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Short Note

Cis,exo-1,2,3,4,4a,13b-hexahydro-1,4-methano-5-isopropoxy-9H-tribenzo[b,f]azepine

Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability (SCVSA), University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molbank 2018, 2018(1), M988; https://doi.org/10.3390/M988
Submission received: 20 February 2018 / Revised: 9 March 2018 / Accepted: 10 March 2018 / Published: 12 March 2018
(This article belongs to the Collection Molecules from Catalytic Processes)

Abstract

:
The title compound—cis,exo-1,2,3,4,4a,13b-hexahydro-1,4-methano-5-isopropoxy-9H-tribenzo[b,f]azepine—was synthesized in 83% isolated yield by a palladium-catalyzed one-pot strategy from 1-iodo-2-isopropoxybenzene and ortho-bromoaniline. The azepine derivative was fully characterized (FT-IR, MS, 1H and 13C-NMR, elemental analysis) and all proton and carbon signals have been completely assigned by 2D NMR experiments.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The selective activation and functionalization of inert C-H bonds is a great challenge in synthetic chemistry [1,2,3,4,5]. In 1997 Marta Catellani discovered an innovative strategy aimed at the derivatization of both the ortho and ipso positions of aryl halides [6]. Over the years, this palladium/norbornene-catalyzed C-H activation and functionalization reaction has been proven to be a powerful tool for the construction of complex molecules in a one-pot fashion [7,8]. In this context, we have successfully applied this methodology to the synthesis of many compounds, including natural product derivatives [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Notably, in 2011, we enriched the versatility of the Catellani reaction by the synthesis of dibenzo[b,f]azepines [21].
A dibenzo[b,f]azepine scaffold is essential for the construction of important therapeutic agents, exhibiting a variety of biological activities including anticancer, antidepressant, and antiepileptic properties [22,23,24,25].
In this Note, we report the preparation of azepine 3—that is, cis,exo-1,2,3,4,4a,13b-hexahydro-1,4-methano-5-isopropoxy-9H-tribenzo[b,f]azepine—by employing the abovementioned palladium-catalyzed methodology [21] (Scheme 1). The structure of compound 3 was confirmed by NMR, MS, and FT-IR, and all data are in concordance with the assumed structure.

2. Results and Discussion

As shown in Scheme 1, cis,exo-1,2,3,4,4a,13b-hexahydro-1,4-methano-5-isopropoxy-9H-tribenzo [b,f]azepine (3) was synthesized in 83% isolated yield. The reaction was carried out using 1-iodo-2-isopropoxybenzene (1), o-bromoaniline (2), and norbornene, in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(OAc)2 (5 mol %), PPh3 (12.5 mol %), and Cs2CO3 as a base in DMF at 105 °C for 24 h. Notably, the isopropoxy group, which can be easily converted to a hydroxyl group [26], is well tolerated by this protocol.
A plausible reaction mechanism is shown in Scheme 2. At first, the oxidative addition of 1 to palladium(0) affords the palladium(II) complex I, which, after stereoselective norbornene insertion, leads to intermediate II. The intramolecular C-H bond activation provides the arylnorbornyl palladacycle III, which is able to react with 2-bromoaniline 2, giving intermediate IV. Finally, an intramolecular C-N coupling affords compound 3 and palladium(0), which can start a new catalytic cycle. Contrary to many other Catellani-type reactions, norbornene is a reagent here since it is incorporated in the final product.
Compound 3 was characterized by NMR (1H and 13C-NMR in Figure 1 and Figure 2), FT-IR, and MS. In addition, all proton and carbon signals were assigned by 2D and 13C-DEPT-NMR experiments (Figures S1–S11, Supplementary Materials) and protons on the norbornene bridge were unequivocally assigned by NOESY-2D-NMR (Figure S12, Supplementary Materials). As expected, diagnostic NOE correlations appear between H13 and H13b (green circle, Figure S12), and H1′ and H6 (blue circle, Figure S12). Furthermore, the proton marked as H14 anti has a strong NOE correlation with H2/H3 protons (red circle in Figure S12), while no correlation signals are present between H2/H3/H4a/H13b protons and H14 syn. In summary, the signal at 1.62 ppm, which accounts for H2/H3 (both endo and exo) protons, presents typical NOE correlations with H4a, H13b (orange circle in Figure S12), H4, H1 (grey circle in Figure S12), and H14 anti (red circle in Figure S12), as expected for the presented stereochemistry.

3. Materials and Methods

Compound 3 was synthesized according to the procedure described in the literature [21]. Other chemicals were obtained from commercial sources and were used without further purification. Gas chromatography analyses were performed with an Agilent Technology 7820A instrument (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using a 30 m SE-30 capillary column. Column chromatography was carried out on silica gel (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, 0.063–0.200 mm) and Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) on Merck 60F254 plates. Electron ionization (EI) mass spectra were obtained with an Agilent Technology instrument (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) working at 70 eV ionization energy. NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3, using the solvent residual signals as internal reference (7.26 and 77.00 ppm, respectively, for 1H and 13C) on a Bruker AVANCE 400 spectrometer (Bruker, Milan, Italy). Data for 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR are reported as follows: chemical shifts (δ ppm), multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, m = multiplet, hept = heptet), integration and coupling constant (Hz). IR spectrum was run on a Nicolet FT-IR 5700 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) paired with a Diamond Smart Orbit accessory. Melting point was determined with an electrothermal apparatus. Elemental analysis was performed with a Carlo Erba EA 1108-Elemental Analyzer (Carlo Erba, Milan, Italy).
The reaction in Scheme 1 was carried out in a 20-mL Schlenk-type flask under a controlled atmosphere. The Schlenk-type flask, equipped with a magnetic stirring bar, was charged under nitrogen with Cs2CO3, dried at 110 °C for 2 h (326 mg, 1.0 mmol), PPh3 (14 mg, 0.055 mmol) and Pd(OAc)2 (5 mg, 0.022 mmol) in DMF (5 mL). After 10 min stirring, a DMF solution (5 mL) of 1-iodo-2-isopropoxybenzene (1, 126 mg, 0.48 mmol), o-bromoaniline (2, 76 mg, 0.44 mmol) and norbornene (50 mg, 0.53 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was stirred in an oil bath at 105 °C for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with EtOAc (30 mL) and washed with a saturated solution of NaCl (3 × 25 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4; the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product was isolated by flash column chromatography on silica gel using a hexane–EtOAc mixture (98:2) as eluent. Compound 3 was obtained as a white solid in 83% of yield (116 mg, 0.36 mmol). Mp 158–159 °C. IR (KBr, cm−1): ν 3373, 2970, 2953, 2864, 1584, 1492, 1467, 1449, 1240, 1121, 1050, 743.
1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.23 (dd, J = 7.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H, H13), 7.08 (td, J = 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H, H11), 7.00 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, H7), 6.93 (td, J = 7.4, 1.0 Hz, 1H, H12), 6.79 (dd, J = 7.7, 0.9 Hz, 1H, H10), 6.56 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H, H6), 6.43 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H, H8), 5.13 (s, 1H, NH), 4.59 (hept, J = 5.9 Hz, 1H, H1′), 3.84 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H, H4a), 3.15 (d, J = 9.7 Hz, 1H, H13b), 2.66 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, H14 syn), 2.34 (s, 1H, H4), 2.26 (s, 1H, H1), 1.62 (s, 4H, H2 endo, H2 exo, H3 endo, H3 exo), 1.43 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H, H2′), 1.40 (d, J = 6.0 Hz, 3H, H2′), 1.16 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H, H14 anti). 13C-NMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 156.92 (C5), 145.23 (C4b), 144.09 (C13a), 133.82 (C10a), 132.57 (C13), 126.40 (C11), 126.03 (C7), 123.89 (C8a), 121.63 (C12), 119.60 (C10), 112.27 (C8), 106.56 (C6), 70.14 (C1′), 52.79 (C13b), 49.81 (C4), 48.58 (C1), 42.42 (C4a), 37.93(C14), 31.18 (C3), 30.20 (C2), 22.32 (C2′), 22.31 (C2′). GC-MS (EI): m/z 319 (M+, 100), 276 (12), 252 (54), 238 (65), 210 (36), 196 (72), 180 (25), 167 (13). Anal. Calcd. for C22H25NO: C, 82.72; H, 7.89; N, 4.38. Found: C, 82.49; H, 7.78; N, 4.31.

Supplementary Materials

1D and 2D NMR are available online, Figure from S1 to S12.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the University of Parma. The facilities of “Centro Interfacoltà di Misure” (University of Parma) were used for recording NMR spectra.

Author Contributions

Nicola Della Ca’ and Elena Motti conceived and designed the experiments; Alessandra Casnati performed the experiments; Alessandra Casnati performed and interpreted the NMR experiments; Nicola Della Ca’ wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References and Note

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  26. The isopropoxy group can be readily converted into OH group under mild reaction conditions by various methods (AlCl3, diisopropyl-carbodiimide/AlI3, BCl3, TsOH·H2O, TiCl4, Pd/C/H2). For example, isopropyl group was removed quantitatively by BCl3 at 0 °C in 2 h (Lee, Y.-T.; Fong, T.-H.; Chen, H.-M.; Chang, C.-Y.; Wang, Y.-H.; Chern, C.-Y.; Chen, Y.-H. Toxicity Assessments of Chalcone and Some Synthetic Chalcone Analogues in a Zebrafish Model. Molecules 2014, 19, 641–650, doi:10.3390/molecules19010641).
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the title compound 3.
Scheme 1. Synthesis of the title compound 3.
Molbank 2018 m988 sch001
Scheme 2. Proposed reaction pathway.
Scheme 2. Proposed reaction pathway.
Molbank 2018 m988 sch002
Figure 1. 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 3 (CDCl3, 400 MHz) and related assignment.
Figure 1. 1H-NMR spectrum of compound 3 (CDCl3, 400 MHz) and related assignment.
Molbank 2018 m988 g001
Figure 2. 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 3 (CDCl3, 400 MHz) and related assignment.
Figure 2. 13C-NMR spectrum of compound 3 (CDCl3, 400 MHz) and related assignment.
Molbank 2018 m988 g002

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MDPI and ACS Style

Casnati, A.; Motti, E.; Ca’, N.D. Cis,exo-1,2,3,4,4a,13b-hexahydro-1,4-methano-5-isopropoxy-9H-tribenzo[b,f]azepine. Molbank 2018, 2018, M988. https://doi.org/10.3390/M988

AMA Style

Casnati A, Motti E, Ca’ ND. Cis,exo-1,2,3,4,4a,13b-hexahydro-1,4-methano-5-isopropoxy-9H-tribenzo[b,f]azepine. Molbank. 2018; 2018(1):M988. https://doi.org/10.3390/M988

Chicago/Turabian Style

Casnati, Alessandra, Elena Motti, and Nicola Della Ca’. 2018. "Cis,exo-1,2,3,4,4a,13b-hexahydro-1,4-methano-5-isopropoxy-9H-tribenzo[b,f]azepine" Molbank 2018, no. 1: M988. https://doi.org/10.3390/M988

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