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Article

Spiropyran-Isoquinoline Dyad as a Dual Chemosensor for Co(II) and In(III) Detection

Department of Chemistry, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 57922, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2017, 22(9), 1569; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091569
Submission received: 4 August 2017 / Accepted: 10 September 2017 / Published: 19 September 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Spiro Compounds)

Abstract

:
Spiropyran derivatives have been studied as light-regulated chemosensors for a variety of metal cations and anions, but there is little research on chemosensors that simultaneously detect multiple metal cations. In this study, a spiropyran derivative with isoquinoline, SP-IQ, was prepared and it functions investigated as a light-regulated sensor for both Co2+ and In3+ cations. A colorless nonfluorescent SP-IQ converts to a pink-colored fluorescent MC-IQ by UV irradiation or standing in the dark, and MC-IQ returns to SP-IQ with visible light. Upon UV irradiation with the Co2+ cation for 7 min, the stronger absorption at 540 nm and the similar fluorescence intensity at 640 nm are observed, compared to when no metal cation is added, due to the formation of a Co2+ complex with pink color and pink fluorescence. When placed in the dark with the In3+ cation for 7 h, the colorless solution of SP-IQ changes to the In3+ complex with yellow color and pink fluorescence, which shows strong absorption at 410 nm and strong fluorescence at 640 nm. Selective detection of the Co2+ cation with UV irradiation and the In3+ cation in the dark could be possible with SP-IQ by both absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or by the naked eye.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Cobalt salts have been used as pigments since ancient times to produce brilliant blue colors in paint, porcelain, and glass [1,2]. Cobalt alloys are used in powerful magnets, jet turbines, and medical orthopedic implants of the hip and knee because of its high-temperature strength, and corrosion and wear resistance. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used to treat cancer in radiotherapy. Cobalt is an essential trace element as a component of vitamin B12. However, cobalt is carcinogenic and causes heart and lung problems, occupational asthma, and vision and hearing problems, including tinnitus, deafness, and blindness [3].
Indium is notably used in the semiconductor industry to make indium tin oxide (ITO) for transparent conductive coatings on glass, which is an important part of touch screens, flat-screen TVs, and solar panels [4,5]. Indium metal is used as a light filter in low-pressure sodium vapor lamps, and as a mirror finish on windows of tall of an embryo to be teratogenic [6].
Numerous chemosensors have been buildings. Indium compounds are highly toxic and damage the heart, kidney, and liver, and causes the development developed for sensing various metal cations and anions. Among those, the detection techniques based on the change of color and/or fluorescence provide simple and inexpensive tools [7,8]. Therefore, colorimetric and/or fluorescent chemosensors for the detection of toxic heavy metals, such as Co2+ and In3+, have attracted significant interest because of their potential application in chemical, biological, industrial, and environmental research.
Organic photochromic materials have received great attention in various applications, including light-tunable biological and chemical systems, molecular logic gates, and light-regulated chemosensors [9]. Photochromic materials change their color reversibly through structural changes depending on whether they are exposed to UV light.
Spiropyran derivatives have been extensively studied as typical photochromic molecules, which accomplish the reversible interconversion between colorless non-fluorescent spiropyran and colored fluorescent merocyanine (Scheme 1) [10]. Upon UV irradiation, a ring-closed spiropyran form is converted into a ring-opened merocyanine form by heterolytic cleavage of the spiro C–O bond [11]. Merocyanine is a resonance hybrid between a zwitterion form MCa and a neutral quinonoid form MCb [12,13]. The merocyanine form is returned to the spiropyran form by ring-closure when exposed to visible light or thermal energy.
A negatively-charged phenolic oxygen in the ring-opened merocyanine form provides a chelating site for a variety of metal cations [14]. Spiropyran derivatives appended with a suitable ligand, which provides a cooperative binding site along with negatively-charged phenolic oxygen, can lead to light-regulated sensors for metal cations [15]. A variety of spiropyran-based chemosensors has been investigated as a selective, sensitive, and reproducible detection system for various metal cations [13,14,15,16,17,18].
Although chemosensors for a specific metal cation have been extensively developed, there are few studies on chemosensors that simultaneously detect multiple analytes [19,20,21].
In this paper, we report that SP-IQ, a spiropyran derivative appended with isoquinoline, functions as a light-regulated sensor for both Co2+ and In3+ cations.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Interconversion between SP-IQ and MC-IQ

SP-IQ is colorless and non-fluorescent. It shows absorption maxima at 272 and 325 nm in CH3CN/H2O (1/1, v/v).
Irradiation of SP-IQ using 350 nm light changed the colorless solution to MC-IQ of pink color. Absorption and fluorescence spectral changes of SP-IQ in CH3CN/H2O (1/1, v/v) with the irradiation at 350 nm are shown in Figure 1. Due to the photoinduced conversion by C–O bond cleavage from SP-IQ, a spiropyran form, to MC-IQ, a merocyanine form, new absorption at 540 nm and new fluorescence at 640 nm increase with irradiation time.
Figure 2 shows the spectral changes of absorption and fluorescence by the reverse reaction from MC-IQ (formed after irradiation of SP-IQ with 350 nm light for 7 min) to SP-IQ over time (0–28 min) under room illumination. When placed under room light, the pink color of MC-IQ is blurred. As MC-IQ reverts to SP-IQ through a ring closure reaction by visible light, the absorbance at 540 nm and the fluorescence intensity at 640 nm decrease.
The absorption and fluorescence spectral changes of SP-IQ which is placed in the dark (Figure 3) are very similar to those of SP-IQ which is irradiated at 350 nm. The new absorption at 540 nm and the new fluorescence at 640 nm slowly increase over 6 h when the solution of SP-IQ is placed in the dark. The ring-opening reaction from SP-IQ to MC-IQ is thought to occur not only on UV irradiation, but also in the dark. Probably, the major isomer in UV light or darkness is MC-IQ, whereas the major isomer under visible light is SP-IQ.
Figure 4 shows the spectral changes of absorption and fluorescence by reverse reaction from MC-IQ (formed after dark incubation of SP-IQ for 7 h) to SP-IQ with time (0–11 min) under room illumination. When placed in a lit room, the absorbance at 540 nm and the fluorescence intensity at 640 nm decrease, indicating that MC-IQ returns to SP-IQ through the ring closure reaction by visible light.
Most spiropyran derivatives convert from the spiropyran form to the merocyanine form by UV irradiation. Conversely, merocyanine converts to spiropyran by visible light, or thermally [10]. However, a colorless nonfluorescent SP-IQ converts to a pink-colored fluorescent MC-IQ by UV irradiation or in the dark, and MC-IQ returns to SP-IQ by visible light (Scheme 2). Regardless of whether MC-IQ is formed by UV irradiation or in the dark, MC-IQ returns to SP-IQ under room illumination, i.e., visible light. These observations are unusual and interesting. It is thought that while SP-IQ is the preferred isomer under visible light, MC-IQ is the preferred isomer in UV light or in the dark.

2.2. Selective Sensing of Co2+

Absorption and fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ show no changes with adding various metal cations (Ag2+, Al3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Cu+, Fe2+, Hg2+, In3+, Ni2+, Zn2+).
However, upon UV irradiation, some changes for the absorption and fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ are observed with the addition of various metal cations. Figure 5 shows the absorption and fluorescence spectra, and the visual color and fluorescence of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the addition of various metal cations. Figure 5a,b show that an absorption band at 540 nm and a fluorescence band at 640 nm appear after UV irradiation of SP-IQ without metal cations. UV irradiation with the Co2+ cation exhibits a high absorbance at 540 and a similar fluorescence intensity at 640 nm, compared to the absence of metal cations. In the presence of metal cations other than Co2+ cation, the absorption at 540 nm and the fluorescence at 640 nm become weaker. Figure 5c shows pink solutions with no metal cation and with the addition of Co2+ cation. Colorless and nonfluorescent SP-IQ converts to pink MC-IQ after UV irradiation without metal cations. After UV irradiation with the addition of the Co2+ cation, the solution shows a pink color and pink fluorescence due to the formation of a complex MCa-IQ–Co2+ between MCa-IQ and the Co2+ cation. In the presence of metal cations other than Co2+ cation, the pink color becomes pale. The solution is colorless in the presence of the In3+ cation. Figure 5d shows pink fluorescence with no metal cation and with the addition of Co2+ cation. In the presence of other metal cations other than Co2+ cation, the fluorescence is weaker. The fluorescence is strongly quenched in the presence of In3+ cation. As shown in Figure 5e, stronger absorption at 540 nm and similar fluorescence intensity at 640 nm are observed with the Co2+ cation, compared to when no metal cation is added. In the presence of metal cations other than the Co2+ cation, the absorption at 540 nm and the fluorescence at 640 nm is weaker. Figure 5f shows that the existence of other competing ions, except the In3+ cation, does not disturb the selective detection of the Co2+ cation.
The Job plot indicates the formation of a 1:1 complex between SP-IQ and the Co2+ cation (Figure 6).
Figure 7 shows the absorption and fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the various concentrations of Co2+ cations. MC-IQ formed by 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min produces MCa-IQ–Co2+ complex with the Co2+ cation. As the concentration of Co2+ increases, more MCa-IQ–Co2+ complex are formed and the absorbance at 540 nm linearly increases up to two-fold. However, the fluorescence intensity at 640 nm does not change significantly even when the concentration of Co2+ increases. It is thought that the fluorescence efficiency of MCa-IQ–Co2+ complexes are similar with that of MC-IQ.

2.3. Effect of Other Metal Cations Except Co2+—in the Case of Fe2+

To investigate the changes in absorption and fluorescence in the presence of other metal cations except Co2+, we chose the Fe2+ cation arbitrarily among the cations. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with various concentration of Fe2+ are shown in Figure 8. Both absorption at 540 nm and fluorescence at 640 nm are weakened with the increased concentration of Fe2+, in contrast that these are enhanced with the increased concentration of Co2+. The addition of Fe2+ and other metal cations except Co2+ is presumed to inhibit the photoconversion from SP-IQ to MC-IQ by UV irradiation.
This result shows that the Co2+ cation can be selectively detected among the cations.

2.4. Selective Sensing of In3+

Absorption and fluorescence spectral changes and visual color and fluorescence of SP-IQ after being placed in the dark for 7 h with various metal cations are shown in Figure 9.
New intense absorption at 410 nm and a 6.4-fold increase in fluorescence at 640 nm are observed only with In3+ (Figure 9a,b,e). In the presence of other metal cations except In3+, no absorption band at 410 nm and extremely weak fluorescence at 640 nm are observed. Figure 9c shows the yellow solution with the addition of In3+ cation, and the colorless or pale pink solutions in the presence of metal cations other than the In3+ cation. It was reported that a similar yellow solution of spiropyran derivatives was observed in the presence of H+ or CN [14,18]. Figure 9d shows intense pink fluorescence only with the addition of the In3+ cation, while no fluorescence is observed in the presence of other metal cations other than In3+. In the dark, upon the addition of the In3+ cation, the colorless solution of SP-IQ changes slowly to the yellow complex MCb-IQ–In3+ between MCb-IQ and In3+ cation. Figure 9f shows that the existence of other competing ions does not disturb the selective detection of In3+ cation. Selective detection of the In3+ cation could be possible with SP-IQ by both absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or with the naked eye.
The Job plot indicates the formation of a 1:1 complex between SP-IQ and In3+ cation (Figure 10).
Figure 11 shows the absorption and fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after placed in the dark for 7 h with various concentrations of In3+ cations. As the concentration of In3+ increases, MC-IQ formed in the dark converts to MCb-IQ–In3+ complex with In3+ cation. Absorption at 540 nm, corresponding to MC-IQ decreases, and absorption at 410 nm, corresponding to the MCb-IQ–In3+ complex increases linearly with the increase in concentration of In3+. An isosbestic point at 483 nm is clearly observed. Fluorescence intensity at 640 nm increases linearly as the concentration of In3+ increases, due to the formation of MCb-IQ–In3+ complex with higher fluorescence efficiency than MC-IQ.
The In3+ cation could be detected selectively with UV irradiation of SP-IQ using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in the range of 10–80 μM. The linear detection range of the In3+ cation is 10–80 μM and the detection limit of the In3+ cation is 10 μM.
Chemosensors for the independent detection of Co2+ and In3+ cations have been previously reported. However, chemosensors for simultaneous detection of Co2+ and In3+ cations have not been reported until now (see Table 1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a dual chemosensor for Co2+ and In3+ cations.

2.5. pH Effect

The effect of pH on the absorption response of the MCa-IQ–Co2+ complex and the MCb-IQ–In3+ complex was investigated in the pH range of 1–11 (Figure 12). The characteristic absorptions of the MCa-IQ–Co2+ complex and the MCb-IQ–In3+ complex are stable between pH 3 and pH 9. Therefore, Co2+ and In3+ cations could be detected with the naked eye or UV-Vis absorption measurements using the SP-IQ chemosensor over a wide pH range of 3–9.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

The reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 at 400 and 101 MHz, respectively, using an Inova 500 spectrometer (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA). UV-Vis absorption spectra were measured using a quartz cuvette in a UV-2401PC spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Fluorescence spectra were measured on an AMINCO-Bowman Series 2 spectrofluorometer (Silver Spring, MD, USA). Unless otherwise noted, the concentration of SP-IQ is 1 × 10−5 M in CH3CN/H2O (1/1, v/v). For spectrophotometric titrations, the concentration of Co2+ and In3+ are used in the range of 0~45 μM and 0–100 μM, respectively.

3.2. Synthesis of SP-IQ

SP-IQ, a spiropyran derivative appended with isoquinoline, was prepared by the reaction between SP-OH and isoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid (Scheme 3). SP-OH was prepared following the reported procedure [14].
To the mixture of SP-OH (100 mg, 0.28 mmol) and isoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid (54 mg, 0.31 mmol) in dichloromethane, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (58 mg, 0.28 mmol), and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (34 mg, 0.28 mmol) were added at 0 °C. The solution temperature was raised to room temperature and the mixture was stirred for 12 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with aqueous sodium carbonate solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and evaporated. The residual mixture was purified with silica gel chromatography (eluent: ethyl acetate/hexane = 1/1, v/v). Pure SP-IQ (100 mg, 70% yield) was obtained as a light yellow solid.
2-(3′,3′-dimethyl-6-nitrospiro[chromene-2,2′-indolin]-1′-yl)ethyl isoquinoline-1-carboxylate (SP-IQ). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3). δ 1.26 (s, 3H, -CH3), 1.27 (s, 3H, -CH3), 3.68 (m, 1H, -NCH2CH2O-), 3.78 (m, 1H, -NCH2CH2O-), 4.66 (t, 2H, J = 4.0 Hz, -NCH2CH2O-), 5.99 (d, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz, pyran -CH=CHPh-), 6.68 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, NO2-Ph meta-H), 6.78 (d, 1H, J = 7.6 Hz, phenyl H of indoline), 6.82 (d, 1H, J = 10.4 Hz, pyran -CH=CHPh-), 6.89 (t, 1H, J = 7.2 Hz, phenyl H of indoline), 7.09 (dd, 1H, J = 1.2 & 7.6 Hz, phenyl H of indoline), 7.19 (dt 1H, J = 1.2 & 7.6 Hz, phenyl H of indoline), 7.64 (dt, 1H, J = 1.2 & 8.4 Hz, phenyl H of isoquinoline), 7.74 (dt, 1H, J = 1.2 & 8.4 Hz, phenyl H of isoquinoline), 7.82 (d, 1H, J = 5.4 Hz, pyridyl meta-H of isoquinoline), 7.84 (s, 1H, NO2-Ph ortho-H), 7.85 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, NO2-Ph ortho-H), 7.88 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, phenyl H of isoquinoline), 8.59 (d, 1H, J = 5.4 Hz, pyridyl ortho-H of isoquinoline), 8.69 (d, 1H, J = 8.4 Hz, phenyl H of isoquinoline). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3). δ 20.0, 26.0, 42.5, 53.1, 63.6, 106.7, 106.9, 115.6, 118.6, 120.1, 122.0, 122.1, 122.7, 124.5, 125.9, 126.4, 126.9, 127.3, 128.1, 128.6, 128.9, 130.8, 136.0, 137.0, 141.1, 141.7, 146.6, 148.3, 159.5, 165.8.

4. Conclusions

In summary, the results of the photoinduced interaction between SP-IQ and various metal cations are as follows:
Upon UV irradiation, colorless and non-fluorescent SP-IQ turns to MC-IQ with a pink color, with absorption at 540 nm and fluorescence at 640 nm. Even in the dark, SP-IQ converts to MC-IQ. In other words, MC-IQ is formed from SP-IQ by standing in the dark or by UV irradiation. MC-IQ returns to SP-IQ under room light, i.e., visible light. It is thought that the major isomer under visible light is SP-IQ, while the major isomer under UV light or in the dark is MC-IQ.
Absorption and fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ show no changes with the addition of various metal cations. When UV light is irradiated in the presence of various metal cations, colorless SP-IQ forms a pink MCa-IQ–Co2+ complex only with the Co2+ cation, which has strong absorption at 540 nm and fluorescence at 640 nm. With other metal cations, absorption at 540 nm and fluorescence at 640 nm are attenuated. In the dark with the addition of various metal cations, SP-IQ shows strong absorption at 410 nm and strong fluorescence at 640 nm only with In3+ cation, due to the formation of the MCb-IQ–In3+ complex with a yellow color and strong pink fluorescence. From the changes in absorption and fluorescence spectra, it could be roughly deduced that a thermal ring-opening reaction in the ground state favors the zwitterionic structure, which forms the complex with the Co2+ cation, whereas the photochemical ring-opening reaction in the excited state favors the quinonoid structure, which forms the complex with the In3+ cation [12,13].
The results show that SP-IQ acts as a dual sensor for both Co2+ and In3+ cations. SP-IQ could selectively detect Co2+ with UV irradiation and In3+ cations in the dark, by using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy or by the naked eye.

Acknowledgments

This paper was supported by Sunchon National University Research Fund in 2016.

Author Contributions

Yong-Min Kho performed all experiments including synthesis, purification, and spectroscopic measurements. Eun Ju Shin designed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
Scheme 1. Interconversion between spiropyran (SP) and merocyanine (MC). MC is a resonance hybrid between MCa and MCb.
Scheme 1. Interconversion between spiropyran (SP) and merocyanine (MC). MC is a resonance hybrid between MCa and MCb.
Molecules 22 01569 sch001
Figure 1. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes of SP-IQ with irradiation time (0–120 s, Different color lines represent different irradiation times.) with UV irradiation at 350 nm. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. irradiation time.
Figure 1. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes of SP-IQ with irradiation time (0–120 s, Different color lines represent different irradiation times.) with UV irradiation at 350 nm. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. irradiation time.
Molecules 22 01569 g001
Figure 2. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes by reverse reaction from MC-IQ (formed after irradiation of SP-IQ with 350 nm light for 7 min) to SP-IQ over time (0–28 min, Different color lines represent different irradiation times.) under room illumination. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. room illumination time.
Figure 2. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes by reverse reaction from MC-IQ (formed after irradiation of SP-IQ with 350 nm light for 7 min) to SP-IQ over time (0–28 min, Different color lines represent different irradiation times.) under room illumination. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. room illumination time.
Molecules 22 01569 g002
Figure 3. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes of SP-IQ over time (0–6 h, Different color lines represent different times.) during the dark incubation. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. irradiation time.
Figure 3. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes of SP-IQ over time (0–6 h, Different color lines represent different times.) during the dark incubation. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. irradiation time.
Molecules 22 01569 g003
Figure 4. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes by reverse reaction from MC-IQ (formed after dark incubation of SP-IQ for 7 h) to SP-IQ with time (0–11 min, Different color lines represent different times.) under room illumination. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. room illumination time.
Figure 4. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectral changes by reverse reaction from MC-IQ (formed after dark incubation of SP-IQ for 7 h) to SP-IQ with time (0–11 min, Different color lines represent different times.) under room illumination. Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. room illumination time.
Molecules 22 01569 g004
Scheme 2. Interconversion between SP-IQ and MC-IQ. MC-IQ is a resonance hybrid between MCa-IQ and MCb-IQ. In each pair of photos, left and right show the color and fluorescence of the solution, respectively.
Scheme 2. Interconversion between SP-IQ and MC-IQ. MC-IQ is a resonance hybrid between MCa-IQ and MCb-IQ. In each pair of photos, left and right show the color and fluorescence of the solution, respectively.
Molecules 22 01569 sch002
Figure 5. (a) Absorption spectra, (b) fluorescence spectra, (c) photograph of visual color change, (d) photograph of fluorescence change, and (e) relative absorbance and fluorescence intensity of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the addition of various metal cations; and (f) relative absorbance of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the addition of various metal cations (1 × 10−4 M; Ag2+, Cd2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, In3+, Ni2+, Zn2+) in the presence of Co2+ (1 × 10−4 M).
Figure 5. (a) Absorption spectra, (b) fluorescence spectra, (c) photograph of visual color change, (d) photograph of fluorescence change, and (e) relative absorbance and fluorescence intensity of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the addition of various metal cations; and (f) relative absorbance of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the addition of various metal cations (1 × 10−4 M; Ag2+, Cd2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, In3+, Ni2+, Zn2+) in the presence of Co2+ (1 × 10−4 M).
Molecules 22 01569 g005
Figure 6. Job plot of SP-IQ and Co2+ cation. Absorbance at 540 nm for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and Co2+ cation after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min was plotted as a function of the molar ratio [Co2+]/([SP-IQ] + [Co2+]). The total concentration for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and the Co2+ cation was 1 × 10−5 M.
Figure 6. Job plot of SP-IQ and Co2+ cation. Absorbance at 540 nm for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and Co2+ cation after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min was plotted as a function of the molar ratio [Co2+]/([SP-IQ] + [Co2+]). The total concentration for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and the Co2+ cation was 1 × 10−5 M.
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Figure 7. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the various concentration of Co2+ (0~45 μM, Different color lines represent different Co2+ concentrations.). Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. [Co2+].
Figure 7. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with the various concentration of Co2+ (0~45 μM, Different color lines represent different Co2+ concentrations.). Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. [Co2+].
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Figure 8. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with various concentration of Fe2+ (0~100 μM, Different color lines represent different Fe2+ concentrations.). Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. [Fe2+].
Figure 8. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after 350 nm UV irradiation for 7 min with various concentration of Fe2+ (0~100 μM, Different color lines represent different Fe2+ concentrations.). Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 540 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. [Fe2+].
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Figure 9. (a) Absorption spectra, (b) fluorescence spectra, (c) photograph of visual color change, (d) photograph of fluorescence change, and (e) relative absorbance and fluorescence intensity of SP-IQ after placed in the dark for 7 h with the absence and the presence of various metal cations; and (f) relative absorbance of SP-IQ after being placed in the dark for 7 h with the absence and the presence of various metal cations (1 × 10−4 M; Ag2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, In3+, Ni2+, Zn2+) in the presence of In3+ (1 × 10−4 M).
Figure 9. (a) Absorption spectra, (b) fluorescence spectra, (c) photograph of visual color change, (d) photograph of fluorescence change, and (e) relative absorbance and fluorescence intensity of SP-IQ after placed in the dark for 7 h with the absence and the presence of various metal cations; and (f) relative absorbance of SP-IQ after being placed in the dark for 7 h with the absence and the presence of various metal cations (1 × 10−4 M; Ag2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Hg2+, In3+, Ni2+, Zn2+) in the presence of In3+ (1 × 10−4 M).
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Figure 10. Job plot of SP-IQ and In3+ cation. Absorbance at 410 nm for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and In3+ cation after being placed in the dark for 7 h was a function of the plotted as molar ratio [In3+]/([SP-IQ]+[In3+]). The total concentration for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and In3+ cation was 1 × 10−5 M.
Figure 10. Job plot of SP-IQ and In3+ cation. Absorbance at 410 nm for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and In3+ cation after being placed in the dark for 7 h was a function of the plotted as molar ratio [In3+]/([SP-IQ]+[In3+]). The total concentration for the mixed solutions of SP-IQ and In3+ cation was 1 × 10−5 M.
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Figure 11. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after placed in the dark for 7 h with the addition of In3+ (0–100 μM, Different color lines represent different In3+ concentrations.). Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 410 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. [In3+].
Figure 11. (a) Absorption and (b) fluorescence spectra of SP-IQ after placed in the dark for 7 h with the addition of In3+ (0–100 μM, Different color lines represent different In3+ concentrations.). Inset: Plots of (a) absorbance at 410 nm and (b) fluorescence intensity at 640 nm vs. [In3+].
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Figure 12. (a) Absorbance at 540 nm for MCa-IQ–Co2+ complex and (b) absorbance at 410 nm for MCb-IQ–In3+ complex at different pH (1–11).
Figure 12. (a) Absorbance at 540 nm for MCa-IQ–Co2+ complex and (b) absorbance at 410 nm for MCb-IQ–In3+ complex at different pH (1–11).
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Scheme 3. Synthesis of SP-IQ.
Scheme 3. Synthesis of SP-IQ.
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Table 1. Chemosensors for Co2+ and In3+ cations.
Table 1. Chemosensors for Co2+ and In3+ cations.
StructureCo2+ SensorIn3+ SensorOther Metal Cation SensorReference (Year)
Molecules 22 01569 i001O
(Linear range: 3.2 × 10−8~1.4 × 10−6 M)
XX[22] (2008)
Molecules 22 01569 i002OXNi2+[23] (2011)
Molecules 22 01569 i003OXX[24] (2014)
Molecules 22 01569 i004O
(Detection Limit: 2 ppm, Linear range: 0.4~1 ppm)
XX[25] (2016)
Molecules 22 01569 i005OXZn2+[26] (2016)
Molecules 22 01569 i006O
(Detection Limit: 1.8 × 10−6 M)
XX[27] (2016)
Molecules 22 01569 i007XOX[28] (2005)
Molecules 22 01569 i008XOAl3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Ga3+[29] (2013)
Molecules 22 01569 i009OOXThis study

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Kho, Y.-M.; Shin, E.J. Spiropyran-Isoquinoline Dyad as a Dual Chemosensor for Co(II) and In(III) Detection. Molecules 2017, 22, 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091569

AMA Style

Kho Y-M, Shin EJ. Spiropyran-Isoquinoline Dyad as a Dual Chemosensor for Co(II) and In(III) Detection. Molecules. 2017; 22(9):1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091569

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kho, Yong-Min, and Eun Ju Shin. 2017. "Spiropyran-Isoquinoline Dyad as a Dual Chemosensor for Co(II) and In(III) Detection" Molecules 22, no. 9: 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091569

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