Next Article in Journal
Analysis of Snail-1, E-Cadherin and Claudin-1 Expression in Colorectal Adenomas and Carcinomas
Previous Article in Journal
Tetrachloridocuprates(II)—Synthesis and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJMS
Volume 13
Issue 2
10.3390/ijms13021620
ijms-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Acidic Polysaccharide Extracts from Gastrodia Rhizomes Suppress the Atherosclerosis Risk Index through Inhibition of the Serum Cholesterol Composition in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

by
Kui-Jin Kim
1,†,
Ok-Hwan Lee
2,†,
Chan-Kyu Han
3,
Young-Chan Kim
3 and
Hee-Do Hong
3,*
1
Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
2
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
3
Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Kyonggi 463-746, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13(2), 1620-1631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021620
Submission received: 5 January 2012 / Revised: 29 January 2012 / Accepted: 30 January 2012 / Published: 2 February 2012
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Obesity is associated with a broad spectrum of cardio-metabolic disturbances, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CDV). A high-fat diet has been shown to cause an elevation of the plasma cholesterol levels in humans, and the control of serum cholesterol has been demonstrated to be important in the prevention of CVD and atherosclerosis. The aims of this study were to demonstrate that crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes suppress atherosclerosis through the regulation of serum lipids in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed a high-fat diet. We examined the concentrations of serum lipids, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, in SD rats fed a high-fat diet and evaluated the atherogenic index. Here, we show that both crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes inhibited the total cholesterol and LDL levels. Moreover, there was a significantly suppressed atherosclerosis risk due to the acidic polysaccharide extract from Gastrodia rhizome. Taken together, our results suggested that acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes might be beneficial for lowering the incidence of CVD and atherosclerosis by reducing the de novo synthesis of total cholesterol and the LDL levels.

1. Introduction

The prevalence of overweight and obese individuals worldwide has increased dramatically due, in large part, to the over consumption of a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. This is observed, in particular, in 2008 among adults aged 20 years and older in the United States, when approximately 68% were overweight (of which, 33% were obese and 5% were extremely obese) [1]. Obesity is an important disease in the realm of preventive medicine because it is regarded as a risk factor associated with a broad spectrum of cardio-metabolic disturbances, including diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease [2–5]. Several mechanisms induce the risk of obesity, including induced energy/high fat diet, increased intestinal adsorption, enhanced lipogenesis, suppressed lipolysis and fat oxidation and decreased energy expenditure. A high-fat diet has been shown to cause an elevation of plasma lipids, whereas a normal diet causes a decrease in the cholesterol levels in humans [6,7]. The two most common components of cholesterol are low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and elevated serum levels of LDL cholesterol and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol are important independent risk factors for CVD [8,9]. Therefore, the control of postprandial LDL and HDL has been shown to be important in the treatment of CVD and the prevention of atherosclerosis.
Several publications have reported that the phytochemicals from natural products have a beneficial effect on CVD and atherosclerosis [10–13] by regulating multiple epigenetic mechanisms, including the release of HDL and LDL [14,15]. These reports have demonstrated a reduction in the incidence of CVD and atherosclerosis with obesity by natural product therapy.
The extracts of Gastrodia rhizome, a polysaccharide-enriched dry tuber of Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae), have been used in alternative traditional medicine in the Asian Pacific region as an anticonvulsant, an analgesic and a sedative against general paralysis, epilepsy, vertigo, and tetanus [16]. In addition to polysaccharides, including alpha-d-glucan, the major physiological compounds in Gastrodia elata Blume are gastrodin, parishin, and vanillyl alcohol, glycoprotein [17–19]. Among the bioactive components of Gastrodia elata Blume, the glycoproteins inhibit platelet aggregation and exhibit antithrombotic activity [17]. Moreover, we have been showed that acidic polysaccharide from Gastrodia rhizome has potential therapeutic ability of hypertension in SHR model [20]. Although Gastrodia rhizome has various biological actions [21,22], the effect of acidic polysaccharides purified from Gastrodia rhizome in SD rats fed a high-fat diet has not yet been studied by analysis of blood cholesterol including HDL and LDL to protect properties of CVD and atherosclerosis.
Several reports have been published on anti-atherosclerosis effect of acidic polysaccharide through the inhibition of nd presented the following: the polysaccharides fraction from red ginseng roots has a significant anti-cholesterol activity [23]. Ginseng has similar activities Gastrodia rhizome [24].
This study, therefore, investigated the anti-atherosclerotic potential of the acidic polysaccharides purified from Gastrodia rhizomes and evaluated the concentrations of serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol, in SD rats that were fed a high-fat diet.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Body Weights and Food Intake

There were no significant differences in the changes in the SD rat body weight (Figure 1), and there were no differences in the growth ratio among the control, crude and acidic polysaccharide groups prior to Phase 1 of the experiment (Figure 1). No animals died when housed at room temperature or subjected to the oral administration of the crude and acidic polysaccharides from Gastrodia rhizomes.
In Phase 2 of the experiment, there were no significant differences in the changes in the body weight, as in Phase 1. The food intake did not differ between the groups (control, crude polysaccharide and acidic polysaccharide as shown in Table 1). Interestingly, a tendency was observed for a reduction in the daily growth ratio among the crude polysaccharide (Group B, 3.81 ± 1.01%) and acidic polysaccharide (Group C, 3.91 ± 0.99%) groups compared with the control (Group A, 4.60 ± 1.51%) prior to the experiment (Figure 1). Park et al. [25] have been showed that Gastrodia rhizome treatment protects against insulin resistance by decreasing body fat by directly working on adipocytes. Consistent this finding, body weight was slightly reduced by crude and acidic polysaccharide Gastrodia rhizome in high fat diet-fed groups. These results indicated that crude and acidic polysaccharide from Gastrodia rhizome might be induced to protect against body fat accumulation by directly working on adipocyte development in obese.
Obesity is strongly related to metabolic disorders, such as CVD and atherosclerosis, which release total cholesterol [10,12]. Therefore, we examined whether the crude and acidic polysaccharides had inhibitory effects on the total cholesterol release that is induced by a high-fat diet.

2.2. Effects of the Crude and Acidic Polysaccharides of Gastrodia Rhizomes on the Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride Contents

The total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were evaluated in the blood samples from the rats of each group. As shown in Figure 2, the crude polysaccharide (Group B, 83.62 ± 5.25 mg/dL) and acidic polysaccharide (Group C, 78.00 ± 4.42 mg/dL) groups demonstrated significantly decreased total cholesterol levels compared to the control (Group A, 100.7 ± 13.68 mg/dL). Interestingly, the acidic polysaccharides exhibited a greater reduction, by approximately 5%, in the total cholesterol induced by a high-fat diet, as compared with the crude polysaccharide extract. According to our previous results, the crude polysaccharide and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizome have different compositions [26]. Thus, we suggest that the above results were due to the different chemical compositions between crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts. However, there were no differences in the serum triglyceride levels among the control, crude polysaccharides and acidic polysaccharides. It was an interesting result that both the crude polysaccharide (Group B) and acidic polysaccharide (Group C) oral administrated groups suppressed total cholesterol on the high fat diet compared with control (Group A).
A correlation between the pathological findings seen on coronary angiography and cholesterol has been found in many studies [27]. Total cholesterol is composed of HDL and LDL cholesterol, and the serum levels of HDL and LDL are important in CVD and atherosclerosis [8,28]. A total cholesterol, high HDL or high LDL may be secondary to uncontrolled factors that promote cardiovascular disease in other ways and cause atherosclerosis at the same time, for instance lack of physical activity and obesity [29]. Hence, we investigated these levels among the treatment and control groups.

2.3. Effects of Crude and Acidic Polysaccharides of Gastrodia Rhizomes on HDL and LDL

The key principle in achieving weight loss in obese human is to modify lifestyle behaviors to decrease energy intake and increase physical activity. However, natural product derived polysaccharide therapy has limited long-term success, and many obese humans who lose weight regain their lost weight over time [30]. The failure to achieve permanent weight loss and the prevention of athersclerosis have led to increased efforts to determine a biological processed polysaccharide as an additional functional possibility in treating high HDL and regulation of LDL [6,31,32]. It is important to note that the development of atherosclerosis is prevalent in obese patient. Therefore, we investigated that the action of crude polysaccharide and acidic polysaccharide from the Gastrodia Rhizomes dampens the release of HDL and LDL cholesterol in blood that act on the regulating atherosclerosis in vivo.
As shown in Figure 3, non-high fat diet groups showed no increased in the physiological concentration of serum HDL and LDL levels, whereas serum LDL cholesterol was higher in the control group, at 29.67 mg/dL, than in the treatment groups (Group B, 26.04 mg/dL and Group C, 21.06 mg/dL). In particular, the administration of the acidic polysaccharides significantly decreased the LDL cholesterol by 12.3% compared to the control group. However, there were no significant differences in the serum HDL cholesterol levels among the control (Group A, 32.92 ± 2.19 mg/dL) or the crude (Group B, 31.20 ± 2.73 mg/dL) or acidic polysaccharide (Group C, 33.01 ± 1.69 mg/dL) groups.
The averages from the analysis of the serum LDL cholesterol were very similar to those obtained for the total cholesterol, whereas the serum HDL cholesterol levels exhibited trends that were similar to those for the triglyceride levels.

2.4. Effects of Crude and Acidic Polysaccharides of Gastrodia Rhizomes on the Atherogenic Index

To determine the effect of the crude and acidic polysaccharides on atherosclerosis in SD rats fed a high-fat diet, the atherogenic index was evaluated, as described in the experimental section. Figure 4 shows the average value of the atherogenic index of the control (Group A) and the crude polysaccharide (Group B) and acidic polysaccharide (Group C) treatment groups. The control (Group A, high fat diet) group demonstrated an index of 2.06 mg/dL, which was the highest value in our experiment, whereas the index for the crude polysaccharide group was 18.45% lower than the control, and the index of the acidic polysaccharide group was significantly decreased, by 32.95%, compared with the control. These results indicated that the acidic polysaccharide extract has an inhibitory effect on atherosclerosis in SD rats fed a high-fat diet.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. Materials

The extraction and purification of acidic polysaccharides from Gastrodia rhizomes were performed as described previously [20]. The acidic polysaccharide fractions, obtained by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B, contained 0.32 ± 0.02% of total protein, 82.40 ± 1.16% of total sugar, and 17.28 ± 0.58% of acidic polysaccharides, respectively. The fraction of acidic polysaccharides consisted of xylose, glucose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid.

3.2. Animal Experiments and Diet

Thirty male SD rats (4 weeks old) were purchased from Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Yokohama, Japan) and used after 1 week of quarantine and acclimation. The animals were kept in the animal facility of the Korea Food Research Institute in a light-controlled room (12-h light/dark cycle) at an average temperature of 24 °C and relative humidity of 60%. This experiment was conducted in facilities approved by the Guiding Principles for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the Ethics Committee of the Korea Food Research Institute. All of the rats were fed an AIN-93M–based diet supplemented with 10% lard, 2% corn oil, and 1% cholesterol as the source of the increased fat (Table 2). All of the rats were provided ad libitum access to the high-fat diet and tap water throughout the 8-week treatment period. After four weeks on the high-fat diet, the rats were randomly divided into three groups: the control group (A) fed only the high fat diet and the crude polysaccharide (B) and acidic polysaccharide (C) groups. As shown in Table 3, both the crude polysaccharide (6 mg/kg) and acidic polysaccharide (6 mg/kg) extracts were administered by oral gavage to the SD rats. The doses of the crude and acidic polysaccharides were determined by considering an effective dose of hot water and crude polysaccharides ranging from 3.6 to 14.7 mg/kg of body weight/day in the SD rats. The acidic polysaccharides consisted of a 12.56% fraction of the crude polysaccharide. The samples were administered by oral gavage at 1 mL/250 g of body weight on a daily basis, 7 days per week for 5 weeks. The control animals were treated with the same volume of distilled water.

3.3. Body Weight, Food Intake and Water Consumption

The body weights were measured at the initiation of the treatment, every week thereafter, and on the day of sacrifice. The food intake was measured in g/kg bw/day at the start of the treatment and at weekly intervals thereafter. The amount of food was measured before being supplied to the cage; any food that remained the following day was also weighed.

3.4. Blood Chemistry

At the end of the treatment, all of the rats were fasted for 12 h, anesthetized with isoflurane and euthanized; arteriovenous blood was collected. The blood samples were evaluated for serum lipid levels and atherogenic index. The concentrations of TC, TG, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were determined using a commercial kit (Asan Pharmaceutical Co., Seoul, Korea). The atherogenic index (AI) was calculated using the following formula: (TC-HDL)/HDL.

3.5. Statistical Analysis

The data are presented as the means ± standard deviation. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the all of the grouped data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance, followed by the least significant difference test using SPSS [33]. Values of P < 0.05 were considered significantly different between treatments.

4. Conclusions

This article describes the effects of oral administration of crude and acidic polysaccharides (PS) from Gastrodia rhizomes along with a HFD to rats on serum lipid levels. It is interesting and surprising that this administration resulted in a significant decrease in circulating cholesterol, mainly from LDL. This type of finding makes one question the mechanism of action. If the authors offered at least some mechanism either in vivo or in vitro, it would make this study much more interesting. In this study, we provided the first description of a positive and direct effect of crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes for the serum cholesterol, HDL, LDL and atherosclerotic risks in SD rats. Here, we demonstrated that the crude and acidic polysaccharide groups exhibited decreased levels of total serum cholesterol. Furthermore, the change in the daily body weight tended to decrease in the crude and acidic polysaccharide groups. Interestingly, our data suggested that the acidic polysaccharide significantly decreased the LDL levels and atherogenic index, as compared with the control group. Taken together, we demonstrated that acidic polysaccharide extracts from Gastrodia rhizomes dramatically suppress the atherosclerosis risk by reducing the total serum cholesterol and LDL levels in SD rats. Thus, we conclude that the acidic polysaccharide extract from Gastrodia rhizomes might have beneficial effects in lowering the incidence of CVD and atherosclerosis by reducing the de novo synthesis of total cholesterol and LDL.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Technology Development Program for Food, Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Republic of Korea to H.-D. Hong.

References

  1. Flegal, K.M.; Carroll, M.D.; Ogden, C.L.; Curtin, L.R. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008. JAMA 2010, 303, 235–241. [Google Scholar]
  2. Larsson, B.; Svardsudd, K.; Welin, L.; Wilhelmsen, L.; Bjorntorp, P.; Tibblin, G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1984, 288, 1401–1404. [Google Scholar]
  3. Kahn, S.E.; Hull, R.L.; Utzschneider, K.M. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2006, 444, 840–846. [Google Scholar]
  4. Purkayastha, S.; Zhang, G.; Cai, D. Uncoupling the mechanisms of obesity and hypertension by targeting hypothalamic IKK-β and NF-κB. Nat. Med 2011, 17, 883–887. [Google Scholar]
  5. Rocha, V.Z.; Libby, P. Obesity, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol 2009, 6, 399–409. [Google Scholar]
  6. Beveridge, J.M.; Connell, W.F.; Mayer, G.A.; Firstbrook, J.B.; Dewolfe, M.S. The effects of certain vegetable and animal fats on the plasma lipids of humans. J. Nutr 1955, 56, 311–320. [Google Scholar]
  7. Ahrens, E.H., Jr; Insull, W., Jr; Blomstrand, R.; Hirsch, J.; Tsaltas, T.T.; Peterson, M.L. The influence of dietary fats on serum-lipid levels in man. Lancet 1957, 272, 943–953. [Google Scholar]
  8. Ballantyne, C.M.; Olsson, A.G.; Cook, T.J.; Mercuri, M.F.; Pedersen, T.R.; Kjekshus, J. Influence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated triglyceride on coronary heart disease events and response to simvastatin therapy in 4S. Circulation 2001, 104, 3046–3051. [Google Scholar]
  9. Obarzanek, E.; Sacks, F.M.; Vollmer, W.M.; Bray, G.A.; Miller, E.R., III; Lin, P.H.; Karanja, N.M.; Most-Windhauser, M.M.; Moore, T.J.; Swain, J.F.; et al. Effects on blood lipids of a blood pressure-lowering diet: the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (dash) trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2001, 74, 80–89. [Google Scholar]
  10. Cassidy, A.; O’Reilly, E.J.; Kay, C.; Sampson, L.; Franz, M.; Forman, J.P.; Curhan, G.; Rimm, E.B. Habitual intake of flavonoid subclasses and incident hypertension in adults. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2011, 93, 338–347. [Google Scholar]
  11. Dohadwala, M.M.; Hamburg, N.M.; Holbrook, M.; Kim, B.H.; Duess, M.A.; Levit, A.; Titas, M.; Chung, W.B.; Vincent, F.B.; Caiano, T.L.; et al. Effects of Concord grape juice on ambulatory blood pressure in prehypertension and stage 1 hypertension. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2011, 92, 1052–1059. [Google Scholar]
  12. Hooper, L.; Kroon, P.A.; Rimm, E.B.; Cohn, J.S.; Harvey, I.; le Cornu, K.A.; Ryder, J.J.; Hall, W.L.; Cassidy, A. Flavonoids, flavonoid-rich foods, and cardiovascular risk: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2008, 88, 38–50. [Google Scholar]
  13. Chen, C.C.; Hsu, J.D.; Wang, S.F.; Chiang, H.C.; Yang, M.Y.; Kao, E.S.; Ho, Y.C.; Wang, C.J. Hibiscus sabdariffa extract inhibits the development of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J. Agric. Food. Chem 2003, 51, 5472–5477. [Google Scholar]
  14. Lin, W.Y.; Chiu, T.Y.; Lee, L.T.; Lin, C.C.; Huang, C.Y.; Huang, K.C. Betel nut chewing is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in Taiwanese men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2008, 87, 1204–1211. [Google Scholar]
  15. Al-Awwadi, N.A.; Araiz, C.; Bornet, A.; Delbosc, S.; Cristol, J.P.; Linck, N.; Azay, J.; Teissedre, P.L.; Cros, G. Extracts enriched in different polyphenolic families normalize increased cardiac NADPH oxidase expression while having differential effects on insulin resistance, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy in high-fructose-fed rats. J. Agric. Food. Chem 2005, 53, 151–157. [Google Scholar]
  16. Tang, W.; Eisenbrand, G. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin. In Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Use in Traditional and Modern Medicine; Springer Verlag: Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 1992; pp. 545–547. [Google Scholar]
  17. Ding, C.S.; Shen, Y.S.; Li, G.; Wei, Z.; Wei, F. Study of a glycoprotein from Gastrodia elata: Its effects of anticoagulation and antithrombosis. Zhong Guo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2007, 32, 1060–1064. [Google Scholar]
  18. Gutiiérrez, R.M.P. Orchids: A review of uses in traditional medicine, its phytochemistry and pharmacology. J. Med. Plants Res 2010, 4, 592–638. [Google Scholar]
  19. Lu, W.B.; Zhang, B.E.; Wang, J.; Lu, R.X.; Li, R.L.; Chen, W.W. Screening of anti-diarrhea effective fractions from guava leaf. Zhong Yao Cai 2010, 33, 732–735. [Google Scholar]
  20. Lee, O.H.; Kim, K.I.; Han, C.K.; Kim, Y.C.; Hong, H.D. Effects of acidic polysaccharides from Gastrodia rhizome on systolic blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a high-fat diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci 2012, 13, 698–709. [Google Scholar]
  21. Kim, H.J.; Moon, K.D.; Lee, D.S.; Lee, S.H. Ethyl ether fraction of Gastrodia elata Blume protects amyloid β peptide-induced cell death. J. Ethnopharmacol 2003, 84, 95–98. [Google Scholar]
  22. Xu, X.; Lu, Y.; Bie, X. Protective effects of gastrodin on hypoxia-induced toxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Planta Med 2007, 73, 650–654. [Google Scholar]
  23. Kwak, Y.S.; Kyung, J.S.; Kim, J.S.; Cho, J.Y.; Rhee, M.H. Anti-hyperlipidemic effects of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng. Biol. Pharm. Bull 2010, 33, 468–472. [Google Scholar]
  24. Zhou, J. Bioactive glycosides from Chinese medicines. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991, 86, 231–234. [Google Scholar]
  25. Park, S.; Kim, D.S.; Kang, S. Gastrodia elata Blume water extracts improve insulin resistance by decreasing body fat in diet-induced obese rats: Vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are the bioactive candidates. Eur. J. Nutr 2011, 50, 107–118. [Google Scholar]
  26. Hong, H.D.; Shin, E.J.; Kim, K.I.; Choi, S.Y.; Han, C.K. Effect of Gastrodia elata Blume components on systolic blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed high fat diet. J. Korean Soc. Food Sci. Nutr 2007, 36, 174–179. [Google Scholar]
  27. Pearson, T.A. Coronary arteriography in the study of the epidemiology of coronary artery disease. Epidemiol. Rev 1984, 6, 140–166. [Google Scholar]
  28. Armstrong, V.W.; Cremer, P.; Eberle, E.; Manke, A.; Schulze, F.; Wieland, H.; Kreuzer, H.; Seidel, D. The association between serum Lp(a) concentrations and angiographically assessed coronary atherosclerosis. Dependence on serum LDL levels. Atherosclerosis 1986, 62, 249–257. [Google Scholar]
  29. Ashen, M.D.; Blumenthal, R.S. Low HDL cholesterol levels. New Engl. J. Med 2005, 353, 1252–1260. [Google Scholar]
  30. Pittler, M.H.; Ernst, E. Dietary supplements for body-weight reduction: A systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 2004, 79, 529–536. [Google Scholar]
  31. Hsu, C.H.; Tsai, T.H.; Kao, Y.H.; Hwang, K.C.; Tseng, T.Y.; Chou, P. Effect of green tea extract on obese women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin. Nutr 2008, 27, 363–370. [Google Scholar]
  32. Devi, K.S.; Kurup, P.A. Hypolipidaemic activity of Phaseolus mungo (blackgram) in rats fed a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet. Isolation of a protein and polysaccharide fraction. Atherosclerosis 1972, 15, 223–230. [Google Scholar]
  33. SPSS, version 10; the statistical software SPSS for windows; IBM: Chicago, IL, USA, 2005.
Ijms 13 01620f1 1024
Figure 1. Effects of crude and acidic polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizome on body weight changes during experiment periods. The body weight was recorded weekly during the 8 weeks experimental period. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.
Figure 1. Effects of crude and acidic polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizome on body weight changes during experiment periods. The body weight was recorded weekly during the 8 weeks experimental period. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.
Ijms 13 01620f1
Ijms 13 01620f2 1024
Figure 2. Effects of crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts of Gastrodia rhizomes on the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents. Each value given is the mean ± standard deviation of five individual plates and is representative of the results from at least five independent experiments. (Significance: * P < 0.05).
Figure 2. Effects of crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts of Gastrodia rhizomes on the total cholesterol and triglyceride contents. Each value given is the mean ± standard deviation of five individual plates and is representative of the results from at least five independent experiments. (Significance: * P < 0.05).
Ijms 13 01620f2
Ijms 13 01620f3 1024
Figure 3. Effect of crude and acidic polysaccharides from Gastrodia rhizomes on high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels in blood serum. Each value given is the mean ± standard deviation of five individual plates and is representative of the results from at least five independent experiments. (Significance: * P < 0.05).
Figure 3. Effect of crude and acidic polysaccharides from Gastrodia rhizomes on high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) levels in blood serum. Each value given is the mean ± standard deviation of five individual plates and is representative of the results from at least five independent experiments. (Significance: * P < 0.05).
Ijms 13 01620f3
Ijms 13 01620f4 1024
Figure 4. Effect of crude and acidic polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizomes on the atherogenic index. Each value given is the mean ± standard deviation of five individual plates and is representative of the results from at least five independent experiments. (Significance: * P < 0.05).
Figure 4. Effect of crude and acidic polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizomes on the atherogenic index. Each value given is the mean ± standard deviation of five individual plates and is representative of the results from at least five independent experiments. (Significance: * P < 0.05).
Ijms 13 01620f4
Table
Table 1. Mean food intake of SD rats fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, comprising Phase 1 of the experiment. Group A, the control was given a high-fat diet with distilled water; Group B was given a high-fat diet plus the crude polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizomes; Group C was given a high-fat diet with the acidic polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizomes. The final 4 weeks of the experiment comprised Phase 2.
Table 1. Mean food intake of SD rats fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, comprising Phase 1 of the experiment. Group A, the control was given a high-fat diet with distilled water; Group B was given a high-fat diet plus the crude polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizomes; Group C was given a high-fat diet with the acidic polysaccharides of Gastrodia rhizomes. The final 4 weeks of the experiment comprised Phase 2.
Group (n = 10)Food Intake (g/weeks)
12345678
A14.64 ± 0.5022.26 ± 1.2922.58 ± 1.5724.59 ± 2.2126.22 ± 1.8327.15 ± 2.0828.96 ± 2.9425.46 ± 2.25
B14.57 ± 0.5321.22 ± 1.7621.51 ± 1.3623.43 ± 1.5425.72 ± 0.8225.30 ± 1.3226.87 ± 1.6226.23 ± 6.23
C14.76 ± 0.2820.82 ± 1.1723.20 ± 3.1124.41 ± 1.3924.04 ± 1.2425.28 ± 1.2425.37 ± 1.8127.41 ± 1.29
Table
Table 2. Composition of the experimental diet based on the AIN-93 diet with high fat.
Table 2. Composition of the experimental diet based on the AIN-93 diet with high fat.
IngredientsContent (%)
Casein (feed grade CP 85%)20.00
Corn starch39.75
Dextrinized corn starch13.20
Sucrose10.00
Soybean oil7.00
Cellulose (fiber)5.00
Mineral mixture 13.50
Vitamin mixture 21.00
l-Cysteine0.30
Choline bitartrate0.25
1Contained per kg mixture: 500 g CaHPO4, 74 g NaCl, 220 g K3C6O7·H2O, 52 g K2SO4, 24 g MgO, 3.5 g Mn (48%), 6.0 g Fe (17%), 1.6 g Zn (70%), 0.3 g Cu (53%), 0.01 g KIO3, 0.55 g CrK(SO4)2·12H2O and sucrose;
2Contained per kg mixture: 600 mg thiamine·HCl, 600 mg riboflavin, 700 mg pyridoxine·HCl, 3 g nicotinic acid, 400,000 IU vitamin A (retinyl acetate), 5000 IU vitamin E (dl-α-tocopheryl acetate), 2.5 mg vitamin D3, 5.0 mg vitamin K and sucrose.
Table
Table 3. Experimental design.
Table 3. Experimental design.
Group (n = 12)Phase 1 (4 weeks)Phase 2 (4 weeks)
A1HFD2HFD
BHFDHFD + Crude polysaccharides
CHFDHFD + Acidic polysaccharides
1Group A was orally administered with the same volume of distilled water, Groups B and C were orally administered crude and acidic polysaccharide extracts, respectively, of Gastrodia rhizomes at a concentration of 6 mg/kg using a stainless-steel oral tube for 5 weeks;
2HFD (high-fat diet): the AIN diet-based commercial rat chow containing 10% lard, 2% corn oil, and 1% cholesterol (w/w).

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, K.-J.; Lee, O.-H.; Han, C.-K.; Kim, Y.-C.; Hong, H.-D. Acidic Polysaccharide Extracts from Gastrodia Rhizomes Suppress the Atherosclerosis Risk Index through Inhibition of the Serum Cholesterol Composition in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2012, 13, 1620-1631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021620

AMA Style

Kim K-J, Lee O-H, Han C-K, Kim Y-C, Hong H-D. Acidic Polysaccharide Extracts from Gastrodia Rhizomes Suppress the Atherosclerosis Risk Index through Inhibition of the Serum Cholesterol Composition in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012; 13(2):1620-1631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021620

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Kui-Jin, Ok-Hwan Lee, Chan-Kyu Han, Young-Chan Kim, and Hee-Do Hong. 2012. "Acidic Polysaccharide Extracts from Gastrodia Rhizomes Suppress the Atherosclerosis Risk Index through Inhibition of the Serum Cholesterol Composition in Sprague Dawley Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13, no. 2: 1620-1631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13021620

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop