Mar. Drugs 2013, 11(5), 1656-1668; doi:10.3390/md11051656
Use of Okadaic Acid to Identify Relevant Phosphoepitopes in Pathology: A Focus on Neurodegeneration
1
CIBERNED (Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), Valderrebollo 5, Madrid 28041, Spain
2
Center of Molecular Biology "Severo Ochoa" CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera 1, Madrid 28049, Spain
3
National Center of Microbiology (CNM), Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII), Crta. Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2, Majadahonda, Madrid 28220, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 18 March 2013 / Revised: 2 April 2013 / Accepted: 16 April 2013 / Published: 21 May 2013
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Okadaic Acid and Dinophysis Toxins)
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Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is involved in the regulation of a wide variety of physiological processes and is the result of a balance between protein kinase and phosphatase activities. Biologically active marine derived compounds have been shown to represent an interesting source of novel compounds that could modify that balance. Among them, the marine toxin and tumor promoter, okadaic acid (OA), has been shown as an inhibitor of two of the main cytosolic, broad-specificity protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A, thus providing an excellent cell-permeable probe for examining the role of protein phosphorylation, and PP1 and PP2A in particular, in any physiological or pathological process. In the present work, we review the use of okadaic acid to identify specific phosphoepitopes mainly in proteins relevant for neurodegeneration. We will specifically highlight those cases of highly dynamic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation events and the ability of OA to block the high turnover phosphorylation, thus allowing the detection of modified residues that could be otherwise difficult to identify. Finally, its effect on tau hyperhosphorylation and its relevance in neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia will be discussed.Keywords:
Alzheimer; GSK-3; kinases; neurodegeneration; okadaic acid; phosphatases; phosphorylation; PP2A; tangles; tau
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Medina, M.; Avila, J.; Villanueva, N. Use of Okadaic Acid to Identify Relevant Phosphoepitopes in Pathology: A Focus on Neurodegeneration. Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 1656-1668.
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