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Article

Microwave Effect for Glycosylation Promoted by Solid Super Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

1
Division of Advanced Chemical Biology, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21, W11, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
2
Department of Technical Engineering, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, N10, W8, Sapporo 060-0021, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10(12), 5285-5295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10125285
Submission received: 27 October 2009 / Revised: 9 November 2009 / Accepted: 5 December 2009 / Published: 8 December 2009
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supercritical Carbon Dioxide)

Abstract

:
The effects of microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz, 200 W) on glycosylation promoted by a solid super acid in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated with particular attention paid to the structure of the acceptor substrate. Because of the symmetrical structure and high diffusive property of supercritical carbon dioxide, microwave irradiation did not alter the temperature of the reaction solution, but enhanced reaction yield when aliphatic acceptors are employed. Interestingly, the use of a phenolic acceptor under the same reaction conditions did not show these promoting effects due to microwave irradiation. In the case of aliphatic diol acceptors, the yield seemed to be dependent on the symmetrical properties of the acceptors. The results suggest that microwave irradiation do not affect the reactivity of the donor nor promoter independently. We conclude that the effect of acceptor structure on glycosylation yield is due to electric delocalization of hydroxyl group and dielectrically symmetric structure of whole molecule.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Since Fischer glycosylation was first used in 1893 [1], acid promoted chemical glycosylation is a central process in the synthesis of glycoside [2]. Despite social demand for a reduction in consumption in chemical processes, the combination of organic solvents and soluble promoters, which are both harmful for the environmental and difficult to separate from other chemicals, were most commonly used in mainstream chemical glycosylation processes [2]. Recently, some pioneering efforts resulted in the replacement of the promoter and solvent of glycosylation process with environmental friendly chemicals, using solid super acids [3,4] and ionic liquids [5]. Because of the increasing importance of glycoconjugates in life science, an environmentally benign and efficient glycosylation method is in high demand for practical and industrial scale production of natural and unnatural glycosides. Natural product origin or enzymatic synthesized glycosides have been recognized as a much more sustainable protocol [68]. However, chemical syntheses of the glycoside bond still have a large advantage over other methods due to their structural diversity and functionalization of product oligosaccharides. Chemo–enzymatic synthetic methods (i.e., enzymatic modification of chemically synthesized core oligosaccharide) seem to meet the needs for practical preparation of a large variety of glycoconjugates to be used as bio–probe and drug seeds [912]. This means that making the chemical process sustainable is an important requirement. Previously, we have reported a glycosylation process which uses the combination of a solid super acid and supercritical (sc)CO2. Not only was this simple and organic solvent–free separation process but it also demonstrated higher reactivity than conventional organic solvents as a result of the good compatibility between surface of the solid acid and the diffusion properties of scCO2 [13]. As CO2 has a critical point close to ambient temperature (Tc = 31 °C, Pc = 7.4 MPa) and is nonflammable, nontoxic, inexpensive and scCO2 are attractive alternative of common organic solvent.
Microwave (MW) irradiation is also an attractive choice to promote reactions and is an energy effective heating method compared to conventional heat conduction type methods (such as an oil bath) due to the direct heating of the reaction mixture. Additionally, MW irradiation often shows an acceleration of the reaction rate and product selectivity, thereby improving the reaction time and total yield respectively [14]. MW-assisted glycosylations promoted by acid catalysts were also reported for Fischer glycosylation [15], and an acetal exchange reaction from a methyl glycoside type donor [16], glycosyl acetate type donor [17,18], and a trichloroimidate type donor [19]. However MW-assisted glycosylation in a nonpolar solvent such as scCO2 has not been reported. Polar solvent are chosen for MW-assisted synthesis because the mechanism of microwave heating is dielectric losses of the irradiated material, and the dielectric constant (ɛ) of the solvent is affected in MW-assisted solution phase synthesis [20]. Both liquid and supercritical CO2 have extremely low dielectric constants (ɛ = 1~1.5) [21,22] and scCO2 itself is supposed to be inert to MW irradiation. Normally, the MW inert solvent was avoided for MW assisted synthesis without passive heating by the presence a strong MW absorbing material [23]. To the best of our knowledge, MW heating in scCO2 was reported only for extraction process to heat solid material directly [24]. However, our previous study suggested a nonthermal effect of MW irradiation for glycosylation processes [17] using temperature controlled MW irradiation by simultaneous cooling [25]. It is interesting how the MW inert and high thermal diffusion properties of scCO2 are affected to the MW-assisted reactions. It is believed that the reaction system also show alternative reactivity without thermal elevation.
In this study, we have focused on the MW effects on glycosylation promoted by solid acid in scCO2.

2. Results and Discussion

A novel reaction apparatus equipped with MW controller, liquid CO2 controller, thermo controller, and pressure controller was developed and examined in this study. Figure 1 shows schematic view of the apparatus. The MW generator yields 2.45 GHz and ~ 3.0 kW, and single mode MW irradiation was selected for stable radiation into the reactor [25]. The MW absorption efficiency of the reaction solutions was monitored by a MW power monitor. The reaction temperature was regulated by an isothermal jacket on the reactor and was monitored at the alloy wall of the reactor and at the scCO2 solution area directly using metal sheathed thermocouples.
As shown in Schemes 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-galactopyranose trichloroacetimidate (1) [26] was used as a common glycosyl donor substrate in this study. One hundred mg of the glycosyl donor 1 with various glycosyl acceptors (3 equivalents for 1) were reacted with sulfated zirconia (ZrO2/SO4; 100 wt% for 1) under MW irradiation (0 or 200 W) in scCO2 (37 °C, 8.0 MPa) for 3 h to give glycoside 3. All reactions were conducted twice and each yield was calculated from the weight of the product 3 after purification by column chromatography. In all reactions in this study, the temperature of the reaction solutions did not show detectable changes when subject to 200 W of MW irradiation. It is believed that that the dielectric and diffusion properties of scCO2 minimize the temperature changes in the solution due to exposure to MW irradiation.
Table 1 indicates the result of the glycosylation reactions with aliphatic alcohols 2a-d. Without MW irradiation, β-glycoside 3a [27], 3b, 3c [28] and 3d [28] were isolated in 53~65% yields. With MW irradiation, the yields of 3a-d showed considerable increase in the 12~26% range. The increasing range of each product due to MW irradiation (3d, 3a, 3b, 3c) seems to be reflected in the order of molecular polarity of each acceptor.
Table 2 indicates the results of the glycosylation reactions with phenolic alcohols 2ei. Without MW irradiation, β-glycoside 3e [29], 3f [29], 3g [29], 3h [30] and 3i [30] were isolated in 5~43% yields. Among the p-substituted acceptors 2eh, the electrostatic properties of the p-substitution groups clearly affected the yields of the glycoside 3eh that were increased by electron donating substitution groups (-OMe, -Me) and decreased by withdrawing substitution group (-NO2) compared to unsubstituted phenyl glycoside 3e. The order of the yields of the glycoside 3eh was inverted to the yields of SN2 type reactions between α-galactosyl bromide and phenoxides [29]. The position of the substitution group also affected the yield and the o-OMe phenol 3i showed lower yield than p-OMe phenol 3h. In contrast to the aliphatic glycoside 3ad, obvious effects of MW irradiation were not observed in the yields of all phenolic glycosides 3ei, which were not affected by the difference in dielectric constant nor the electron density on the phenolic hydroxyl group in 2ei. Electron delocalization, which is the obvious difference between aliphatic acceptors 2ad and phenolic acceptors 2ei, is believed to be the reason for differences between them.
Table 3 indicates the result of the glycosylation reactions with diols 2jn. Without MW irradiation, monoglycosylated products 3j [31], 3k [32], 3l [32], 3m, and 3n were isolated in 6~20% yields. Diglycosylated products were also isolated from the reaction with aliphatic diol acceptors to give 4m [33] and 4n in 12 and 17% yields respectively but were not detected from the reaction with phenolic diols 2jl. In contrast to the methoxyphenyl glycoside 3h and 3i, the yield of hydroxyphenyl glycoside 3j and 3l showed an increase due to a change in position of the substitution group from para to ortho. In the case of aliphatic alcohols, the sums of the glycoside yields of 3m and 4m, 3n and 4n were decreased from the yields of 3d and 3a (corresponding products from monools) respectively. Although it made us suspect the solubility of the diols (especially 2m), it was confirmed that 2m was dissolved in scCO2 under the condition of glycosylation using window equipped reactor [16]. Among the phenolic diols 2jl, obvious MW effects were not observed in the yields of the monoglycosylated product 3jl and diglycosylated products also were not obtained. 1,4–Butandiol 2m showed clear MW effects regarding an increase in the yields of both mono- and diglycosylated product 3m and 4m in the 18 and 6% ranges respectively. In the case of trans-1,4-cyclohexanediol 2n which is a conformationally-rigid symmetric diol, however, the MW effect was not observed in the yields of both products 3n nor 4n. This unchanged reactivity for the aliphatic diol 2n indicates that the dielectric inertness by symmetrical conformation also affected to the MW effect. These results also indicate that MW irradiation did not affect the activity of the glycosyl donor 1 or the promoter ZrO2/SO4, or at least harmonized the activation of acceptors 2 and the donor 1 or promoter were required for increasing reactivity by MW. A polar solvent may also work as a medium for the harmonization of inter-reactants to accelerate reactions under MW irradiation.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Materials

Sulfated zirconia (zirconium composition is 60–70%) was purchased from Wako Chemical. The sulfated zirconia was calcined at 600 °C for 2 h before use, and cooled in a glass desiccator without the use of drying agent. All acceptors were purchased in the anhydrous form and added to the reaction mixture without any pretreatment. Advantech No. 2 filter paper was used for the separation of catalysts to stop the reactions. The yield and α/β ratio of the product was calculated from isolated yield and integral area of product anomeric protons using 1H-NMR spectroscopy (Bruker AM-500 spectrometer operating at 500.13 MHz), respectively.

3.2. General Method for Glycosylation Reactions

2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl trichroloacetoimidate (1, 100 mg, 203 μmol), acceptor 2 (3.0 eq), and ZrO2/SO4 (100 mg) were added to the reactor, which was heated to 37 °C and CO2 was introduced successively from a reservoir by a high–pressure pump. The reaction time was counted from the point at which the CO2 pressure reached 8.0 MPa. After the reaction has been sustained at 37 °C and 8.0 MPa for 3 h, CO2 was slowly leaked out. The residual solid was washed out with CHCl3. ZrO2/SO4 was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash column chromatography to give the glycoside 3.
Cyclohexanemethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (3b): 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): σ 5.39–5.38 (d, 1H, J = 3.3 Hz, H-4), 5.22–5.19 (dd 1H J = 8.0, 2.4 Hz, H-2), 5.03–5.00 (dd, 1H, J = 7.1, 3.5 Hz, H-3), 4.44–4.42 (d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz, H-1), 4.18–4.12 (m, 2H, H-6), 3.91–3.89 (t, 1H, J = 6.8 Hz, H-5), 3.74–3.71 (dd, 1H, J = 5.9, 3.5 Hz, CH2), 3.26–3.23 (dd, 1H, J = 7.1, 2.2, CH2), 2.15, 2.05, 2.04, 2.00 (s, 12H, 4 × CH3), 1.75–1.66 (m, 6H, CH2), 1.62–1.54 (m, 1H, CH), 1.24–1.22 (m, 2H, CH2), 0.93–0.90 (m, 2H, CH2); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): σ 20.60, 25.71, 25.78, 26.51, 29.54, 29.70, 37.80, 61.31 (C-6), 67.27 (C-4), 69.03 (C-2), 70.59 (C-5), 71.06 (C-1), 75.96, 101.7 (C-1), 168.61, 170.00, 170.24, 170.44; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: calculated for C21H32O10Na: 467.18877, found: 467.18950 [M + Na]+.
4-Hydroxybutyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (3m): 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): σ 5.39–5.38 (d, 1H, J = 3.3 Hz, H-4), 5.22–5.18 (dd, 1H, J = 8.2, 2.4 Hz, H-2), 5.03–5.01 (dd, 1H, J = 7.1, 3.4 Hz, H-3), 4.48–4.47 (d, 1H, J = 7.9 Hz, H-1), 4.21–4.11 (m, 2H, H-6), 3.96–3.94 (m, 1H, CH), 3.92–3.90 (t, 1H, J = 6.7 Hz, H-5), 3.66–3.64 (td, J = 4.6, 1.5 Hz, 2H, CH2), 3.55–3.51 (m, 1H, CH), 2.16, 2.06, 2.05, 1.99 (s, 12H, 4 × CH3), 1.73–1.58 (m, 4H, 2 × CH2); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): σ 20.59, 20.67, 20.77, 25.89, 29.33, 61.32 (C-6), 62.37, 67.11 (C-4), 68.95 (C-2), 70.00, 70.69 (C-5), 70.95 (C-3), 101.32 (C-1), 169.55, 170.20, 170.31, 170.44; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: calculated for C18H28O11Na:443.15293, found:443.15218 [M + Na]+.
Trans-4-Hydroxycyclohexyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (3n): 1H-NMR (600 MHz, CDCl3): σ 5.37 (s, 1H, Hz, H-4), 5.21–5.18 (t, 1H, J = 9.1 Hz, H-2), 5.03–5.00 (dd, 1H, J = 10.6, 3.3 Hz, H-3), 4.56–4.52 (d, 1H, J = 8.8 Hz, H-1), 4.24–4.04 (m, 2H, H-6), 3.89–3.87 (t, 1H, J = 6.4 Hz, H-5), 3.81–3.76 (m, 1H, CH), 3.72–3.66 (m, 1H, CH), 2.15, 2.05, 2.03, 1.99 (s, 12H, 4 × CH3), 1.88–1.45 (m, 9H, OH + 4 × CH2); 13C-NMR (150 MHz, CDCl3): σ 22.10, 22.17, 22.27, 22.33, 28.56, 30.57, 31.52, 31.93, 62.80 (C-6), 68.62 (C-4), 69.76, 70.56 (C-2), 72.10 (C-5), 72.53 (C-3), 75.65, 101.03 (C-1), 170.84, 171.73, 171.86, 171.94; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: calculated for C20H30O11Na: 469.16803, found: 469.16935 [M + Na]+.
Trans-1,4-Bis((2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)oxy)cyclohexane (4n): 1H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3): σ 5.39–5.38 (d, 2H, J = 3.1 Hz, 2 × H-4), 5.21–5.17 (t, 2H, J = 7.9, 2.5 Hz, 2 × H-2), 5.03–5.01 (dd, 2H, J = 7.0, 3.4 Hz, 2 × H-3), 4.55–4.53 (d, 2H, J = 7.9 Hz, 2×H-1), 4.20–4.06 (m, 4H, 2 × H-6), 3.91–3.86 (t, 2H, J = 6.2 Hz, 2 × H-5), 3.81–3.53 (m, 2H, 2 × CH), 2.20–1.95 (s, 24H, 8 × CH3), 1.94–1.36 (m, 8H, 4 × CH2); 13C-NMR (125 MHz, CDCl3): σ 20.61, 20.69, 20.70, 20.75, 26.32, 28.31, 61.24 (C-6), 67.08 (C-4), 68.85 (C-2), 70.60 (C-5), 70.96 (C-3), 73.78, 98.73 (C-1), 169.49, 170.20, 170.32, 170.41; HRMS (ESI-TOF) m/z: calculated for C34H48O20Na:799.26311, found:799.26354 [M + Na]+.

4. Conclusions

The effect of MW on glycosylation promoted by ZrO2/SO4 in scCO2 was investigated with a special focus on the differences between acceptor substrates. The temperature of the reaction mixture was not affected by MW irradiation because of the extremely low dielectric constant and diffusion properties of scCO2, which made possible the monitoring of the MW effect under minimized conditions of thermal and solvation effects. The changing range of glycosylation yield between a MW irradiated reaction and a non-microwave reaction clearly showed phenolic and aliphatic acceptors as the unaffected and affected groups, respectively. The electron delocalization of phenolic hydroxyl groups was associated with the cause of the unresponsive properties by MW. The difference of MW effects among aliphatic hydroxyl groups indicated the dielectric neutralization by symmetric conformation also related to it. A harmonized activation mechanism of acceptors 2 and the donor 1 or promoter by MW was also suggested as a cause of the non-thermal MW effect. Additional study of MW effect focused on the dielectric property of the glycosyl donor and promoter and the presence of their harmonizing effect with acceptors are under investigation.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by funding from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports and Technology of Japan for “Innovation COE Program for Future Drug Discovery and Medical Care”. This work was also supported in part by SEN-TAN, JST (Japan Science and Technology Agency).

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Figure 1. Schematic view of microwave-assisted scCO2 reactor.
Figure 1. Schematic view of microwave-assisted scCO2 reactor.
Ijms 10 05285f1
Scheme 1. Glycosylation conditions in this study.
Scheme 1. Glycosylation conditions in this study.
Ijms 10 05285f2
Table 1. Glycosylation of 1 and aliphatic glycosyl acceptors 2ad promoted by ZrO2/SO4 in scCO2 with or without MW irradiation.
Table 1. Glycosylation of 1 and aliphatic glycosyl acceptors 2ad promoted by ZrO2/SO4 in scCO2 with or without MW irradiation.
EntryAcceptor 2MW (W)Glycoside 3Yield [1st, 2nd] (%)
1 Ijms 10 05285i10 Ijms 10 05285i253 [51,55]
22a2003a71 [69,72]
3 Ijms 10 05285i30 Ijms 10 05285i454 [52,55]
42b2003b68 [68,67]
5 Ijms 10 05285i50 Ijms 10 05285i665 [68,62]
62c2003c77 [80,74]
7 Ijms 10 05285i70 Ijms 10 05285i860 [58,61]
82d2003d86 [84,87]
Table 2. Glycosylation of 1 and phenolic glycosyl acceptors 2ei promoted by ZrO2/SO4 in scCO2 with or without MW irradiation.
Table 2. Glycosylation of 1 and phenolic glycosyl acceptors 2ei promoted by ZrO2/SO4 in scCO2 with or without MW irradiation.
EntryAcceptor 2MW (W)Glycoside 3Yield [1st, 2nd] (%)
9 Ijms 10 05285i90 Ijms 10 05285i1014 [12,15]
102e2003e20 [17,23]
11 Ijms 10 05285i110 Ijms 10 05285i1241 [49,33]
122f2003f39 [39,38]
13 Ijms 10 05285i130 Ijms 10 05285i145 [6,4]
142g2003g3 [5,1]
15 Ijms 10 05285i150 Ijms 10 05285i1643 [42,44]
162h2003h40 [42,38]
17 Ijms 10 05285i170 Ijms 10 05285i1824 [26,22]
182i2003i22 [24,20]
Table 3. Glycosylation of 1 and diol-type glycosyl acceptors 2jn promoted by ZrO2/SO4 in scCO2 with or without MW irradiation.
Table 3. Glycosylation of 1 and diol-type glycosyl acceptors 2jn promoted by ZrO2/SO4 in scCO2 with or without MW irradiation.
EntryAcceptor 2MW (W)Monoglycosylated product 3Yield of 3 [1st, 2nd] (%)Yield of diglycosylated product 4 (%)
19 Ijms 10 05285i190 Ijms 10 05285i206 [7,4]n. d.
202j2003j5 [4,6]n. d.
21 Ijms 10 05285i210 Ijms 10 05285i2214 [8,19]n. d.
222k2003k19 [10,28]n. d.
25 Ijms 10 05285i230 Ijms 10 05285i2420 [19,21]n. d.
262l2003l17 [16,18]n. d.
27 Ijms 10 05285i250 Ijms 10 05285i2612 [12,12]4ma,b 12 [11,12]
282m2003m30 [33,26]4ma,b
29 Ijms 10 05285i270 Ijms 10 05285i2817 [14,20]18 [16,20] 4na,b
302n2003n21 [23,19]17 [15,18] 4na,b 14 [10,17]
Ijms 10 05285i29
aStructure of diglycosylated product 4m and 4n.
bThe yields of 4m and 4n were calculated as one half molar equivalent of the glycosyl donor 1 was 100%.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hinou, H.; Saito, N.; Ogawa, M.; Maeda, T.; Nishimura, S.-I. Microwave Effect for Glycosylation Promoted by Solid Super Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2009, 10, 5285-5295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10125285

AMA Style

Hinou H, Saito N, Ogawa M, Maeda T, Nishimura S-I. Microwave Effect for Glycosylation Promoted by Solid Super Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2009; 10(12):5285-5295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10125285

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hinou, Hiroshi, Naohiro Saito, Masato Ogawa, Takahiko Maeda, and Shin-Ichiro Nishimura. 2009. "Microwave Effect for Glycosylation Promoted by Solid Super Acid in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10, no. 12: 5285-5295. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10125285

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