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Article

Application of a General Computer Algorithm Based on the Group-Additivity Method for the Calculation of Two Molecular Descriptors at Both Ends of Dilution: Liquid Viscosity and Activity Coefficient in Water at Infinite Dilution

1
Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
2
Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2018, 23(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010005
Submission received: 10 December 2017 / Revised: 16 December 2017 / Accepted: 19 December 2017 / Published: 21 December 2017

Abstract

:
The application of a commonly used computer algorithm based on the group-additivity method for the calculation of the liquid viscosity coefficient at 293.15 K and the activity coefficient at infinite dilution in water at 298.15 K of organic molecules is presented. The method is based on the complete breakdown of the molecules into their constituting atoms, further subdividing them by their immediate neighborhood. A fast Gauss–Seidel fitting method using experimental data from literature is applied for the calculation of the atom groups’ contributions. Plausibility tests have been carried out on each of the calculations using a ten-fold cross-validation procedure which confirms the excellent predictive quality of the method. The goodness of fit (Q2) and the standard deviation (σ) of the cross-validation calculations for the viscosity coefficient, expressed as log(η), was 0.9728 and 0.11, respectively, for 413 test molecules, and for the activity coefficient log(γ) the corresponding values were 0.9736 and 0.31, respectively, for 621 test compounds. The present approach has proven its versatility in that it enabled the simultaneous evaluation of the liquid viscosity of normal organic compounds as well as of ionic liquids.

1. Introduction

In recent years, among the many computational methods for the prediction of physico-chemical properties of organic compounds, such as those derived from (quantum-)theoretical considerations, multiple linear regression approaches based on correlations between further properties of interest, cluster analysis, principal component analysis or group-additivity methods, the latter method has gained increasing interest due to its wide-ranging applicability for the evaluation of numerous molecular descriptors. Recently, two papers [1,2] demonstrated its versatility in that a single computer algorithm using a radical form of the atom-groups additivity method was able to reliably predict ten molecular descriptors: heats of combustion, solvation, sublimation and vaporization, entropy of fusion, partition coefficient logPo/w, solubility logSwater, refractivity, polarizability and toxicity. The availability of the experimental values of the liquid viscosity coefficient (η) and the activity coefficient at infinite dilution in water log(γ) of several hundred organic compounds from various literature references gave reason to try to extend the atom-groups additivity approach described in [1] to these two descriptors, which coincidentally are both at the extreme ends of dilution.
The viscosity is an important property of liquid compounds, its knowledge required in particular in the transport business of bulk quantities of liquids as well as in the field of ionic liquids. Earlier attempts to predict the liquid viscosity coefficient of organic compounds have been developed on a statistical mechanics model based on the square well intermolecular potential [3], or have been carried out applying multiple linear regression and artificial neural network modelling methods using a limited number of descriptors as input [4,5], or are based on a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) approach using a five-descriptor equation [6], or use a combination of partial least-square and QSPR technique starting with 18 mostly experimental parameters, finally ending with a model with nine descriptors [7].
Knowledge of the activity coefficient of a molecule at infinite dilution γ is important, e.g., to characterize liquid mixtures, to screen solvents for extractive distillation processes or to predict the existence of azeotropes. Several methods for the γ calculation have been published, based on QSPR or group contribution methods (e.g., ASOG or UNIFAC), summed up in [8]. An interesting approach founded on the ant-colony optimization (ACO) method, which allowed to select five relevant descriptors out of 1160 quantum-chemical and topological descriptors [9].
All the mentioned prediction methods rely on various series of either experimental or theoretically evaluated descriptors of the compounds. The advantage of the present method lies in the fact that, on the one hand, a unified computer algorithm enabled the evaluation of the group parameters for both descriptors from experimental data, and, on the other hand, that for their subsequent predictive calculation even a 2D sketch of a moleculeon a sheet of paper would be of sufficient help.

2. General Procedure

The present compounds with known viscosity or activity coefficient values are stored as 3D-geometry-optimized structures in a knowledge database encompassing at present more than 30,000 records covering the fields of pharmaceuticals, plant protection, dyes, ionic liquids, liquid crystals, metal-organics, lab intermediates and many more, and containing a large number of experimental and calculated molecular descriptors.
The atom-groups additivity method underlying the present algorithm for the calculation of the two title descriptors has been detailed in an earlier publication [1]. Accordingly, the definition and meaning of the atom groups in the respective parameters tables for the two descriptors remain identical and are explained in Table 1 of [1] and its footnotes. (For better readability of a neighbors term containing iodine its symbol is written as J.) In order to include the ionic liquids a number of further atom groups representing their charged moieties had to be included (see Table 1), which are treated the same way by the computer algorithm as the remaining ones.
While most of the group definitions are self-explanatory, group No. 3 requires some additional explanation: in drawings of compounds such as imidazolium (or guanidinium, for that matter) the positive charge is usually assumed to be localized on one of the nitrogen atoms, which inherently implies an asymmetrical charge distribution in these molecules where there is none. This creates an ambiguity problem in truly asymmetrical cases where one or more of these nitrogen atoms carry additional, different substituents: on which nitrogen atom should the positive charge now be positioned? The best answer is given by quantum-theoretical calculations, e.g., by the extended Hückel MO (EHMO) method [10], which prove that the positive charge is indeed essentially centered on the carbon atom between the nitrogen atoms (see Figure 1)! This is also true for analogous compounds carrying alkyl substituents at the nitrogen atoms (which would be represented by the atom group No. 4 in Table 1).
Accordingly, the representation of e.g., the 2-methylimidazolium ion applied to the present group-additivity calculations has the positive charge assigned to the carbon atom at position 2, which on the other hand is bound to the two neighbor nitrogens by aromatic bonds. (Analogously, the positive charge of the guanidinium ion would be assigned to the central carbon atom, which is bound to each of the three nitrogen atoms by aromatic bonds).
Following the calculation procedure described in [1], the computer algorithm breaks down the molecule to be evaluated into its constituting atom groups and checks for their occurrence in the respective group-parameters table generated earlier. In order to be eligible for the molecule’s descriptor evaluation, the algorithm ensures that not only each of the molecule’s atom groups is found in the group-parameters table but also that each of the groups found is “valid”, i.e., that each has been represented in the preceding parameters-evaluation process by at least three independent molecules with known experimental descriptor value. On condition that these two requirements are fulfilled, the descriptor calculation follows the general Equation (1), where Y is the descriptor, ai and bj are the contributions, Ai is the number of occurrences of the ith atom group, and Bj is the number of occurrences of the jth special group and C is a constant:
Y = i a i A i + j b j B j + C
For each of the presented two descriptors a separate group-parameters table has been prepared. The evaluation of the group contributions according to the detailed description in [1] was immediately followed by a plausibility test based on a ten-fold cross-validation procedure, wherein it was ensured that each of the compounds has been introduced alternatively as both a test or training sample. In row A to H at the end of each parameters table the results are collected. The correlation diagrams and histograms in the respective sections below show the results of the training and cross-validation calculations in black and red colors, respectively.
In the calculation processes of the two group-parameters tables it turned out that for an optimal viscosity-coefficient prediction the second summand in Equation (1) was not needed as there was no special group required, whereas for the prediction of the activity coefficient log(γ) the best value for the constant C was zero.
Looking at the rightmost column of the group-parameters tables showing the number of molecules representing a given atom group, one may notice that some of the atom groups are represented by less than three molecules. These atom groups are therefore not applicable for descriptor predictions; nevertheless, they have been left in the parameters tables for potential future use in this continuous project. As the parameters tables show, calculations have been restricted to molecules containing the elements H, B, C, N, O, P, S, Si and/or halogen.

3. Results

3.1. General Remarks

(1)
Cross-validation data in the following figures are superpositioned in red.
(2)
Generally, compounds, the experimental values of which exceeded by more than three times the cross-validated standard error, have been excluded from group-parameters calculations and have been collected in a list of outliers.
(3)
Lists of molecules used in these studies are available as standard SDF files, stored in the Supplementary Materials, which also encompasses the lists of results with molecule names, experimental, training and cross-validation values and, additionally, lists of experimental outliers.

3.2. Liquid Viscosity Coefficient

Conventionally, the standard temperature for the viscosity values has been chosen to be 293.15 K in order to compare them with that of water, which then conveniently is 1 centipoise (1.0087 cP, to be precise). Accordingly, only viscosity coefficients have been considered in the literature which have been measured or reduced to this temperature. In the present study the viscosity coefficients have been transformed into their decimal logarithm and entered into the group-additivity calculation as log(η). The main sources of experimental viscosity data have been the collective papers of Suzuki et al. [5,7] and Katritzky et al. [6], supplemented by more recently published experimental results for alkanes [11,12,13,14], haloalkanes [15,16], alkanols [17,18,19,20], alkylamines [21,22,23,24], aminoalcohols [25,26,27], ethers [28,29], aminoethers [30], acetals [31], ketones [32], esters [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43], hydroxyesters [44,45], carbonate esters [46], and amides [47,48,49,50,51,52]. Beyond these, experimental data have been added for compounds with atom groups that have not yet been represented in the parameters table: phosphoric acid esters [53,54,55], phosphoric acid amides [56], siloxanes [57] and in particular ionic liquids [32,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72]. Table 2 lists the final result of the atom-groups parameters calculation, based on 501 compounds. Attempts to further improve the result by the inclusion of certain special groups described in Table 2 of paper [1], such as correction factors for pure hydrocarbons or for methylene chains, unanimously yielded slightly lower correlation coefficients and higher standard deviations.
Entries A to H at the bottom of Table 1 show that 126 atom groups were required in the atom-groups parameters calculation to comprise 501 compounds with known experimental viscosity data, of which 76 atom groups were finally “valid”, i.e., reliable for viscosity-coefficient predictions. Accordingly, only 460 compounds of the entire training set and 413 of the ten cross-validation test sets were fit for prediction.
The correlation diagram in Figure 2 reveals a very good compliance between the training and cross-validation results, confirmed by the close similarity of standard deviations R2 and Q2 (lines B and F in Table 2). The corresponding histogram in Figure 3 exhibits a slightly distorted Gaussian bell curve, the maximum of which being shifted by 0.02 to the negative deviations (indicating smaller experimental values than predicted), which might be ascribed to the relatively small number of experimental data.
Of particular interest is the question as to how well the prediction of the viscosity of ionic liquids performs. For 15 of the presently 33 ionic liquids, for which experimental data were available, predictions were possible. Their log(η) ranged between 1.951 and 4.3732; hence, in Figure 2 they are all positioned at the upper half of the correlation diagram. Evidently, their data points are in excellent conformance with those of the “normal” compounds, which may be surprising considering the additional interactive forces acting between their ionic moieties, but these extra effects are inherently considered in the assigned atom-groups parameters listed in Table 1. Nevertheless, five out of the 33 ionic liquids had to be removed from calculations as their deviation exceeded prediction by far more than three times the cross-validated standard deviation. They are collected in the list of outliers, available in the Supplementary Materials.
How do these results compare with the prediction methods published earlier? Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques, described in [7], applied on a set of 237 compounds and using 18 physical properties as input into multiple linear as well as partial least squares regression calculations, yielded correlation coefficients of 0.933 and 0.931, respectively, and corresponding standard errors of 0.144 and 0.146. Later, a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) study [6], founded on 361 compounds and using five molecular structural descriptors including electrostatic and quantum chemical properties, resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.854 and a standard error of 0.22. The multiple linear regression and artificial neural network (ANN) back-propagation methods, outlined in [4], based on 361 compounds and nine physical and structural descriptors, yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.92 and 0.93, respectively, and corresponding standard errors of 0.17 and 0.16 units. In a later paper [5], the same authors presented slightly better results with a set of 440 compounds, using the same ANN approach and input descriptors, which produced correlation coefficients for the training, validation and test sets of 0.956, 0.932 and 0.884, respectively, with corresponding standard errors of 0.122, 0.134 and 0.148 units. Evidently, comparing these results with the data collected at the bottom of Table 2, none of the cited prediction methods achieved the accuracy of the present approach and, beyond this, the present method even allows a reliable prediction of the viscosity coefficient at 20 °C simply by hand, using paper and pencil, Table 2 and Equation (1). The only drawback is the condition that each atom group in a given molecule must be found in the table and that it is preferably represented by three or more molecules (shown in the rightmost column). A scan of the database of currently 30,125 compounds, which can be viewed as representative for the entire structural coverage of chemicals, reveals that at present this is the case for about 39% of all compounds, due to the relatively small experimental basis of only 501 compounds.

3.3. Activity Coefficient at Infinite Solution in Water

Generally, the activity coefficient γ has been published in its logartithmic form log(γ) and has been measured at 298.15 K. In some cases, where γ itself or its logarithmus naturalis was cited, the data have been translated into their decimal logarithm. In addition, only values have been considered which have been measured at or reduced to 298.15 K. Primary sources of experimental data have been the collective reports mentioned earlier [8,9]. Additional data have been found for 1-propoxypropan-2-ol [73], several alkyl and alkenyl alcohols and alkylbenzenes [74], valeric and crotonic aldehyde [75], variously substituted benzoic acids [76,77], naphthoic acids [78,79], isatin [80], 2-cyanoguanidine [81], florfenicol [82], thiamphenicol [83] and various sulfonamides [84,85]. In total, the number of compounds with experimental log(γ) data amounted to 709, of which 34 turned out to be outliers (a list of them is available in the Supplementary Materials), as their experimental values differed by more than three times the cross-validated standard error from prediction. The remaining 675 compounds represented 113 atom groups, of which 75 have been defined as valid for predictions (see line A of Table 3). A number of calculations, which tentatively in- or excluded certain special groups, revealed that consideration of alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons (special groups 115 and 116 in Table 3) as separate entities significantly improved the values of the correlation coefficient R2 (from 0.9621 to 0.9788) as well as the corresponding standard error (from 0.37 to 0.27), whereas the inclusion of intramolecular hydrogen bonds (special group 114) only had a minor effect, probably due to the small number of only six examples. Nevertheless, in view of future data input this latter group has been left in the parameters table.
The correlation diagram in Figure 4 shows a very good conformance between the training and cross-validation test values, which is reflected in the very similar values of R2 and Q2. The intercept and slope of the regression line confirm that in this case a constant C is not required in the prediction calculations pursuant to Equation (1). Due to the fairly limited number of samples, on the other hand, the histogram in Figure 5 does not exhibit a perfect Gaussian bell curve but at least its maximum is reasonably well centred at the zero deviation point.
Comparison of the present result with those published in earlier articles [8,9] reveals that it lies in the same range of prediction accuracy: Abraham’s method, described in [8], being based on the five descriptors: excess molar refractivity, dipolarity/polarizability, overall or summation hydrogen bond acidity and basicity, and the McGowan volume, yielded a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.977 and a leave-one-out cross-validation correlation coefficient Q2 of 0.976 and corresponding standard errors of 0.284 and 0.29, respectively, for 655 structurally diverse compounds; the ant-colony optimization method, outlined in [9], limited to 105 hydrocarbons and founded on four topological descriptors and the refractivity, resulted in a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.9893 and a standard error of 0.3996 for the calibration set, and a Q2 of 0.9891 and a standard error of 0.3865 for the prediction set. The main advantage of the present method lies in its ease of use in that—just like in the previous subsection—a simple 2D drawing is needed to help to find all the compound’s atom groups and then sum up their contributions according to Table 3. In addition, for hydrocarbons, each carbon atom would contribute according to entry 115 or 116 in Table 3. The only disadvantage of the present approach lies in its limited range of molecules for which log(γ) is calculable, due to the relatively small amount of “valid” atom groups as a result of the limited number of experimental data—a weakness, however, which is gradually being remedied by means of the input of further experimental data in this ongoing project. At present, for 51% of the compounds of the current database the log(γ) value has been evaluated.

4. Conclusions

Ease of use and reliability of the predictions was the goal of the presented subject. While the former was in the hands of the method developer, the latter highly depended on the experimental data provided by the countless scientific publishers. The present results, together with those outlined in the previous publications [1,2], prove the enormous versatility of the atom-groups additivity method, particularly on applying the radical breakdown of the molecules as described, in that, including the present ones, the following 13 molecular descriptors can be calculated at once (some of them indirectly) in a split second on a desktop computer: the heats of combustion, formation, solvation, sublimation and vaporization, the entropy of fusion, the partition coefficient logPo/w, the solubility logSwater, the refractivity, the polarizability, the toxicity against the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis and, as has been demonstrated here, the viscosity coefficient log(η) and the activity coefficient log(γ). The disadvantage of the radical breakdown of the molecules which inevitably leads to a large number of particularized atom groups and thus excludes molecules from any calculation for which not all of their atom groups have a defined contribution, is well compensated on the one hand by the accuracy of prediction for those compounds for which calculation is possible, in most cases even by the simple paper-and-pencil approach for finding the atom groups in a given molecule and summing up their contributions, and on the other hand by the enablement of a standardized computer algorithm, allowing a simple extension of each of the atom-groups parameters lists at the input of any further, future experimental data, which again would extend the scope of calculable molecular structures. The reliability of the predictions, however, only increases with the accuracy of any future input. The present work is part of an ongoing project called ChemBrain IXL available from Neuronix Software (www.neuronix.ch, Rudolf Naef, Lupsingen, Switzerland).

Supplementary Materials

The following files are available online. The list of compounds, their experimental and calculated data and 3D structures of the viscosity-coefficient calculations are available under the names of “S1. Experimental and Calculated Viscosity-Data Table.doc” and “S2. Compounds List of Viscosity Calculations.sdf”. A list of their outliers has been added under the name of “S3. Compounds List of Viscosity Outliers.xls”. The set of experimental and calculated data of activity coefficients calculations is available under the name of “S4. Experimental and Calculated Activity-Coefficient-Data Table.doc”, the corresponding list of compounds under the name of “S5. Compounds List of Activity-Coefficient Calculations.sdf” and the respective outliers list under the name of “S6. Compounds List of Activity-Coefficient Outliers.xls”. The figures are available as tif files and the tables as doc files under the names given in the text.

Acknowledgments

R. Naef is indebted to the library of the University of Basel for allowing him full and free access to the electronic literature database.

Author Contributions

Rudolf Naefand developed project ChemBrain and its software upon which this paper is based, and also fed the database, calculated and analysed the results and wrote the paper. William E. Acree suggested the extension of ChemBrain’s tools to include the presented descriptors and contributed the experimental data and the majority of the literature references. Beyond this, Rudolf Naefand is deeply indebted to William E. Acree for the many valuable discussions.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.
Figure 1. Charge distribution on the VdW surface of the 2-methylimidazolium ion. Positive charge intensity indicated by depth of blue color. (EHMO calculation and graphics by ChemBrain IXL).
Figure 1. Charge distribution on the VdW surface of the 2-methylimidazolium ion. Positive charge intensity indicated by depth of blue color. (EHMO calculation and graphics by ChemBrain IXL).
Molecules 23 00005 g001
Figure 2. Correlation Diagram of the Viscosity Coefficients (N = 460; R2 = 0.9831; Q2 = 0.975; regression line: intercept = 0.0137; slope = 0.9824).
Figure 2. Correlation Diagram of the Viscosity Coefficients (N = 460; R2 = 0.9831; Q2 = 0.975; regression line: intercept = 0.0137; slope = 0.9824).
Molecules 23 00005 g002
Figure 3. Histogram of the Viscosity Coefficients (S = 0.11; Exp. Values range from −0.785 to +4.3732).
Figure 3. Histogram of the Viscosity Coefficients (S = 0.11; Exp. Values range from −0.785 to +4.3732).
Molecules 23 00005 g003
Figure 4. Correlation Diagram of the log(γ) Data (N = 634; R2 = 0.9789; Q2 = 0.9737; regression line: intercept = 0.0022; slope = 0.9972).
Figure 4. Correlation Diagram of the log(γ) Data (N = 634; R2 = 0.9789; Q2 = 0.9737; regression line: intercept = 0.0022; slope = 0.9972).
Molecules 23 00005 g004
Figure 5. Histogram of the log(γ) Data (S = 0.31; Exp. Values range from −0.762 to +10.624).
Figure 5. Histogram of the log(γ) Data (S = 0.31; Exp. Values range from −0.762 to +10.624).
Molecules 23 00005 g005
Table 1. Atom-Group Examples for Ionic Liquids and their Meaning.
Table 1. Atom-Group Examples for Ionic Liquids and their Meaning.
No.Atom TypeNeighboursMeaningExample
1B(−)F4BF4tetrafluoroborate
2C aromaticH:C:N(+)C:CH:N+C2 in pyridinium
3C(+) aromaticC:N2N:C+(C):NC2 in 2-methylimidazolium
4N aromaticC2:C(+)C-N(C):C+N1 in 1-methylimidazolium
5N(+) aromaticC:C2C:N+(C):CN in 1-methylpyridinium
6N(−)S2S-N-Sbis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide
7P(+)C4PC4+tetramethylphosphonium
8P(−)F6PF6hexafluorophosphate
9S4CO=O2(−)C-SO3methylsulfonate
Table 2. Atom groups and their contributions for liquid viscosity-coefficient calculations.
Table 2. Atom groups and their contributions for liquid viscosity-coefficient calculations.
EntryAtom TypeNeighboursContributionOccurrencesMolecules
1Const −0.70501501
2B(−)F41.5044
3C sp3H3C−0.06694389
4C sp3H3C(+)2.0733
5C sp3H3N0.543121
6C sp3H3N(+)0.6922
7C sp3H3O0.433125
8C sp3H3S0.1975
9C sp3H3Si0.13182
10C sp3H2C20.091634313
11C sp3H2CN0.638751
12C sp3H2CN(+)1.751312
13C sp3H2CO0.51182118
14C sp3H2CP(+)0.43123
15C sp3H2CS0.362015
16C sp3H2CCl0.332320
17C sp3H2CBr0.441412
18C sp3H2CJ0.5933
19C sp3H2O20.9311
20C sp3HC30.2111892
21C sp3HC2N0.6587
22C sp3HC2N(+)0.8911
23C sp3HC2O0.691716
24C sp3H2CP0.0821
25C sp3HC2S0.5044
26C sp3HC2Cl0.4155
27C sp3HC2Br0.5811
28C sp3HC2J0.6711
29C sp3HCO21.1131
30C sp3HCF21.4911
31C sp3HCCl20.3733
32C sp3HCBr20.8521
33C sp3C40.441410
34C sp3C3O0.8966
35C sp3C3S0.7233
36C sp3C3Cl0.6011
37C sp3C3J0.8311
38C sp3C2O21.1411
39C sp3CSF20.0011
40C sp3CPF2(−)0.1962
41C sp3CF3−0.15106
42C sp3CF2Cl0.5511
43C sp3CFCl20.0011
44C sp3CCl30.7211
45C sp3SF30.43147
46C sp2H2=C−0.064240
47C sp2HC=C0.057452
48C sp2HC=O0.2677
49C sp2H=CN0.482814
50C sp2H=CO−0.0165
51C sp2H=CS0.2653
52C sp2H=CCl0.1753
53C sp2HN=O0.5133
54C sp2HO=O0.1299
55C sp2C2=C0.131111
56C sp2C2=O0.371514
57C sp2C=CS0.3511
58C sp2CN=O0.6644
59C sp2CN=O(+)−3.9911
60C sp2CO=O0.2610083
61C sp2CO=O(−)0.9533
62C sp2C=OBr0.4411
63C sp2=CCl20.3243
64C sp2O2=O0.2933
65C aromaticH:C20.0744197
66C aromaticH:C:N0.2474
67C aromaticH:C:N(+)0.00189
68C aromatic:C30.3142
69C aromaticC:C20.209073
70C aromaticC:C:N0.4032
71C aromatic:C2N0.2899
72C aromatic:C2N(+)0.8333
73C aromatic:C2O0.2296
74C aromatic:C2S1.4233
75C aromatic:C2F0.0944
76C aromatic:C2Cl0.2564
77C aromatic:C2Br0.3622
78C aromatic:C2J0.5711
79C(+) aromaticH:N20.401010
80C(+) aromaticC:N2−3.0633
81C spH#C−0.1711
82C spC#C0.0011
83C spC#N0.351919
84C spN#N(−)−0.0221
85C sp#NS(−)1.5911
86N sp3H2C−0.211918
87N sp3H2C(pi)0.6677
88N sp3HC2−0.741212
89N sp3HC2(pi)0.0233
90N sp3HC2(2pi)−0.2311
91N sp3C3−1.381212
92N sp3C3(pi)−0.9266
93N sp3C2P−0.6631
94N(+) sp3H3C0.1422
95N(+) sp3C4−0.9511
96N aromatic:C2−0.1255
97N aromaticC2:C(+)−0.052613
98N(+) aromaticC:C2−0.5499
99N(+) sp2CO=O(−)−0.1855
100N(+) sp2O2=O(−)0.7411
101N(−)C20.0011
102N(−)S20.8677
103OHC0.585845
104OHC(pi)0.631818
105OC2−0.794031
106OC2(pi)−0.259780
107OC2(2pi)0.2066
108OCP−0.1393
109OCP(pi)0.2931
110OCS−0.0622
111OSi20.0092
112P4C2O=O(−)−0.8811
113P4N3=O0.0011
114P4O3=O0.0044
115P(+)C4−0.2233
116P(−)F60.8422
117P(−)C3F3−0.0722
118S2HC−0.091313
119S2HC(pi)−0.9811
120S2C2−0.2199
121S2C2(2pi)−0.1033
122S4C2=O0.6711
123S4CN=O2(−)0.00147
124S4CO=O2(−)−1.0844
125S4O2=O2(−)0.0022
126SiC2O20.0092
ABased onValid groups76 501
BGoodness of fitR20.9831 460
CDeviationAverage0.07 460
DDeviationStandard0.10 460
EK-fold cvK10 413
FGoodness of fitQ20.975 413
GDeviationAverage (cv)0.08 413
HDeviationStandard (cv)0.11 413
Table 3. Atom groups and their contributions for log(γ) calculations.
Table 3. Atom groups and their contributions for log(γ) calculations.
EntryAtom TypeNeighboursContributionOccurrencesMolecules
1C sp3H3C0.99776422
2C sp3H3N0.912720
3C sp3H3N(+)0.3811
4C sp3H3O0.865045
5C sp3H3S1.296
6C sp3H2C20.6972284
7C sp3H2CN0.275229
8C sp3H2CN(+)0.833
9C sp3H2CO0.21131101
10C sp3H2CS0.1996
11C sp3H2CF0.711
12C sp3H2CCl1.412319
13C sp3H2CBr1.811513
14C sp3H2CJ2.4555
15C sp3HC30.149671
16C sp3HC2N0.2866
17C sp3HC2N(+)0.3711
18C sp3HC2O−0.395249
19C sp3HC2S−0.1432
20C sp3HC2Cl1.0244
21C sp3HC2Br1.2533
22C sp3HC2J1.8511
23C sp3HCCl21.7976
24C sp3HCBr22.2321
25C sp3C4−0.463733
26C sp3C3O−1.142120
27C sp3C3F1.2911
28C sp3C2F21.12184
29C sp3CF31.82106
30C sp3CF2Cl2.4343
31C sp3CFCl22.1911
32C sp3CCl32.7654
33C sp2H2=C0.985445
34C sp2HC=C0.610969
35C sp2HC=O−0.31717
36C sp2H=CN0.964
37C sp2H=CO0.8886
38C sp2H=CS−0.9933
39C sp2H=CCl1.5475
40C sp2HN=O−0.722
41C sp2HO=O0.8488
42C sp2C2=C0.241515
43C sp2C2=N1.5922
44C sp2C=CN−2.4711
45C sp2C2=O−1.173835
46C sp2C=CO0.5475
47C sp2C=CS0.0911
48C sp2CN=O−0.233425
49C sp2CO=O0.069183
50C sp2=CF21.5121
51C sp2=CCl22.332
52C sp2N2=N0.411
53C sp2N2=O0.411515
54C sp2N=NS−0.0422
55C sp2O2=O0.8822
56C aromaticH:C20.561318270
57C aromaticH:C:N−0.392517
58C aromatic:C30.169227
59C aromaticC:C20.06209138
60C aromaticC:C:N−1.04108
61C aromatic:C2N−0.659065
62C aromatic:C2N(+)0.564333
63C aromatic:C2O0.136758
64C aromatic:C2S0.344240
65C aromatic:C2F0.72228
66C aromatic:C2Cl1.2610859
67C aromatic:C2Br1.53016
68C aromatic:C2J1.8865
69C aromatic:CN:N−0.6633
70C aromatic:C:NCl1.2222
71C aromaticN:N20.1443
72C aromatic:N2Cl−0.7411
73C spH#C0.691310
74C spC#C0.22119
75C spC#N−0.071010
76C spN#N011
77C sp=N=S3.1511
78N sp3H2C−1.571010
79N sp3H2C(pi)0.163837
80N sp3HC2−1.6266
81N sp3HC2(pi)−0.1165
82N sp3HC2(2pi)−0.953728
83N sp3HCS−0.5911
84N sp3HCS(pi)−1.133232
85N sp3C3−1.62109
86N sp3C3(pi)−1.4866
87N sp3C3(2pi)−1.5944
88N sp3C2N(pi)−1.9111
89N sp3C2N(2pi)011
90N sp3C2O(pi)−0.3322
91N sp3C2S−0.9722
92N sp3C2S(2pi)−2.0611
93N sp2H=C0.7911
94N sp2C=C−1.6355
95N sp2C=N0.2121
96N aromatic:C20.312420
97N aromatic:C:N−0.1621
98N(+) sp2CO=O(−)0.124838
99OHC−0.848177
100OHC(pi)−0.96763
101OHO−0.3932
102OC2−0.373634
103OC2(pi)−0.419684
104OC2(2pi)−0.611111
105OCN022
106OCO−0.1532
107S2HC1.1276
108S2C20.2933
109S2C2(2pi)2.3155
110S2CS0.4221
111S4C2=O−4.0422
112S4C2=O2−1.8122
113S4CN=O2−0.073636
114HH Acceptor0.1466
115AlkaneNo of C atoms0.1927239
116Unsaturated HCNo of C atoms0.0384492
ABased onValid groups75 675
BGoodness of fitR20.9789 634
CDeviationAverage0.21 634
DDeviationStandard0.27 634
EK-fold cvK10 616
FGoodness of fitQ20.9737 616
GDeviationAverage (cv)0.23 616
HDeviationStandard (cv)0.31 616

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Naef, R.; Acree, W.E. Application of a General Computer Algorithm Based on the Group-Additivity Method for the Calculation of Two Molecular Descriptors at Both Ends of Dilution: Liquid Viscosity and Activity Coefficient in Water at Infinite Dilution. Molecules 2018, 23, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010005

AMA Style

Naef R, Acree WE. Application of a General Computer Algorithm Based on the Group-Additivity Method for the Calculation of Two Molecular Descriptors at Both Ends of Dilution: Liquid Viscosity and Activity Coefficient in Water at Infinite Dilution. Molecules. 2018; 23(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010005

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naef, Rudolf, and William E. Acree. 2018. "Application of a General Computer Algorithm Based on the Group-Additivity Method for the Calculation of Two Molecular Descriptors at Both Ends of Dilution: Liquid Viscosity and Activity Coefficient in Water at Infinite Dilution" Molecules 23, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010005

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