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Quasi-Drugs Developed in Japan for the Prevention or Treatment of Hyperpigmentary Disorders
 
 
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Addendum to Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11(6), 2566-2575.
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Addendum

Addendum: Quasi-Drugs Developed in Japan for the Prevention or Treatment of Hyperpigmentary Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2566–2575

by
Hideya Ando
1,2,*,
Mary S. Matsui
3 and
Masamitsu Ichihashi
1,2
1
Skin Aging and Photo-aging Research Center, Doshisha University, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan
2
Kobe Skin Research Institute, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
3
Biological Research Division, The Estee Lauder Companies Inc., Melville, New York 11747, NY, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11(7), 2699-2700; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11072699
Submission received: 5 July 2010 / Accepted: 8 July 2010 / Published: 12 July 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inhibitors of Melanogenesis Related Processes: Application to Food and Cosmetic Industry)
Versions Notes
One additional skin lightening or whitening quasi-drug (QD) has been developed and officially approved by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan. The active ingredient niacinamide should be included in this review [1]. Its mechanism of skin lightening is based on the inhibition of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Niacinamide is listed in Table 1, which classifies compounds according to the mechanism of skin lightening QDs registered in Japan.

2.15. Niacinamide (Obtained by Procter & Gamble Company in 2007)

Niacinamide (also termed nicotinamide), a derivative of vitamin B3, has been shown to act as an anti-inflammatory agent in acne [2]. Niacinamide had no effect on the tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis of cultured normal human melanocytes, however, it was found that niacinamide significantly decreased hyperpigmentation, such as melasma and solar lentigines, via inhibition of melanosome transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes [3,4].

References

  1. Ando, H; Matsui, MS; Ichihashi, M. Quasi-drugs developed in Japan for the prevention or treatment of hyperpigmentary disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci 2010, 11, 2566–2575. [Google Scholar]
  2. Shalita, AR; Smith, JG; Parish, LH; Sofman, MS; Chalker, DK. Topical nicotinamide compared with clindamycin gel in the treatment of inflammatory acne vulgaris. Int. J. Dermatol 1995, 34, 434–437. [Google Scholar]
  3. Hakozaki, T; Minwalla, L; Zhuang, J; Chhoa, M; Matsubara, A; Miyamoto, K; Greatens, A; Hillebrand, GG; Bissett, DL; Boissy, RE. The effect of niacinamide on reducing cutaneous pigmentation and suppression of melanosome transfer. Br. J. Dermatol 2002, 147, 20–31. [Google Scholar]
  4. Greatens, A; Hakozaki, T; Koshoffer, A; Epstein, H; Schwemberger, S; Babcock, G; Bissett, D; Takiwaki, H; Arase, S; Wickett, RR; Boissy, RE. Effective inhibition of melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by lectins and niacinamide is reversible. Exp. Dermatol 2005, 14, 498–508. [Google Scholar]
Table
Table 1. Mechanistic classification of skin lightening QDs approved by the MHLW of Japan.
Table 1. Mechanistic classification of skin lightening QDs approved by the MHLW of Japan.
TargetMechanismDetailSkin Lightening QD
MelanocyteInhibition of tyrosinase activityAnti-oxidationAscorbic acid/derivatives
Chelating copper atomsKojic acidEllagic acid
Competitive inhibitionArbutin 4MSKRucinol® 4-HPB
Decrease of tyrosinase protein levelAcceleration of Tyr degradationLinoleic acid
Inhibition of Tyr maturationMagnolignan®
KeratinocyteInhibition of KC-MC signalingInhibition of UV inflammationChamomilla extract Tranexamic acid/derivative
Melanocyte and KeratinocyteInhibition of melanosome transferInhibition of melanin dispersionNiacinamide
EpidermisAcceleration of epidermal turnoverDesquamation of melaninPlacental extract Adenosine mono-phosphate
KC: keratinocyte; MC: melanocyte; Tyr: tyrosinase; UV: ultraviolet light.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ando, H.; Matsui, M.S.; Ichihashi, M. Addendum: Quasi-Drugs Developed in Japan for the Prevention or Treatment of Hyperpigmentary Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2566–2575. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2699-2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11072699

AMA Style

Ando H, Matsui MS, Ichihashi M. Addendum: Quasi-Drugs Developed in Japan for the Prevention or Treatment of Hyperpigmentary Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2566–2575. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2010; 11(7):2699-2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11072699

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ando, Hideya, Mary S. Matsui, and Masamitsu Ichihashi. 2010. "Addendum: Quasi-Drugs Developed in Japan for the Prevention or Treatment of Hyperpigmentary Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 2566–2575" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11, no. 7: 2699-2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11072699

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