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Review

Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South America: A Review

by
Gedson Rodrigues de Morais Lima
,
Camila de Albuquerque Montenegro
,
Cynthia Layse Ferreira de Almeida
,
Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho
,
José Maria Barbosa-Filho
and
Leônia Maria Batista
*
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-970, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12(4), 2692-2749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12042692
Submission received: 1 April 2011 / Revised: 8 April 2011 / Accepted: 11 April 2011 / Published: 21 April 2011
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Inflammation is a complex event linked to tissue damage whether by bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon. This physiological response is coordinated largely by a variety of chemical mediators that are released from the epithelium, the immunocytes and nerves of the lamina propria. However, if the factor that triggers the inflammation persists, the inflammation can become relentless, leading to an intensification of the lesion. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts from the South American continent that have been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity. This review refers to 63 bacterial families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae, with their countries, parts used, types of extract used, model bioassays, organisms tested and their activity.

1. Introduction

Inflammation is the response of body to injury and danger. It is the central communication network and regulatory process that senses and controls threat, damage, containment, and healing, which are all critical aspects in the maintenance of the integrity of an organism [1].
This process occurs as a defensive response, which induces profound physiological adaptions triggered in an attempt to limit tissue damage and remove the pathogenic insult. Such mechanisms involve a complex series of events including dilatation of arterioles, venules and capillaries with increased vascular permeability, exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins, and leukocyte migration into the inflammatory area [2].
In response to injury or infection, the specialized cells of the first line, leukocytes (neutrophils and eosinophils polymorphonuclear-PMNs) migrate to the damaged regions with the aim of neutralizing and eliminating these harmful stimuli [3]. The mechanism of inflammation is attributed, in part, to release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from activated neutrophils and macrophages [4]. ROS propagate inflammation by stimulating release of cytokines, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, which stimulate recruitment of additional neutrophils and macrophages. Thus free radicals are important mediators that provoke or sustain inflammatory processes and, consequently, their neutralization by antioxidants and radical scavengers can attenuate inflammation [5,6].
A complex network of mediators, including cytokines and lipids, produced by endothelial cells, epithelial cells and tissue infiltrating leukocytes, characterizes the early phases of inflammation [7].
The clinical features of inflammation were described some 2000 years ago listed as the cardinal signs of inflammation: rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), heat (hyperthermia) and pain [8].
The combined action of the molecules attracts and activates leukocytes to the reactive site, promotes angiogenesis and tissue remodeling [7]. If this sequence of steps is rigorously followed, the acute inflammation will resolve without causing excessive damage to tissue, returning to homeostasis [3].
However, there are several clinical conditions where inflammation becomes chronic with excessive production of macrophage-derived mediators may lead to collateral damage to normal cells, which results in diseases, including atherosclerosis, bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis glomerulonephritis, and septic shock [9].
Therefore, the classical anti-inflammatory agents glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can only alleviate symptoms without, however, altering the course of the disease [3].
The current anti-inflammatory therapy aims to control the cardinal signs of inflammation, antagonizing or blocking key pro-inflammatory mediators that are released at the beginning of an acute inflammatory response [3]. NSAIDs typically relieve inflammation and associated pain by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in the production of prostaglandins. These enzymes exist in two isoforms (COX-1 and COX-2) coded by distinct genes on different chromosomes [10]. Compounds that inhibit COX enzymes could therefore be considered to be potential anti-inflammatory drugs. However, many of the commonly used anti-inflammatory agents are becoming less acceptable due to serious adverse reactions such as gastric intolerance, bone marrow depression and water and salt retention, resulting from prolonged use [11].
Within this context, it is of fundamental importance to search for substances that can promote the resolution of inflammation, thus, homeostatic and modulatory, efficient and tolerated by the body [3].
Plants are an important source of biologically active natural products and are considered a promising avenue for the discovery of new drugs due to easy access and relatively low cost, since they naturally grow in relative abundance [12,13]. The development of standardized herbal medicines with proven efficacy and safety of use is an important source for increasing the access of people to medicines and to offer new therapeutic options [14].
So, can cite examples of plants with scientifically proven anti-inflammatory activity: Annona muricata, Glycine max, Orthosiphon stamineus, Caulerpa racemosa and Oenothera speciosa used in folk medicine [15–19].
Therefore, extracts or isolated compounds from natural products seems to be a promising strategy for developing anti-inflammatory drugs in search of a better therapeutic and quality of life for the patient [20].
In the course of our continuing search for bioactive natural products from plants, we have published reviews of extracts and compounds derived from plants with the following potential activities: inhibitors of mammary, uterine cervical and ovarian neoplasia [21–23]; inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase, angiotensina-converting enzyme and the enzyme acetylcholinesterase [24–26]; with central analgesic activity [27]; employed in prevention of osteoporosis [28]; for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease [29]; anticonvulsant and anxiety disorders [30,31]; with antileishmanial [32]; giardicidal [33]; antileprotic [34]; hypoglycemic [35] and antiinflammatory activities [36,37]; for the treatment of malaria [38]; with antiulcer activity [39–41] and effects of plant extracts on HIV-1 Protease [42]. Our group has also reviewed the medicinal and poisonous plants of the Northeastern region of Brazil [43,44], among other review articles [45–54]. So in this work, we reviewed the literature related to anti-inflammatory activity of the plants from South American countries.

2. Results and Discussion

It was possible in this review to list 175 species of medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activity. Those species are distributed in 63 families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae with 37, 17, 11, 6 and 6 species, respectively, studied so far (Table 1).
The effectiveness of the plant extracts was dependent on the type of extract used, the model of inflammation induction and the organism tested. Thus, it was possible to classify the extracts as strongly active, active, weakly active, inactive and equivocal.
Different species of Proustia genus have been frequently used as antiinflammatory and analgesic to treat gout and rheumatic illnesses, however, there is little information about their efficacy and acute toxicity [55]. This genus accumulates sesquiterpene α-isocedrene derivatives that are typical for the subtribus Nassauviinae of the family Asteraceae [56], and a guaianolide β-d-glucopyranoside has been previously isolated from Proustia ilicifolia [57].
According to Delporte et al. (2005) [55] in the assays carried out per os crude methanol extract (GME), hexane extract (HE) and methanol extract (ME) exhibited the strongest analgesic activities similar to the reference drug (SN). In relation to the results obtained in per os anti-inflammatory studies, ME showed the strongest effect, and was similar to the reference drug (SN); HE did not present significant antiinflammatory activity. The antiinflammatory activity have been attributed the presence of compounds with a similar mechanism for both activities, as for example inhibition of the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). By the activation of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme, the level of PGE2 increases markedly, and its production provokes inflammation and pain [58]. Therefore, we assume that some active metabolites of these extracts could inhibit cyclooxygenase activity.
For arachidonic acid (AA) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA) induced oedema, GME showed significant effect only against AA assay and on the contrary, HE and ME presented important activities only against TPA and dichloromethane extract (DCE) was active in both AA and TPA models. The action’s mechanism of the GME can be explained by inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes while the HE and ME may act by inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes. Since the DCE in addition to inhibiting the synthesis of leukotrienes may act by blocking production of PGE2 [59].
GME did not show acute toxicity per os up to the maxim dose of 2 g/kg and the weight of the mice had a normal variation after the seven days of observation. Common side effects such as, mild diarrhea, loss of weight and depression were not recorded. It is important to carry out toxicological studies in other animal species in order to demonstrate its lack of toxicity [59].
Ageratum conyzoides (Asteraceae), known commonly as “mentrasto”, has been used in Brazillian folk medicine to treat various ailments (metrorrhagia, fevers, dermatitis, inflammation, rheumatism, diarrhea and diuretics). A large number of pharmacological activities (anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic) have been attributed to the essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides [60]. The flowers and leaves are used in the form of an infusion for their analgesic and antiinflammatory properties. Literature data indicate its efficacy in alleviating pain caused by human arthritis [61] or induced experimentally [62].
The hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) of the leaves from A. conyzoides was active in both the on subacute (cotton pellet-induced granuloma) and chronic (formaldehyde-induced arthritis) models of inflammation in rats. The weights of cotton pellets were significantly reduced in (38%) after treatment with crude extract of A. conyzoides (250 mg/kg, p. o.) and possibly this effect is related to inhibition of neutrophil migration. Exame macroscopic gastric mucosa did not reveal any tissue damage associated with treatment, which is a collateral effect of many antiinflammatory drugs, including aspirin and related compounds [63,64], this result would be explained by an inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostanoids by cyclooxygenase [65].
Literature review reports indicate the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in A. conyzoides plants [66,67]. These are known to be hepatotoxic, and to cause lung cancer and variety of other ailments [68]. There was investigated possible hematological and biochemical alteration in animal blood samples following after sub-acute and chronic treatment with the HAE of the plant. To evaluate liver function, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels of plasma were measured. It was observed that during the sub-acute treatment, no significant alteration in serum levels of SGOT and SGPT, however during the chronic treatment with HAE (500 mg/kg body wt.) the value of SGPT (108.5726.6 U/l) showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0,05) to control group (155.6739.6 U/l), reduced significantly [65].
Artemisia copa Phil. (Compositae), commonly known as “copa-copa”, is a small and much branched bush with a height of 30–60 cm that grows in the northwest of Argentina and in the north of Chile. The plant is regularly sold in local markets and herb health stores and the infusion of the aerial parts are used in popular medicine as antitussive, digestive, for lowering fever, for pulmonary diseases, and hypertension [69]. The leaves, macerated in alcohol, are also used locally to rub on rheumatic pains [70].
Anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol and dichloromethane extracts were analyzed in models of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and the ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in mice. Antiinflammatory activity was observed in both extracts that showed antiinflammatory activity in the TPA (88 and 54%), and the ethanolic extract showed a 37% inhibition in AA test. The results suggested that A. copa was able to prevent the production of proinflammatory mediators specially those related with cyclooxygenase (CO) and Lipoxygenase (LO) pathway. A. copa has no analgesic effect on the central nervous system that would contribute to its peripheral analgesic effect [71].
Bauhinia tarapotensis Benth. (Leguminosae) is a small tree growing in Ecuador (South America), where it is commonly known as “pata de vaca”. The plant leaves are traditionally used for their anti-inflammatory and decongestant properties [72], whereas the bark is employed as antidiarrhoeal remedy [73]. Previous study on the methanol extract of B. tarapotensis leaves revealed antioxidant and radical scavenger properties, due to the presence of different antioxidant principles, such as cyclohexenone, lignans, and phenylethanoids derivatives [74].
The topical anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated as inhibition of the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice [75]. Five extracts of the leaves significantly inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema in mice, among which the chloroform extract was the most active. The main anti-inflammatory principles of B. tarapotensis leaves are triterpenic acids of ursane and oleanane series. The antiphlogistic activity of mixtures constituted of two ursane and oleanane isomers with different hydroxylation pattern, in the ratio 2:1, is comparable to that of indomethacin [76].
Croton pullei (Euphorbiaceae) is a liana that grows above other trees, distributed in tropical areas with vast distribution in the Amazon forest [77]. In the folk medicine, several plants of the Croton genus have been used with therapeutic purposes in pathologies that involve painful and inflammatory diseases which justify this work [78].
Anti-inflammatory activity was tested in two models that assess inflammatory processes such as edema and leukocyte migration. The crude methanol extract significantly reduced by 72% the ear edema by croton-oil induced, as also was a dose-dependent reduction of leukocyte migration to the peritoneum after induction with carrageenan. The mechanism of action has not yet elucidated [78].
Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex. Reiss (Celastraceae), popularly called “espinheira-santa” due to the appearance of its leaves and its therapeutic properties, is utilized in popular medicine in cases of inflammation and gastric ulcer [79–81].
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity, antinociceptive and antiulcer of ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of Maytenus ilicifolia [82].
In the model of paw edema induced by carrageenan was observed that there was no significant difference in inflammatory response between indomethacin and the extracts evaluated. The result of hexane extract showed the anti-inflammatory potential of terpenes whereas for ethylacetate extract the anti-inflammatory response has been attributed to flavonoids, which act by reducing the formation of pro-inflammatory mediators as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide [82]. According to Oliveira et al. (1991) [83], both acute and chronic administration of this species did not induce any apparent toxicity.

3. Material and Methods

In the present work, the anti-inflammatory activity of the plants was searched through the data bank of the University of Illinois in Chicago, the NAPRALERT (Acronym for Natural Products ALERT). The data were updated in September 2009, using anti-inflammatory plants as legend. The plant extracts studied in South America were selected for this work and the references found in the search were later consulted for details of the models or mechanisms.

4. Conclusion

Given the above, this review is of fundamental importance to intensify studies with medicinal plants for the discovery of new bioactive molecules in healing of many diseases, including inflammation, thus benefiting populations affected by ensuring a better quality of life.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the University of Illinois in Chicago, U.S.A., for the use of the NAPRALERT database for this study. Thanks are also expressed for the financial support provided by CNPq / CAPES and PRONEX / FAPESQ, Brazil.

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Table
Table 1. Extracts of plants with anti-inflammatory activity studied in South America.
Table 1. Extracts of plants with anti-inflammatory activity studied in South America.
Family and Botanical nameCountryPart usedType of extractModel assay/way of routeOrganism testedActivityRef.
Acanthaceae
Justicia pectoralis var. stenophyllaBrazilDried leafHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[84]
BrazilDried leafHexane-acetoneDextran-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[84]
Agavaceae
Cordyline dracaenoidesBrazilDried rhizomeEtOH-H2O (50%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[85]
Alismataceae
Echinodorus grandiflorusBrazilDried rhizomeMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[86]
BrazilDried rhizomeMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[86]
Amaranthaceae
Alternanthera brasilianaBrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Route not givenRatInactive[87]
Pfaffia glomerataBrazilDried rootEtOH (60%) extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[88]
BrazilDried rootEtOH (60%) extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[88]
Pfaffia iresinoidesBrazilDried rootSaponin fractionCarrageenan-induced pleurisy/IntragastricRatActive[89]
BrazilDried rootH2O extCarrageenan-induced pleurisy/IntragastricRatActive[89]
BrazilDried rootH2O extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatInactive[89]
BrazilDried rootSaponin fractionCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[89]
Pfaffia paniculataBrazilDried rootEtOH (20%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[90]
BrazilDried rootEtOH (60%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[91]
Pfaffia stenophyllaBrazilDried rootEtOH (20%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[90]
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium occidentaleBrazilDried barkShellCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationRatActive[92]
BrazilDried barkShellDextran-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationRatInactive[92]
BrazilDried barkShellCotton pellet granuloma/IPRatActive[92]
BrazilDried barkShellDextran-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[92]
BrazilDried barkShellCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[92]
BrazilDried barkIsopropanol-H2O (1:1) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[92]
BrazilDried barkShellNumber of leukocytes in exudate/IPRatActive[92]
Astronium urundeuvaBrazilStembarkEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[93]
BrazilDried barkTannin fractionDextran-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[93]
BrazilDried barkTannin fractionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[93]
BrazilDried barkTannin fractionCyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis/IPRatActive[93]
BrazilStembarkEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[93]
Spondias mombinVenezuelaDried barkEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[94]
Apocynaceae
Bonafousia longitubaEcuadorDried part not specifiedEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[95]
EcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[95]
EcuadorDried part not specifiedCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[96]
EcuadorDried part not specifiedCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[96]
Ervatamia coronariaBrazilDried stemEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[97]
BrazilDried stemEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[97]
BrazilDried stemH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[97]
Himatanthus sucuubaBrazilLatex (unspec part)Hexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[98]
Mandevilla velutinaBrazilDried rhizomeAqueous-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[99]
BrazilDried rhizomeAqueous-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[99]
BrazilDried rhizomeAqueous-alcoholic ext5-HT-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[99]
BrazilDried rhizomeAqueous-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[99]
BrazilDried rhizomeAqueous-alcoholic extSnake venom-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[99]
BrazilDried rhizomeAqueous-alcoholic extPlatelet aggregating factor-acether induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[99]
BrazilDried entire plantEtOH (95%) extArachidonic-acid induced ear edema/IntragastricMouseActive[100]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extBradykinin-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[101]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/5-HT-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[101]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extDextran-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[101]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[101]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extCellulose sulfate induced rat paw edema/IntragastricRatActive[101]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extPaltelet aggretating factor-acether induced rat paw edema/IntragastricRatActive[101]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extZymosan indued rat paw edema/IntragastricRatActive[101]
BrazilFrozen rhizomeEtOH H2O (50%) extBothrops jararaca induced rat paw edema/IntragastricRatInactive[101]
Peschiera australis var. australisBrazilDried leafEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced paw edema/IPRatActive[102]
BrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced paw edema/IPRatActive[102]
Peschiera vanheurckiiPeruDried stembarkEtOH (100%) extEPP-induced rat ear oedema/ExternalRatActive[103]
Araliaceae
Hedera helixUruguayDried leafEtOH (95%) ext**/OralHuman adultActive[104]
Arecaceae
Orbignya phalerataBrazilDried fruitCHCl3 extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[105]
BrazilDried fruitCHCl3 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[105]
BrazilDried fruitCHCl3 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[105]
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia triangularisArgentinaDried rootMeOH extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried rootCH2Cl2 extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried rootH2O extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried rootH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried rootCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried rootMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[106]
Asclepiadaceae
Marsdenia cundurangoEcuadorPart not specifiedCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[96]
EcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[95]
Asteraceae
Achyrocline satureioidesBrazilDried inflorescenceH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[107]
BrazilDried inflorescenceEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[107]
BrazilDried inflorescenceHot H2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[107]
BrazilDried inflorescenceEtOH (95%) extCroton oil ear edema test/ExternalMouseActive[107]
BrazilDried inflorescenceH2O extCroton oil ear edema test/ExternalMouseActive[107]
BrazilDried inflorescenceHot H2O extCroton oil ear edema test/ExternalMouseActive[107]
Ageratum conyzoidesBrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extFormalin-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[62]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[62]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/SCRatActive[62]
BrazilDried leafHydro-alcoholic extFormalin-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[65]
BrazilDried leafHydro-alcoholic extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[65]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extYeast-induced inflammation of the paw/IPRatActive[108]
Ambrosia tenuifoliaArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
Artemisia copaArgentinaDried entire plantHot H2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[109]
ArgentinaDried entire plantCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[109]
ArgentinaDried entire plantMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[109]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[71]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[71]
Baccharis articulataArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[110]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[110]
Baccharis crispaArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[110]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[110]
Baccharis decussataColombiaDried leafMeOH ext**/Route not given**Active[111]
Baccharis incarumArgentinaDried entire plantCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[109]
ArgentinaDried entire plantMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[109]
ArgentinaDried entire plantHot H2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[109]
Baccharis medullosaArgentinaDried aerial partsCHCl3 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[112]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[112]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCCl4Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[112]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[112]
Baccharis rufescensArgentinaDried aerial partsHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[112]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsAcetone extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[112]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCHCl3 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[112]
Baccharis trimeraUruguayDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[110]
UruguayDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[110]
UruguayDried aerial partsButanol extCarrageenan-induced edema in rat paw/IPRatActive[113]
UruguayDried aerial partsButanol extDextran-induced edema in rat paw/IPRatActive[113]
UruguayDried aerial partsButanol extArachindonic acid-induced edema in pat paw/IPRatEquivocal[113]
UruguayDried aerial partsButanol extC16-PAF-induced edema/IPRatWeak activity[113]
UruguayDried aerial partsButanol extZymosan-induced edema in rat paw/IPRatEquivocal[113]
Baccharis trinervisEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[95]
Baccharis tucumanensisArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
Bidens pilosaBrazilDried leafMeOH extZymosan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[114]
Bidens subalternansArgentinaDried entire plantMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseWeak activity[115]
ArgentinaDried entire plantCHcl3 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[115]
Centaurea chilensisChileDried aerial partsMeOH ext**/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[116]
ChileDried aerial partsCHCl3 ext**/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[116]
Chromolaena christieanaArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[106]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[106]
Conyza bonariensisBrazilAerial part essent oilEssential oilLPS-induced leukocyte recruitement/IntragastricMouseActive[117]
Conyza floribundaEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[95]
Conyza sophiifoliaArgentinaDried aerial partsHexane extPaw edema test/Route not givenRatActive[118]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsAcetone extPaw edema test/Route not givenRatActive[118]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCHCl3 extPaw edema test/Route not givenRatActive[118]
Cynara scolymusBrazilFresh leafInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseActive[119]
Elephantopus scaberBrazilFresh leafInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseActive[119]
BrazilDried entire plantEtOH-H2O (50%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[120]
BrazilDried entireDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[120]
Eremanthus erythropappusBrazilDried aerial partsEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[121]
Eupatorium buniifoliumArgentinaDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[122]
EquadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[95]
Eupatorium inulaefolium var. suaveolensArgentinaOven dried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extPhorbol myristate acetate-induced earMouseActive[123]
Inflammation/External
ArgentinaOven dried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[123]
Gochnatia polymorphaBrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[124]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[124]
BrazilDried leafButanol extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[124]
BrazilDried leafEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[124]
BrazilDried leafDichloromethane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[124]
Laennecia sophiifoliaArgentinaDried aerial partsHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[112]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsAcetone extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[112]
Mikania glomerataBrazilFresh leafInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseActive[119]
BrazilDried leafEtOH-H2O (1:1) extPAF-induced edema/Histamine-induced edema/SCRatInactive[125]
BrazilDried leafDichloromethanolCarrageenan-induced pleurisy/IPMouseActive[126]
BrazilDried leafEtOH-H2O (1:1) extSerotonin-induced pleural edema/SCRatInactive[125]
Mutisia kurtziiArgentinaDried entire plantCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[109]
ArgentinaDried entire plantMeOH ext**/IPRatInactive[109]
ArgentinaDried entire plantHot H2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[109]
Neurolaena lobataEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[95]
Pluchea sagittalisArgentinaDried entire plantHot H2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[123]
ArgentinaDried entire plantCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[123]
ArgentinaOven dried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extPhorbol myristate acetate-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[109]
ArgentinaOven dried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[109]
ArgentinaDried entire plantMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[109]
Porophyllum ruderaleBrazilAerial part essent oilEssential oilLPS-induced leukocyte recruitement/IntragastricMouseActive[117]
Proustia pyrifoliaChileDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/ExternalMouseActive[59]
ChileDried aerial partsCH2Cl2 ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[59]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[59]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/ExternalMouseActive[59]
ChileDried aerial partsHexane extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/ExternalMouseActive[59]
ChileDried aerial partsHexane ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[59]
Synedrella nodifloraVenezuelaDried leafEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[94]
VenezuelaDried leafHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[94]
Tagetes pusillaEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[95]
Tanacetum vulgareArgentinaDried aerial partsDichloromethane ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[127]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsEtOH (100%) ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseWeak activity[128]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsCHCl3 ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[128]
Vanillosmopsis arboreaBrazilDried trunkwoodEssential oil**/Gastric intubationMouseActive[129]
Bignoniaceae
Adenocalymma alliaceaPeruDried root + stemEtOH (100%) extEPP-induced rat ear oedema/ExternalRatWeak activity[103]
Tabebuia impetiginosaBrazilDried barkType ext not statedFormalin-induced pedal edema/Route not givenRatActive[130]
Tecoma sambucifoliaPeruDried flowersH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[131]
PeruDried flowersEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[131]
PeruDried perianthH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[131]
PeruDried perianthEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[131]
Tynnanthus myrianthusPeruDried part not specifiedEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[132]
Boraginaceae
Auxemma oncocalyxBrazilDried heartwoodQuinone fractionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[133]
BrazilDried heartwoodQuinone fractionDextran-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[133]
BrazilDried heartwoodQuinone fractionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[133]
Cordia verbenaceaBrazilFreeze-dried leafLyophilized extractMiconazole-induced edema/IntragastricRatActive[134]
BrazilFreeze-dried leafLyophilized extractNystatin-induced edema/ExternalRatActive[134]
BrazilFresh leafEtOH (70%) extCotton pellet granuloma/ExternalRatActive[135]
BrazilFresh leafEtOH (70%) extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[135]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[136]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extNystatin-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationRatActive[136]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCold stress and carrageenin-induced edema combined/Gastric intubationRatActive[136]
BrazilFresh leafEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/OralRatActive[137]
BrazilFresh leafEtOH (70%) extCotton pellet granuloma/OralRatActive[137]
BrazilFreeze-dried leafLyophilized extractNystatin-induced edema/ExternalRatActive[134]
Symphytum officinaleBrazilDried leafAqueous high speed supernatantCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationRatInactive[138]
Bromeliaceae
Nidularium procerumBrazilDried leafH2O extLPS-induced inflammatory/IPMouseActive[139]
Tillandsia streptocarpaBrazilDried entire plantMeOH extCroton oil-induced edema/ExternalMouseActive[140]
Burseraceae
Bursera simarubaVenezuelaDried leafHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[94]
VenezuelaDried leafEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[94]
VenezuelaDried barkEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[94]
VenezuelaDried leafHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[141]
Protium kleiniiBrazilDried barkEther extArachidonic acid-induced edema/ExternalMouseInactive[142]
BrazilDried barkEther ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[142]
Celastraceae
Cheiloclinium cognatumBrazilDried rootbarkMeCl2 extCroton oil-induced edema/IntragastricMouseActive[143]
Maytenus aquifoliumBrazilDried leaf/plus piroxicanHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[144]
BrazilDried leafHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[144]
Maytenus boariaChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[145]
Maytenus ilicifoliaBrazilDried leafHexane-acetone**/IntragastricRatActive[82]
BrazilDried leafEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[82]
BrazilDried leafHexane-acetoneFormalin-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[82]
BrazilDried leafEtoAc extFormalin-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[82]
Maytenus laevisColombiaBarkEtOH (95%) extCarrageenin-induced pedal edema/SCRatActive[146]
Maytenus rigidaBrazilDried barkEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[147]
Chloranthaceae
Hedyosmum bonplandianumColombiaDried leafButanol extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[148]
Clusiaceae
Hypericum brasilienseBrazilDried leafType ext not statedCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/OralRatActive[149]
Convolvulaceae
Cuscuta chilensisChileDried entire plantMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[150]
ChileDried entire plantInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[150]
Ipomoea fistulosaArgentinaOven dried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[123]
ArgentinaOven dried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extPhorbol myristate acetate-induced ear inflammation/ExternalMouseActive[123]
Crassulaceae
Bryophyllum calcinumBrazilDried leafLyophilized extractCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[151]
Kalanchoe brasiliensisBrazilFresh leafPlant juiceCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[152]
BrazilFresh leafJuiceZymosan-induced inflammation/IPMouseActive[153]
BrazilFresh fruit juice (unripe)Juice**/IPMouseActive[154]
Cucurbitaceae
Cayaponia tayuyaBrazilDried rootMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationMouseInactive[155]
BrazilDried rootCHCl3 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationMouseWeak activity[155]
BrazilDried rootMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseWeak activity[155]
BrazilDried rootCHCl3 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[155]
BrazilDried rootInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseEquivocal[119]
Wilbrandia ebracteataBrazilDried rootCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatWeak activity[156]
BrazilDried rootCHCl3 soluble fractionCarrageenan-induced pleurisy/IntragastricMouseActive[156]
BrazilDried rootCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[156]
BrazilDried rootChromatographic fractionCarrageenan-induced pleurisy/IPMouseActive[156]
BrazilDried rootCHCl3 soluble fractionCarrageenan-induced pleurisy/IPMouseActive[156]
Wilbrandia speciesBrazilDried rhizomeEtOH (70%) extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[157]
BrazilDried rhizomeEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[157]
BrazilDried rhizomeEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[157]
Cyatheaceae
Trichipteris proceraPeruInner barkEtOH (95%) ext**/**RabbitActive[158]
Cyperaceae
Mariscus pedunculatusBrazilVenomEssential oilLPS-induced pleurisy model/IntragastricMouseActive[159]
Dilleniaceae
Curatella americanaBrazilDried stembarkHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[160]
BrazilDried stembarkHydro-alcoholic ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/IPMouseActive[160]
BrazilDried stembarkHydro-alcoholic extCapsaicin induced mouse ear edema/IPMouseActive[160]
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvenseBrazilStemEtOH - H2O (1:1) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[161]
Erythroxylaceae
Erythroxylum argentinumBrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[162]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[162]
Euphorbiaceae
Alchornea castaneaefoliaPeruDried part not specifiedEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRat**[132]
PeruDried stembarkEtOH (100%) extEpp-induced rat ear edema/**RatActive[103]
Croton cajucaraBrazilBark essential oilEssential oilCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[163]
BrazilBark essential oilEssential oilCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[163]
Croton celtidifoliusBrazilDried barkH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[164]
BrazilDried barkEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[164]
BrazilDried barkEtOH (80%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[164]
BrazilDried barkButanol extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[164]
BrazilDried barkEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[164]
BrazilDried barkH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[164]
BrazilDried barkButanol extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[164]
Croton lechleriPeruFresh sapLatex**/IinjectionRatActive[165]
EcuadorFreeze-drild latex**Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[166]
Croton malamboVenezuelaDried barkH2O extAlbumin-induced edema/IPMouseActive[167]
Croton menthodorusEcuadorDried seedCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[96]
EcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[95]
Croton pullei var. glabriorBrazilDried leafMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[78]
Jatropha ellipticaBrazilFresh tuberEtOH-H2O(50%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[168]
BrazilFresh tuberEtOH-H2O (50%) extDextran-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[168]
BrazilFresh tuberEtOH-H2O(50%) extSerotonin-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[168]
Phyllanthus amarusBrazilDried aerial partsHexane extCfa induced edema/IntragastricMouseActive[169]
Phyllanthus carolinensisBrazilDried entire plantHydro-alcoholic extFormalin-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[170]
Phyllanthus corcovadensisBrazilDried leaf + root + stemEtOH-H2O(1:1) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/vs.dextran-induced pedal edema/IPMouseInactive[171]
Fabaceae
Apuleia leiocarpaBrazilFresh barkInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseActive[119]
Bauhinia guianensisBrazilDried stembarkCH2Cl2 extDextran-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[172]
BrazilDried stembarkCH2Cl2 extHistamine-induced edema/IPRatInactive[172]
BrazilDried stembarkEtoAc extHistamine-induced edema/IPRatActive[172]
BrazilDried stembarkEtoAc extDextran-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[172]
BrazilDried stembarkMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[172]
BrazilDried stembarkMeOH extDextran-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[172]
BrazilDried stembarkMeOH extHistamine-induced edema/IPRatActive[172]
Bauhinia tarapotensisEcuadorDried leafH2O extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[76]
EcuadorDried leafDichloromethane extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[76]
EcuadorDried leafMeOH extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[76]
EcuadorDried leafHexane extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[76]
EcuadorDried leafCHCl3 extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[76]
Caesalpinia ferreaBrazilDried fruitH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[173]
Calliandra angustifoliaPeruDried barkEtOH (100%) extEpp-induced rat ear edema/**RatInactive[103]
Copaifera cearensisBrazilDried balsamOleoresinCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[174]
Copaifera langsdorfiiBrazilDried oleoresinResinAcetic acid-induced colitis/IntragastricRatActive[174]
Copaifera speciesBrazilOleoresinOleoresinCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[174]
BrazilOleoresinOleoresinCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[174]
BrazilOleoresinOleoresinHistamine-induced vascular peremability/IntragastricRatActive[174]
Erythrina velutinaBrazilDried leafDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[175]
BrazilDried leafDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[175]
BrazilDried leafDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[175]
Erythrina crista-galliArgentinaDried aerial partsDichloromethane ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/**MouseActive[176]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/**MouseActive[176]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear inflammation/**MouseActive[176]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[176]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[176]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsDichloromethane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[176]
Marsypianthes chamaedrysBrazilFresh leafInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseActive[119]
Psoralea glandulosaChileDried aerial partsInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[150]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[150]
ChileDried aerial partsPet ether extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[177]
ChileDried aerial partsDichloromethane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[177]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[177]
Pterocarpus uleiPeruDried stembarkEtOH (100%) extEPP-induced rat ear oedema/**RatInactive[103]
Pterodon emarginatusBrazilDried fruitHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[178]
BrazilDried fruitHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[178]
Stryphnodendron adstringensBrazilDried stembarkAcetic acid induced vascular permeability/IntragastricMouseActive[179]
BrazilDried stembarkAcetone extDextran-induced pedal edema/carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[179]
BrazilDried stembarkAcetone ext**/IntragastricRatWeak activity[179]
Torresea cearensisBrazilDried stembarkCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[180]
Flacourtiaceae
Casearia sylvestrisBrazilFresh bark + leafInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[119]
Gentianaceae
Gentianella achalensisArgentinaDried aerial partsChromatographic fraction12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/**MouseActive[181]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsPet ether ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/**MouseInactive[181]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/**MouseInactive[181]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsDichloromethane ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/**MouseActive[181]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsDichloromethane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[181]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsPet ether extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[181]
ArgentinaDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[181]
Lamiaceae
Hyptis pectinataBrazilDried leafH2O extArachidonic acid-induced edema/IntragastricRatActive[182]
BrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[182]
Lavandula latifoliaParaguayAerial partsChromatographic fractionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/**RatActive[183]
ParaguayAerial partsEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/**RatActive[183]
Raphiodon echinusBrazilDried aerial partsH2O extAcetic acid-induced dye diffusion/IntragastricMouseActive[129]
Liliaceae
Polygonatum punctatumArgentinaOven dried aerial partsCH2Cl2 extPhorbol myristate acetate-induced ear inflammation/**MouseActive[123]
ArgentinaOven dried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatWeak activity[123]
Linaceae
Vantanea peruvianaPeruDried stembarkEtOH (100%) extEPP-induced rat ear oedema/**RatStrong activity[103]
Loasaceae
Mentzelia chilensisPeruDried stemEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[184]
PeruDried stemH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[184]
Lythraceae
Adenaria floribundaPeruDried stemEtOH (100%) extEPP-induced rat ear oedema/**RatActive[103]
Magnoliaceae
Talauma ovataBrazilDried leafEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatInactive[185]
Malvaceae
Sida cordifoliaBrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[186]
Urena lobataEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[95]
Meliaceae
Guarea guidoniaBrazilSeedEtOH (90%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric IntubationRatActive[187]
BrazilSeedEtOH (90%) extCotton pellet granuloma/Gastric IntubationRatActive[187]
Trichilia glabraArgentinaDried leafZymosan-induced immediate inflammation moded/IPMouseActive[188]
Menispermaceae
Abuta grandifoliaPeruDried part not specifiedEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRat**[132]
Cissampelos sympodialisBrazilDried leafEtOH (80%) extCapsaicin induced edema/IPMouseActive[189]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (80%) ext12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced ear inflammation/IPMouseActive[189]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (80%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[189]
Monimiaceae
Peumus boldusChileDried leafEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[190]
Moraceae
Dorstenia brasiliensisBrazilFresh rootInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[119]
Myristicaceae
Virola pavonisPeruDried vineEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[132]
Virola peruvianaPeruDried part not specifiedEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[132]
Eugenia unifloraBrazilFresh leafInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[191]
BrazilFresh leafEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[191]
BrazilFresh leafDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[191]
BrazilDried leafInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[191]
BrazilDried leafEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[191]
Psidium guineenseBrazilFresh leaf essential oilEssential oilCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[192]
Olacaceae
Heisteria acuminataEcuadorDried part not specifiedCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseInactive[96]
EcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[95]
Orchidaceae
Catasetum barbatumParaguayDried aerial partsEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/**RatActive[193]
Phytolaccaceae
Petiveria alliaceaBrazilDried rootEtOH (70%) extCroton oil-induced irritation/**RatActive[194]
BrazilDried rootEtOH (70%) extCotton pellet granuloma/**RatActive[194]
BrazilDried rootHydro-alcoholic extNystatin induced edema/IntragastricRatActive[195]
BrazilDried rootHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[195]
BrazilDried rootLyophilized extractCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[196]
BrazilDried rootHydro-alcoholic extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[195]
PeruDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extEPP-induced rat ear oedema/**RatInactive[103]
Phytolacca bogotensisEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseInactive[95]
EcuadorDried entire plantCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseInactive[96]
Phytolacca rivinoidesEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[95]
EcuadorDried entire plantCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseInactive[96]
Piperaceae
Peperomia pellucidaBrazilDried aerialH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[197]
Piper lenticellosumEcuadorDried entire plantEtOH (100%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[95]
EcuadorDried fruitCH2Cl2 extMouseActive[96]
Piper marginatumBrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[198]
Plantaginaceae
Plantago australisBrazilDried rootHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[199]
BrazilDried leafHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[199]
BrazilDried fruitHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[199]
Plantago majorBrazilDried leafH2O extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseInactive[200]
BrazilDried leafH2O extCroton oil granuloma/** pouch/IntragastricRatActive[200]
BrazilDried leafH2O extDextran-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[200]
BrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pleurisy/IntragastricRatActive[200]
BrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseWeak activity[200]
Polygonaceae
Polygonum punctatumBrazilDried entire plantDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationRatActive[201]
BrazilDried entire plantEtOH-H2O (1:1) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric intubationRatActive[201]
BrazilDried entire plantEtOH-H2O (1:1) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/**RatInactive[201]
BrazilDried entire plantDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/**RatInactive[201]
Polypodiaceae
Campyloneurum phyllitidisParaguayDried leafH2O extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[106]
ParaguayDried leafCH2Cl2 extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[106]
ParaguayDried leafMeOH extCroton oil-induced edema/**MouseActive[106]
ParaguayDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
ParaguayDried leafMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
ParaguayDried leafCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPMouseActive[106]
Proteaceae
Lomatia hirsutaChileDried leafInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[202]
Rhamnaceae
Trevoa trinervisChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[203]
ChileDried aerial partsHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[203]
ChileDried aerial partsDichloromethane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[203]
ChileDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[203]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[203]
Rosaceae
Acaena splendensChileDried bark + spinesCH2Cl2 extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[204]
ChileDried bark + spinesInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[204]
ChileDried bark + spinesMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[204]
Kageneckia oblongaChileDried aerial partsHexane extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/**MouseActive[205]
ChileDried aerial partsCHCl3-MeOH extract (2:1)Acetic acid-induced pedal edema/**MouseActive[205]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extAcetic acid-induced pedal edema/**MouseActive[205]
ChileDried aerial partsCHCl3-MeOH extract (2:1)Carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[205]
ChileDried aerial partsH2O soluble fractionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[205]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[205]
ChileDried aerial partsHexane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigActive[205]
Rubiaceae
Chiococca brachiataBrazilFresh rootInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseactive[119]
Coutarea hexandraBrazilDried stembarkEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[206]
Uncaria guianensisPeruDried barkLyophilized extract**/**Human adultActive[207]
Uncaria tomentosaPeruFreeze-dried barkH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[208]
PeruFreeze-dried barkHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[208]
PeruDried barkLyophilized extract**/IPMouseActive[209]
PeruDried barkLyophilized extract**/OralHuman adultActive[209]
PeruDried barkH2O extCell CultureIn vitroActive[210]
PeruDried barkH2O ext5-ht-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[211]
PeruDried barkLyophilized extract**/OralHuman adultActive[207]
PeruDried vineType ext not stated**/Route not givenHuman adultActive[212]
PeruDried barkPet ether ext5-ht-Induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[213]
PeruDried barkH2O extChronic intestinal inflammation induced by indomethacin/**RatActive[210]
PeruDried rootRootbarkConvulsions strychnine-induced/carrageenan-induced pedal edemaI/IntragastricRatActive[214]
PeruDried barkEtoAc ext5-ht-Induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[211]
PeruPart not specifiedType ext not stated**/**Human adultEquivocal[215]
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum chiloperoneBrazildried leafPet ether extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricActive[216]
Sapindaceae
Dodonaea viscosaBrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[217]
Sapotaceae
Bumelia sartorumBrazilDried rootbarkEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Gastric IntubationRatActive[218]
Scoparia dulcisBrazilDried entire plantEtOH (95%) extHistamine-induced edema/carrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[219]
BrazilDried entire plantH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[219]
BrazilDried entire plantEtOH (95%) extDextran-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[219]
BrazilDried entire plantEtOH (95%) extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatInactive[219]
Simaroubaceae
Simaba cedronSouth AmericaSeedEther ext**/SCRatInactive[220]
South AmericaSeedPet ether ext**/SCRatInactive[220]
South AmericaSeedEtOH (95%) extCotton pellet granuloma/SCRatWeak activity[220]
South AmericaSeedH2O extDextran-induced pedal edema/SCRatWeak activity[220]
Solanaceae
Brunfelsia bonodoraPeruDried part not specifiedEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[132]
Brunfelsia unifloraBrazilRootMeOH extCarrageenin-induced pedal edema/OralRatActive[221]
BrazilRootCHCl3 extData incomplete/OralRatActive[222]
BrazilFresh leafInfusionDye diffusion assay/IntragastricMouseInactive[119]
Solanum ligustrinumChileDried aerial partsInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[223]
ChileDried aerial partsDecoctionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[223]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[223]
ChileDried aerial partsDichloromethane extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[223]
ChileDried aerial partsH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[223]
ChileDried aerial partsPet ether extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[223]
ChileDried aerial partsMeOH extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricGuinea pigWeak activity[223]
Solanum lycocarpumBrazilDried fruitEtOH (95%) extCroton oil-induced edema/IntragastricMouseActive[224]
BrazilDried fruitAlkaloid fractCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/SCMouseActive[224]
BrazilDried fruitAlkaloid fractCroton oil-induced edema/SCMouseActive[224]
Turneraceae
Turnera ulmifoliaBrazilDried entire plantHydro-alcoholic extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[225]
BrazilDried entire plantEtoAc extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatInactive[225]
Verbenaceae
Bouchea fluminensisBrazilDried leafH2O extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/Route not givenRatActive[87]
Brazildried aerial partsEtOH (95%) ext5-ht-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[226]
Brazildried aerial partsEtOH (95%) extHistamine-induced edema/IntragastricMouseActive[226]
Brazildried aerial partsEtOH (95%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricMouseActive[226]
Stachytarpheta cayennensisBrazilDried leafEtOH (70%) extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatWeak activity[227]
BrazilDried leafInfusionCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[227]
BrazilDried entire plantH2O extDextran-induced pedal edema/carrageenan-induced pedal edema/histamine-induced edema/IntragastricMouseInactive[227]
BrazilDried leafButanol extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPSalvelinus alpinusWeak activity[227]
BrazilDried leafButanol extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[228]
Winteraceae
Drimys winterBrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extPgE2 induced paw oedma/IntragastricRatEquivocal[229]
BrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extHistamine-induced edema/IntragastricRatInactive[229]
BrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[229]
BrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extDextran-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatActive[229]
BrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extBradykinin-induced pedal edema/IntragastricRatWeak activity[229]
BrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extPaw oedema/IntragastricRatWeak activity[229]
BrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extPaf-acether induced paw oedema/IntragastricRatWeak activity[229]
BrazilDried barkHydro-alcoholic extOvalbumine induced paw oedema/IntragastricRatWeak activity[229]
Zingiberaceae[229]
Zingiber officinaleBrazilFresh rhizomeHydro-alcoholic extCarrageenan-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[230]
BrazilFresh rhizomeHydro-alcoholic ext5-ht-induced pedal edema/IPRatActive[230]
BrazilFresh rhizomeHydro-alcoholic ext48180 compound-induced edema/**RatActive[230]
BrazilFresh rhizomeHydro-alcoholic ext48180 and 5-ht induced skin edema/IPRatActive[230]
Zygophyllaceae
Larrea divaricataArgentinaDried leafMeOH extCotton pellet granuloma/IntragastricRatActive[231]
ArgentinaDried leafH2O extPeritoneal macrophages/IPMouseActive[232]
**Incompleted dates; IP = intraperitoneal; SC = subcutaneous; EtOH = ethanolic extract ; H2O ext = aqueous extract; MeOH ext = methanol extract; EtoAc ext = ethyl acetate extract; CH2Cl2 ext = dichloromethane extract; CHCl3 ext = chloroformic extract ; CCl4 = chloroform; MeCl2 ext = dichloromethane extract; EtOH-H2O = crude aqueous/alcoholic extract; CHCl3-MeOH extract = dichloromethane and methanol extract.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lima, G.R.d.M.; Montenegro, C.d.A.; Almeida, C.L.F.d.; Athayde-Filho, P.F.d.; Barbosa-Filho, J.M.; Batista, L.M. Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South America: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2011, 12, 2692-2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12042692

AMA Style

Lima GRdM, Montenegro CdA, Almeida CLFd, Athayde-Filho PFd, Barbosa-Filho JM, Batista LM. Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South America: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2011; 12(4):2692-2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12042692

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lima, Gedson Rodrigues de Morais, Camila de Albuquerque Montenegro, Cynthia Layse Ferreira de Almeida, Petrônio Filgueiras de Athayde-Filho, José Maria Barbosa-Filho, and Leônia Maria Batista. 2011. "Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South America: A Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12, no. 4: 2692-2749. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms12042692

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