyl acetoacetate (5 mmol), urea (5 mmol) and catalyst (2 mol %) in refluxing DMC. a Isolated yields.
Table 5. Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) expressed in mg/mL.
Table 5. Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) expressed in mg/mL.
Indicator Microorganism CompoundsMIC (mg/mL)
Micrococcus luteus
LB 14110
810
91.25
104
111.5
128
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 6538
85
92.5
105
114
12-
Listeria monocytogenes
ATCC 19117
85
90.625
10-
115
123.5
Salmonella Typhimurium
ATCC 14028
810
95
10-
115
128

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Hamdi, N.; Medyouni, R.; Bilel, H.; Mansour, L.; Romerosa, A. An Efficient One-Pot Protocol for the Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Using Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) as Potent Heterogeneous Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, Aggregation and Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules 2017, 22, 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040605

AMA Style

Hamdi N, Medyouni R, Bilel H, Mansour L, Romerosa A. An Efficient One-Pot Protocol for the Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Using Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) as Potent Heterogeneous Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, Aggregation and Antimicrobial Activity. Molecules. 2017; 22(4):605. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040605

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hamdi, Naceur, Rawdha Medyouni, Hallouma Bilel, Lamjed Mansour, and Antonio Romerosa. 2017. "An Efficient One-Pot Protocol for the Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones Using Metallophthalocyanines (MPcs) as Potent Heterogeneous Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, Aggregation and Antimicrobial Activity" Molecules 22, no. 4: 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22040605

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