Next Article in Journal
Half-Cell Potential Analysis of an Ammonia Sensor with the Electrochemical Cell Au | YSZ | Au, V2O5-WO3-TiO2
Previous Article in Journal
Research on Bell-Shaped Vibratory Angular Rate Gyro’s Character of Resonator
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Experimental Studies on Model Reference Adaptive Control with Integral Action Employing a Rotary Encoder and Tachometer Sensors

1
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
2
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Vehicle Engineering and Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2013, 13(4), 4742-4759; https://doi.org/10.3390/s130404742
Submission received: 9 January 2013 / Revised: 1 April 2013 / Accepted: 4 April 2013 / Published: 10 April 2013
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Sensors)

Abstract

: In this paper, an adaptive law with an integral action is designed and implemented on a DC motor by employing a rotary encoder and tachometer sensors. The stability is proved by using the Lyapunov function. The tracking errors asymptotically converge to zero according to the Barbalat lemma. The tracking performance is specified by a reference model, the convergence rate of Lyapunov function is specified by the matrix Q and the control action and the state weighting are restricted by the matrix Γ. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control. The maximum errors of the position and velocity with the integral action are reduced from 0.4 V and 1.5 V to 0.2 V and 0.4 V, respectively. The adaptive control with the integral action gives satisfactory performance, even when it suffers from input disturbance.

1. Introduction

Various electromechanical motors have been used for industrial applications, e.g., electric motors, piezomotors and hydraulic actuators. Generally, it is necessary to enhance the motor performance with the feedback control based on state measurements. Khorrami et al., used linear motors to establish ultra-accurate high-speed six degree-of-freedom manipulation [1]. To measure the angle and speed of motor shafts, rotary encoders and tachometer sensors have been widely used because of their high performance and reliability [24].

As digital angle-measuring sensors, rotary encoders consist of optics, mechanics and electronics. Compared to analog angle-measuring sensors, digital rotary encoders have simple structures while preserving high accuracy. In order to achieve accurate motion control, the velocity can be measured by using tachometer sensors which usually consist of tachogenerators and circuits. The tachogenerator can also give the voltage output which is proportional to the speed of the rotational motor.

To achieve precise motion, it is necessary to measure and input both the angle and the speed of motor shafts by employing a rotary encoder and tachometer sensors. Based on the angle and speed sensors, various controllers have been designed for motors [5,6]. Generally, motors can be controlled by conventional PID controllers. Nikulin and Frantsuzova presented a modified PD controller to ensure the desired system speed and damping vibrations [7]. Chaiya and Kaitwanidvilai provided a robust PID controller which could control the motor speed [8], but PID controllers have limited performance in the presence of disturbances and uncertainties. Xu and Yang presented a simple and robust speed control scheme for a permanent magnet synchronous motor to enhance the performance robustness [9]. Nouri et al., proposed a model-following adaptive controller for the speed control of a motor drive system [10]. Melkote and Khorrami proposed adaptive control for direct drive brushless DC motors [11]. Moreover, intelligent algorithms have also been investigated [1215]. Fallahi and Azadi added neural network sliding mode control to enhance the adaptive control of motors [16]. However, intelligent controllers are usually very complex. It is difficult for engineers to design and optimize intelligent controllers, e.g., Xu and Huang [17] designed an iterative learning controller (ILC), but found that the reference signal had to be pre-filtered in order to satisfy the complex initial conditions of ILC. Furthermore, several accurate models were identified at different voltage ranges, and the iterations were implemented offline.

This paper uses Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC), which is a convenient approach to satisfy the requirements of designers [18]. The general idea of MRAC is to create a closed loop regulator with parameters that could be updated to match a desired response. The desired performance is specified by a stable reference model, and the parameters of the adaptive law are adjusted based on the errors between the reference model and the plant, as shown in Figure 1.

Though the adaptive control has shown its effectiveness in achieving robust performance without the knowledge of parameter values, a comprehensive design approach is still necessary for engineering applications. In order to obtain high-performance adaptive control in the presence of disturbances, this paper presents a comprehensive design approach in which both the bandwidth and damping ratio can be included in the proposed controller.

In this paper, two kinds of MRAC are designed and then used on a motor by employing a rotary encoder and tachometer sensors. The tracking error can converge to zero with the integral action in the presence of input disturbances. The experimental results are presented to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed control approach.

2. Adaptive Control Design without the Integral Action

2.1. Angle and Speed Sensors

Figure 2 shows the experimental setup. It consists of a DC motor, a computer with LabView software, a drive interface, an amplifier, a tachometer sensor and a rotary encoder. The tachometer sensor is used to measure the rotation speed of the motor shaft. The output voltage of the tachogenertor (i.e., tachometer generator—a device to measure the rotational rate of the motor shaft with the internally generated electrical signal generated by the motor shaft) is proportional to the motor speed. Then, the voltage is applied to the voltmeter in which the dial can be calibrated in speed units (i.e., usually in revolutions per minute (rpm)). In addition, a rotary encoder is used to measure the linear rotation angle of the motor draft. The rotary encoder can convert the ration angle to digital voltage. Thus, both the angle and speed can be measured and controlled.

After calibration, the generated voltage is a factor of the motor speed. Then, the motor speed can be fed to the adaptive controller. Next, Figure 3 is given to present the working principle of the rotary encoder in which phase A, phase B, and phase Z are the three-phase models to represent the output signal counts for an incremental encoder [19]. The rotary encoder consists of the main grating, index grating, illuminant and photosensitive device. In this paper, an incremental encoder is used because of its simplification, small size and high-speed response. There is one impulse corresponding to every grating. The summation of impulses represents the angle position of the motor.

2.2. Adaptive Controller Design and Stability Proof

This section presents a design method of the adaptive control without the integral action. The stability proof is also presented. To achieve good tracking performance, a MRAC is designed to drive the tracking error to zero. Considering simplification, the transfer function in Equation (1) is used to give the motor dynamics:

G p = K s ( 1 + τ s )
where K denotes the DC gain of the velocity transfer function, and τ denotes the time constant. τ are unknown parameters, but their signs can be tested in the experiment. The state space model of Equation (1) can be rewritten in Equation (2)
x ˙ = A p x + gbu y = C x
where:
A p = [ 0 1 0 1 τ ] , b = [ 0 1 ] , g = K , C = [ 1 0 0 1 ]

To specify the desired performance, this paper employs a stable reference model as shown in Equation (3), from which the domain and frequency index can be specified:

G m = ω n 2 s 2 + 2 ξ ω n s + ω n 2
where ξ is the damping ratio and ωn is the natural frequency of the reference model. The corresponding state space description can be given as:
( x ˙ 1 x ˙ 2 ) = [ 0 1 - ω n 2 - 2 ξ ω n ] ( x 1 x 2 ) + ω n 2 [ 0 1 ] r y = [ 1 0 0 1 ] ( x 1 x 2 )

Equation (4) can be further written as:

x ˙ m = A m x m + g m b r

The following non-adaptive control law is used:

u = θ x T x p + θ r r
where θ x and θ r are the exact gains of the controller Equation (5).

Then, the closed loop system can be given by:

x ˙ p = [ A p + g b θ x T ] x p + ( g θ r ) b r

The feedback control system achieves the performance as the matching condition below:

A p + g b θ x T A m g θ r g m

The exact control gains θ x T and θ r guarantee that the closed loop system matches the reference model. Actually, the exact values of θ x T and θ r are unknown. The controller in Equation (5) can be rewritten to:

u = θ x T ( x ) x p + θ r r ( t )
where θ x T and θr can be determined by the adaptation law in Equation (9):
θ ˙ = θ ˙ + ϕ ˙ = 2 ϕ ˙ = 2 sgn ( g ) Γ x e T P b
where θ* is a constant or the slow time-variant parameter (i.e., θ̇*=ϕ̇).

The adaptive control law is nonlinear, as shown in Figure 4.

To give the tracking performance, the parameter errors ϕx and ϕr are defined by:

ϕ x = θ x θ x ϕ r = θ r θ r

Then, the closed loop system can be rewritten to:

x ˙ p = A p x p + g b ( θ x T ( x ) x p + θ r r ( t ) ) = A m x p + g b ϕ x T x p + g b θ r r ( t )

Next, let e be the state error and e=xpxm.

By comparing the closed loop system in Equation (11) with the reference model in Equation (5), the dynamics of the tracking error e can be given:

e ˙ = A m e + g b ϕ x T x p + g b θ r r ( t ) = A m e + g b ϕ T x
where:
ϕ = [ ϕ r ϕ r ] , x = [ x p r ]

In the reference model in Equation (4), a stable matrix is used for Am that can satisfy the algebraic Riccati Equation (13) (i.e., for any symmetric positive definite matrix Q, there is a symmetric positive definite matrix P satisfying Equation (13)):

A m T P + P A m = Q

To prove the stability, a Lyapunov function candidate is used as follows:

V ( e , ϕ ) = e T P e + | g | ϕ T Γ 1 ϕ
where Γ is a positive definite matrix.

The time derivative of the Lyapunov function candidate can be given:

V ˙ ( e , ϕ ) = 2 e T P e ˙ + 2 g ϕ T Γ 1 ϕ ˙ = e T ( A m T P + P A m ) e + 2 g e T P b ϕ T + 2 g ϕ T Γ 1 ϕ ˙ = e T Q e + 2 g e T P b ϕ T + 2 g ϕ T Γ 1 ϕ ˙

Then, Equation (15) can be rewritten to:

V ˙ ( e , ϕ ) = e T Q e + 2 g e T P b ϕ T x 2 sgn ( g ) | g | ϕ T x e T P b = e T Q e 0
where g = sgn(|g|)|g|, ϕTx is a scalar.

Thus, the system is stable according to the Lyapunov theorem [20]. Moreover, ‖e‖, ė, ‖ϕ‖, xnx and θr are bounded, and:

0 e T Qedt = V 0 V < V 0 c 1

According to the Barbalat lemma [20] here [0,+∞] →R is a uniformly continuous function on [0,+∞]. Supposing lim t 0 t V ˙ ( τ ) d τ exist and be finite. Then, there is V ˙ t 0.

Here ė is bounded. Furthermore:

0 e T Qedt = V 0 V < V 0 c 1

According to the Barbalat lemma, the tracking error e is asymptotically stable and lim e = 0(i.e., lim(‖xmxn) = 0).

To improve the adaptation rate, the proportional action can be added to the adaptive law [14]. Finally, the adaptive law can be given in Equation (17):

θ ¯ = ( γ 1 sgn ( k p ) Γ ω ¯ e 1 d t + γ 2 sgn ( k p ) Γ ω ¯ e 1
where γ1 = 1 and γ2 = 0.5, and they are used in experiments.

2.3. Experimental Studies of Adaptive Control without the Integral Action

Experimental studies of the adaptive control are now presented. Firstly, ρ can be used to give the convergence rate of the adaptive law, as shown in Equation (18):

ρ = | V ˙ | V = e ¯ T Q ¯ e ¯ e ¯ T P ¯ e ¯ + | g | ϕ ¯ T Γ 1 ϕ ¯ e ¯ T Q ¯ e ¯ e ¯ T P ¯ e ¯ λ max ( Q ¯ ) λ min ( P ¯ ) = ρ max

After several trials, the reference model is given:

A m = [ 0 1 25 9 ] , ω = 5 , ξ = 0 . 9
and the matrix Q is selected as:
Q = [ 10 0 0 1 ]

The selection of Q means that the position tracking is more important than the velocity tracking. Moreover, the sampling interval h should be less than the max interval in order to handle the fastest adaptation rate [18]:

h < 1 20 1 ρ max = 1 20 λ min ( P ¯ ) λ max ( Q ¯ )

The matrix P is solved by the ARE in Equation (13):

P = [ 3.74 0.2 0.2 0.078 ]
and denoting Γ :
Γ = [ 1 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 1 ]

The tracking performance of the adaptive control is shown in Figures 5 and 6. It can be found that the tracking errors of angular position and velocity asymptotically converge to zero in one period, and the maximum tracking errors of position and velocity are 0.4 and 1.5, respectively.

To guarantee the stability of the adaptive control, it is necessary to demonstrate the boundness of θ̅. Figure 7 shows the responses of θ̅. It can be seen that the estimation of θ̅ = [θx1θx2θI] is bounded.

2.4. Investigations of Q and Γ

Q and Γ are two important parameters of the adaptive controller. Different values of Q and Γ are adopted to investigate their influences, here two group values of them are:

Q 1 = [ 10 0 0 1 ] , P 1 = [ 3.74 0.2 0.2 0.078 ] Q 1 = [ 30 0 0 30 ] , P 1 = [ 48.7 0.6 0.7 1.778 ] Γ 1 = [ 1 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 1 ] , Γ 2 = [ 10 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 10 ]
where Q2 is larger than Q1.

The adaptation rates can be respectively estimated:

ρ 1 = λ max ( Q ¯ ) λ min ( P ¯ ) = 10 0.0669 = 149.5 ρ 2 = λ max ( Q ¯ ) λ min ( P ¯ ) = 30 1.77 = 16.9
where ρ is the adaptive rate, and ρ1 is faster than ρ2.

During experiments, the adaptive control using Q1 and Q2 have similar tracking errors, but the control signals are different. Figure 8 shows the voltages of the adaptive control. The control voltage of the adaptive control with (Q2, Γ2) is four time larger than that of the adaptive control with (Q1, Γ1), though there is no significant differences in the tracking errors.

3. Adaptive Control with the Integral Action

3.1. Adaptive Controller Design with the Integral Action and Stability Validation

To further investigate the adaptive control in the presence of disturbances, this section presents the adaptive control with integral action. The integral control action can be added to the adaptive law through Equation (20):

x ˙ I = x 1 r
where r is the reference signal and xI is a new state:
x I = 0 t x 1 r d τ

The augmented plant can be rewritten to:

( x ˙ 1 x ˙ 2 x ˙ 3 ) = [ 0 1 0 0 1 τ 0 1 0 0 ] ( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) + g [ 0 1 0 ] u + [ 0 0 1 ] r

Similar to Section 2.2, the control law can be given by:

u = θ x T x p + θ I x 3

Then the closed loop system can be given as:

( x ˙ 1 x ˙ 2 x ˙ 3 ) = [ 0 1 0 a 21 p a 22 p a 23 p 1 0 0 ] ( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) + [ 0 0 1 ] r
where:
[ 0 1 0 a 21 p a 22 p a 23 p 1 0 0 ] = [ A p + g b θ x T g b θ I 1 0 ]

According to the matching condition in Equation (7), the following equation can be given:

[ A p + g b θ x T g b θ I 1 0 ] = A ¯ m

The reference model can be given:

x ˙ m = A ¯ m x m + [ 0 1 ] r

Actually, the exact value of θ x and θ I cannot be known, so the corresponding estimated values of θx and θI are used instead. We note that ϕx and ϕI are the estimate errors as shown in Equation (28):

ϕ x = θ x ( t ) θ x ϕ I = θ I ( t ) θ I
and
x ¯ p = ( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) , φ ¯ = [ φ x φ I ] and e ¯ = x ¯ p x ¯ m
where θx(t) and θ I ( t ) are the estimated values θ x and θ I , respectively.

Substituting u into the plant model in Equation (22), the closed loop can be given:

( x ˙ p x ˙ I ) = [ A p + g b θ x T g b θ I 1 0 ] ( x p x I ) + [ g b ϕ x g b ϕ I 0 0 ] ( x p x I ) + [ 0 1 ] r

Equation (29) can be rewritten to:

x ¯ p = A ¯ m x ¯ p + [ g b ϕ x g b ϕ I 0 0 ] x ¯ p + [ 0 1 ] r

The error equation can be given

e ¯ = A ¯ m e ¯ + g b ¯ ϕ ¯ T x ¯ p

Choosing the Lyapunov function as Equation (32)

V = e ¯ T P ¯ e ¯ + | g | φ ¯ T Γ 1 φ ¯

Then, the time derivative of V can be obtained:

d V d t = 2 e ¯ T P ¯ e ¯ + 2 | g | φ ¯ T Γ 1 φ ¯ = e ¯ T ( A ¯ m T P A ¯ m ) e ¯ + 2 g e ¯ T P b ¯ ϕ ¯ T x ¯ p + 2 | g | φ ¯ T Γ 1 φ ¯

Denote that the adaptive law is:

ϕ ¯ = [ θ ˙ x ( t ) θ ˙ I ( t ) ] = sgn ( g ) Γ [ x p x I ] e ¯ T P ¯ b ¯

Then, can be gotten from the ARE Equation (35):

A ¯ m T P ¯ + P A ¯ m = Q ¯
where is a positive definite symmetric matrix, so the following Equation (36) can be obtained:
d V d t = e ¯ T Q ¯ e ¯ 0

It can be concluded that the closed loop is Lyapunov stable, and and φ̅ are bounded. As in Section 2.2, the tracking error is asymptotically stable.

The adaptive control law is shown as follows:

u = θ x T x p + θ I x I
θ ˙ = [ θ ˙ x θ ˙ I ] = sgn ( g ) Γ [ x p x I ] P ¯ b ¯
where ϕ̅θ̇, P can be computed through the ARE.

3.2. Reference Model Design

This section presents how to specify the requirements through the reference model Gm. Firstly, the third order model in Equation (39) is given to satisfy the matching condition of the adaptive integral control. To specify performance indexes such as the bandwidth and damping ratio, the reference model Gm can be approximated by the second order model Gm1:

G m = G m 1 G m 2 = w n 2 s 2 + 2 ζ w n + w n 2 a m s + a m = a m w n 2 ( s + P 1 ) ( s + P ¯ 1 ) ( s + a m )
where ‖am‖≥3‖p1‖ (i.e., p1 and 1 are dominant poles which mainly contribute to the dynamic response of the reference model.)

To satisfy the matching conditions, the reference model is:

( x ˙ 1 x ˙ 2 x ˙ 3 ) = [ 0 1 0 a 21 a 22 a 23 1 0 0 ] ( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) + [ 0 0 1 ] r y = [ 1 0 0 ] ( x 1 x 2 x 3 )

Both Equations (39) and (40) describe the same reference model. The state space Equation (40) is transformed into the transfer function:

G m = D + C ( s I A ) 1 B = [ 1 0 0 ] ( s I 3 × 3 [ 0 1 0 a 21 a 22 a 23 1 0 0 ] ) 1 [ 0 0 1 ] = a 23 s 3 a 22 s 2 a 21 s a 23

Compared with the transfer function in Equation (39), it is seen that:

a 21 = ( ω n 2 + 2 ζ ω n a m ) a 22 = ( 2 ζ ω n + a m ) a 23 = ω n 2 a m

The dynamics of the reference model should match the dynamics (i.e., natural frequency) of the motor system and the sampling capability. After testing several groups of values, ζ = 0.9, wn = 3 and am = 9 are chosen in this paper. Then, there are a21 = −57.6, a22 = −14.4 and a23 = −81. The reference model can be rewritten to:

( x ˙ 1 x ˙ 2 x ˙ 3 ) = [ 0 1 0 - 57.6 - 14.4 - 81 1 0 0 ] ( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) + [ 0 0 1 ] r y = [ 1 0 0 ] ( x 1 x 2 x 3 )

The step responses of Gm1 and Gm are shown in Figure 9. It is seen that Gm1 contributes most of the response for the third order reference model Gm. The fast dynamics of the reference model is influenced by the part am/(s + am):

3.3. Experimental Studies on the Adaptive Control with Integral Action

In Section 2, it has been found that a large results in fast convergence while needing strong action and fast sampling rate. In contrast, a small results in slow convergence and cannot give better performance. A suitable should be given to satisfy the convergence rate and hardware limitation.

After trials, is adopted:

Q ¯ = [ 15 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 15 ]

Then, can be computed:

P ¯ = [ 32.9913 0.7111 34.4582 0.7111 0.3966 0.0926 33.4585 0.0926 62.9307 ]

In addition, Γ is adopted:

Γ = [ 4 0 0 0 2.5 0 0 0 4 ]

The experimental results of the position and velocity tracking are shown in Figures 10 and 11, respectively. The maximum tracking errors of position and rate are less than 0.2 V and 0.4 V, respectively.

As shown in Figure 12, the magnitude of the controller is less than 0.85 V, and there is no chatter phenomenon. Compared to the former adaptive control without the integral action, the case with the integral adaptive control can reduce the reference errors of position and velocity by as much as 50%. The experimental results demonstrate that the integral action is effective to improve the tracking performance.

3.4. Tracking Performance with Input Disturbance

In order to investigate the performance of the adaptive control, the input disturbance is considered in this section. The square wave disturbance with magnitude 1 is adopted. The reference is also square wave. During the experiment, the disturbance is added by using a LabView block as an input disturbance. The disturbance enters the close loop systems as the reference signal enters. The tracking errors of position and velocity are shown in Figure 13. It is seen that the maximum position and velocity tracking errors are less than 0.2 and 1, respectively. Also, it can be found that there is no difference between the two results of the position tracking errors shown in Figures 10 and 13, respectively. The position error is the most important one for the motor tracking in this paper, thus it can be concluded that the degradation of tracking performance is not significant. The experimental result indicates that the adaptive control with the integral action suppresses disturbance and tracks the reference simultaneously.

3.5. Comparison between Experiment and Simulation Results

Finally, a comparison between experiment and simulation results is presented in this paper. According to the motor manual, the time constant is 0.25. The DC gain is 5.2. Figure 14 shows the comparison between experiment and simulation results.

The simulation and experiment have similar responses. The tracking errors of the position and velocity from experiment study are larger than that from simulation study. In the three cases, all the tracking errors asymptotically converge (i.e., the stability can hold). The simulation of the proposed adaptive control with the integral action gives the best performance. The tracking error from simulation study can converge to zero, but the tracking errors from experiment study cannot converge to zero due to the friction, the sensor noise and the motor dead-zone. In the experiment study, the performance degradation is acceptable.

4. Conclusions

In order to accurately control motors, this paper employs both a rotary encoder and tachometer sensors to measure the angle-position and speed, respectively. Based on the measurements, two adaptive controllers are developed for the motor system. The stability and convergence are validated by the Lyapnov theorem and Barbalat lemma. Then, the control system is implemented by using Labview. Experimental results indicate that the tracking errors of the motor position and velocity asymptotically converge to their error ranges. In the presence of disturbances, the adaptive controller with integral action presents better performance than the case without integral action.

State estimation approaches are encouraged to investigate for possible output feedback control. In this paper, the proposed adaptive controllers needs full state information, but actually some states (e.g., motor velocity) are not provided. Thus, the state estimation must be designed in the possible output feedback control.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (No. 2012AA120601), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11202044, No. 11072044) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

References

  1. Khorrami, F.; Ksishnamurthy, P.; Melkote, H. Modeling and Adaptive Nonlinear Control of Electric Motors; Springer: Berlin, Germany, 2003. [Google Scholar]
  2. Casey, N.F.; Laura, P.A.A. A review of the acoustic emission monitoring of wire rope. Ocean Eng. 1997, 24, 935–947. [Google Scholar]
  3. Casey, N.F.; Taylor, J.L.; Holford, K.M. Wire break detection during tensile fatigue testing of 40 mm wire rope. Br. J. Non-Destr. Test. 1985, 30, 338–341. [Google Scholar]
  4. Casey, N.F.; White, H.; Taylor, J.L. Frequency analysis of the signals generated by the failure of constituent wires of a wire rope. NDT Int. 1985, 56, 339–344. [Google Scholar]
  5. Hu, D.J.; Burg, T. Nonlinear Control of Electric Machinery; Maecel Dekker Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
  6. Wiberg, J. Controlling a Brushless DC Motor in a Shift by Wire System. MS.c Thesis, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden, December 2003. [Google Scholar]
  7. Nikulin, G.L.; Frantsuzova, G.A. Synthesis of an electric-power steering control system, optoelectronics. Instrum. Data Process. 2008, 44, 454–458. [Google Scholar]
  8. Chaiya, U.; Kaitwanidvilai, S. Fixed-Structure Robust DC Motor Speed Control. Proceeding of the International Multiconference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, China, 18–20 March 2009.
  9. Xu, D.G.; Yang, G. A simple and robust speed control scheme of permanent magnet synchronous motor. J. Control. Theory A 2004, 2, 165–168. [Google Scholar]
  10. Nouri, K.; Dhaouadi, R.; Braiek, N. Adaptive control of a nonlinear DC motor drive using recurrent neural networks. Appl. Soft Comput. 2008, 8, 371–382. [Google Scholar]
  11. Melkote, H.; Khorrami, F. Nonlinear adaptive control of direct drive brushless DC motors and applications to robotic manipulators. IEEE Trans. Mechatron. 1999, 4, 71–81. [Google Scholar]
  12. Chen, C.W. A fuzzy AHP-based fault diagnosis for semiconductor lithography process. Int. J. Innov. Comput. I 2011, 7, 805–816. [Google Scholar]
  13. Chen, C.W. Stability analysis and robustness design of nonlinear systems: An NN-based approach. Appl. Soft. Comput. 2011, 11, 2735–2742. [Google Scholar]
  14. Chen, C.W. Stabilization of adaptive neural network controllers for nonlinear structural systems using a singular perturbation approach. J. Vib. Control 2011, 17, 1241–1252. [Google Scholar]
  15. Chen, C.W. GA-based adaptive neural network controllers for nonlinear systems. Int. J. Innov. Comput. I 2010, 6, 1793–1803. [Google Scholar]
  16. Fallahi, M.; Azadi, S. Adaptive Control of a DC Motor Using Neural Network Sliding Mode Control. Proceedings of the International Multiconference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, Hong Kong, China, 18–20 March 2009.
  17. Xu, J.-X.; Huang, D.; Venkataramanan, V.; Tuong, H.T.C. Extreme Precise Motion Tracking of Piezoelectric Positioning Stage Using Sampled-Data Iterative Learning Control. Proceeding of 37th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON 2011), Melbourne, Australia, 7 November 2011; pp. 3376–3381.
  18. Astrom, K.J.; Wittenmark, B. Adaptive Control, 2nd ed.; Addison Wesley: New York, NY, USA, 1994. [Google Scholar]
  19. Dursun, M.; Ozden, S. Design of Monitoring System for Linear Switched Reluctance Motor with Quadrature Encoder and Current Sensors. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT 2011), Chengdu, China, 10 June 2011; pp. 543–546.
  20. Khail, H.K. Nonlinear Systems, 3rd ed.; Prentice Hall: London, UK, 2002. [Google Scholar]
Figure 1. MRAC control sketch of the motor.
Figure 1. MRAC control sketch of the motor.
Sensors 13 04742f1 1024
Figure 2. Sketch of the motor experiment.
Figure 2. Sketch of the motor experiment.
Sensors 13 04742f2 1024
Figure 3. Working principle of the rotary encoder.
Figure 3. Working principle of the rotary encoder.
Sensors 13 04742f3 1024
Figure 4. Adaptive control block.
Figure 4. Adaptive control block.
Sensors 13 04742f4 1024
Figure 5. The reference position, the motor position and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Figure 5. The reference position, the motor position and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Sensors 13 04742f5 1024
Figure 6. The reference velocity, the motor velocity and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Figure 6. The reference velocity, the motor velocity and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Sensors 13 04742f6 1024
Figure 7. θ̅ responses under square wave tracking (top) and sinusoidal tracking (bottom), respectively.
Figure 7. θ̅ responses under square wave tracking (top) and sinusoidal tracking (bottom), respectively.
Sensors 13 04742f7 1024
Figure 8. Control signals under (Q1, Γ1) and (Q2, Γ2) ((top) and (bottom), respectively).
Figure 8. Control signals under (Q1, Γ1) and (Q2, Γ2) ((top) and (bottom), respectively).
Sensors 13 04742f8 1024
Figure 9. Step responses of Gm (solid line) and Gm1 (star line).
Figure 9. Step responses of Gm (solid line) and Gm1 (star line).
Sensors 13 04742f9 1024
Figure 10. The reference position, the motor position and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Figure 10. The reference position, the motor position and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Sensors 13 04742f10 1024
Figure 11. The reference velocity, the motor velocity and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Figure 11. The reference velocity, the motor velocity and the tracking error (i.e., (top), (middle) and (bottom), respectively).
Sensors 13 04742f11 1024
Figure 12. Control signal.
Figure 12. Control signal.
Sensors 13 04742f12 1024
Figure 13. Tracking errors of position (top) and velocity (bottom).
Figure 13. Tracking errors of position (top) and velocity (bottom).
Sensors 13 04742f13 1024
Figure 14. Comparison of experiment and simulation results (case I: experimental results of Adaptive control; case II: experimental results of adaptive control with integral action; and case III: Simulation results of simulation of adaptive control with integral action).
Figure 14. Comparison of experiment and simulation results (case I: experimental results of Adaptive control; case II: experimental results of adaptive control with integral action; and case III: Simulation results of simulation of adaptive control with integral action).
Sensors 13 04742f14 1024

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, G.-Q.; Wu, S.-N.; Bai, Y.-G.; Liu, L. Experimental Studies on Model Reference Adaptive Control with Integral Action Employing a Rotary Encoder and Tachometer Sensors. Sensors 2013, 13, 4742-4759. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130404742

AMA Style

Wu G-Q, Wu S-N, Bai Y-G, Liu L. Experimental Studies on Model Reference Adaptive Control with Integral Action Employing a Rotary Encoder and Tachometer Sensors. Sensors. 2013; 13(4):4742-4759. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130404742

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Guo-Qiang, Shu-Nan Wu, Yu-Guang Bai, and Lei Liu. 2013. "Experimental Studies on Model Reference Adaptive Control with Integral Action Employing a Rotary Encoder and Tachometer Sensors" Sensors 13, no. 4: 4742-4759. https://doi.org/10.3390/s130404742

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop