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Review

Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Microbes for Antimicrobial Compounds

by
Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat
1,2,
Hauke Smidt
1 and
Detmer Sipkema
1,*
1
Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, Wageningen 6703 HB, The Netherlands
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science Education, Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia (IKIP PGRI) Bali, Jl. Seroja Tonja, Denpasar 80238, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mar. Drugs 2016, 14(5), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/md14050087
Submission received: 29 February 2016 / Revised: 15 April 2016 / Accepted: 26 April 2016 / Published: 2 May 2016
(This article belongs to the Collection Bioactive Compounds from Marine Invertebrates)
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Abstract

:
Sponges are the most prolific marine organisms with respect to their arsenal of bioactive compounds including antimicrobials. However, the majority of these substances are probably not produced by the sponge itself, but rather by bacteria or fungi that are associated with their host. This review for the first time provides a comprehensive overview of antimicrobial compounds that are known to be produced by sponge-associated microbes. We discuss the current state-of-the-art by grouping the bioactive compounds produced by sponge-associated microorganisms in four categories: antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal compounds. Based on in vitro activity tests, identified targets of potent antimicrobial substances derived from sponge-associated microbes include: human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) (2-undecyl-4-quinolone, sorbicillactone A and chartarutine B); influenza A (H1N1) virus (truncateol M); nosocomial Gram positive bacteria (thiopeptide YM-266183, YM-266184, mayamycin and kocurin); Escherichia coli (sydonic acid), Chlamydia trachomatis (naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2); Plasmodium spp. (manzamine A and quinolone 1); Leishmania donovani (manzamine A and valinomycin); Trypanosoma brucei (valinomycin and staurosporine); Candida albicans and dermatophytic fungi (saadamycin, 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin and YM-202204). Thirty-five bacterial and 12 fungal genera associated with sponges that produce antimicrobials were identified, with Streptomyces, Pseudovibrio, Bacillus, Aspergillus and Penicillium as the prominent producers of antimicrobial compounds. Furthemore culture-independent approaches to more comprehensively exploit the genetic richness of antimicrobial compound-producing pathways from sponge-associated bacteria are addressed.

1. Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging global threat, decreasing the possibilities for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi [1,2]. A global surveillance report by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2] indicated an increase of morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases due to AMR, which could lead to a world-wide economic loss of up to 100 trillion US dollars (USD) in 2050 as the result of a 2%–3% reduction in the gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. A conservative estimation is that AMR now annually attributes to 700,000 deaths globally, with a potential leap to 10 million in 2050 [1]. AMR is a response of microorganisms against antimicrobial compounds, which can arise via several mechanisms such as chromosomal mutations [1], binding site modifications [2] or horizontal transfer of genes conferring resistance [3]. For several pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus [4], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [1,5], and Mycobacterium tuberculosis [6], the emergence of multi drug resistant (MDR) strains has been reported, which make infections with these strains increasingly difficult to treat with currently available antibiotics [3].
In the context of the arms race between humans and infectious agents, the discovery and development of new types of antimicrobial compounds with pronounced bioactivity and clinical significance are urgent [4,5]. The efforts to modify existing drugs are often not effective to overcome the mutation rate of pathogens and do not lead to the introduction of new classes of antimicrobial compounds [6]. The terrestrial environment has been the main focus of microbial-derived drug discovery since the first report on Penicillin in 1929 [7], followed by the booming of new classes of antibiotics in 1960s [8]. Although novel antimicrobials are still being discovered from the soil niche, e.g., turbomycin A and B [9] and teixobactin [10], there are issues with de-replication, which significantly reduces the discovery rate of new compounds from heavily screened environments [11].
In comparison with soils, the marine environment has been largely neglected for discovery of antibiotics until recently, mainly because of accessibility issues, but yet hold a huge biodiversity and potential novelty of antimicrobial compounds [12]. Of many marine organisms, sponges (phylum Porifera) are considered as the most prolific source of therapeutic compounds as these animals harbour a large variety of secondary metabolites, many of which are beneficial for human health purposes [13,14,15,16,17]. The “Supply Issue” is the main obstacle to exploit the biological activity of sponges’ metabolites since a large quantity of biomaterial is required for experimental purposes [13]. Interestingly, in recent years an increasing number of studies highlighted that many active substances from sponges are of bacterial origin due to similarity to chemical structures found in terrestrial microorganisms [13,14,15]. Furthermore, several studies have reported a wide diversity of antimicrobial activities from sponge-associated microbes, which make these microbial communities a valuable source for novel antimicrobials [14,16,17,18,19,20].
This review highlights the current knowledge of antimicrobial compounds produced by sponge-associated microbes. Our definition of “antimicrobial” is not limited to antibacterial agents, but also includes compounds active against viruses, fungi and infectious protozoa. For each of the four biological activities, a few substances are highlighted because of their high activity, along with the most complete overview to date of other known compounds with antimicrobial activity from sponge-associated microorganisms. To compare different bioactive compounds and crude extracts, inhibitory concentrations of substances reviewed have been as much as possible expressed in the same unit (µg/mL). Original articles use minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), half maximum inhibitory concentrations (IC50) and the concentration of a drug that give the half-maximal response (EC50). As they are not easily converted, we sticked to the original measures.
Moreover, we analyzed the distribution of bacterial and fungal genera associated with sponges that have been reported to produce antimicrobial compounds to identify the most prolific genera. In addition, the potential for application of metagenomics to complement culture-dependent antimicrobial screening strategies is also discussed.

2. Antiviral Compounds

New antiviral compounds are needed due to the increased occurrence of diseases caused by viral infections and because of antiviral escape strategies [21]. Marine organisms, and sponges in particular, have been shown to be a valuable source for antivirals. For example, the discovery of the nucleosides spongothymidine and spongouridine from the sponge Tethya crypta was the basis for the compound Ara-A (vidarabine) that is active against the herpes simplex virus [21,22,23,24].
Screening of sponge-associated microbes yielded several prospective anti-HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-1) compounds (Table 1 and Figure 1). Bultel-Poncé et al. [25] isolated Pseudomonas sp. 1531-E7 from the marine sponge Homophymia sp. resulting in the discovery of the antiviral compound 2-undecyl-4-quinolone (1) (Figure 1). The compound had an IC50 concentration as low as 10−3 µg/mL in vitro against HIV-1. Bringmann et al. [26] elucidated the chemical structure of sorbicillactone A (2) which was isolated from Penicillium chrysogenum, a fungus associated with the sponge Ircinia fasciculata. Sorbicillactone A displayed cytoprotective effects on HIV-1-infected cells of the human cell line H9 at concentrations of 0.1–1 µg/mL. In addition, in vitro testing using H9 cells indicated that sorbicillactone A reduced the appearance of the HIV-1 protein up to 70% at a concentration of 0.3 μg/mL [26]. The sponge-associated fungus Stachybotrys chartarum MXH-X73 produces the compound stachybotrin D (3), which exhibited anti-HIV-1 activity by targeting reverse transcriptase [27]. At EC50 concentrations from 2.73 µg/mL to 10.51 µg/mL, stachybotrin D was active not only against the wild type HIV-1 but also against several non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistant HIV-1 strains. Li et al. [28] reported identification of three other anti-HIV-1 compounds from Stachybotrys chartarum: chartarutine B, G, and H. Of these three chartarutine compounds, chartarutine B (4) showed the lowest concentration that resulted in 50% inhibition of HIV-1 (IC50 of 1.81 µg/mL), followed by chartarutine G (IC50 of 2.05 µg/mL) and chartarutine H (IC50 of 2.05 µg/mL), respectively.
Sponge-associated microbes have also been found to produce anti-influenza compounds (Table 1). Zhao et al. [29] elucidated 14 new isoprenylated cyclohexanols coined as truncateols A-N from the sponge-associated fungus Truncatella angustata, and these compounds were tested in vitro against the influenza A (H1N1) virus. Truncateols C, E and M displayed bioactivity against H1N1, with truncateol M (5) being the most potent inhibitor, as shown by its IC50 value of 2.91 µg/mL. This inhibitory concentration was almost six fold lower than that of the positive control oseltamivir at 14.52 µg/mL. Truncateol M was predicted to be active at the late stage of the virus infection, likely during the assembly or release step of the virion [29] due to resemblance of the inhibition patterns observed for neuraminidase-inhibitor drugs, e.g., zanamivir and oseltamivir [30]. In addition, the presence of a chlorine atom in the chemical structure of trucanteol M is of particular interest since halogenation often enhances bioactivity of a given compound [31,32].

3. Antibacterial Compounds

The screening procedure for antibacterial activity often includes both Gram positive and Gram negative target strains, including, e.g., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., Escherichia spp., and Pseudomonas spp. From a medical point of view, these genera receive attention because they are well represented among the causative agents for human infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, urinary tract and blood stream infections [38,39]. Microbial isolates from marine sponges have been shown to exhibit bioactivity against a wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria (Table 2). The novel thiopeptide antibiotics YM-266183 (6) and YM-266184 (7) (Figure 2), which were isolated from the sponge-associated bacterium Bacillus cereus QN03323, showed antibacterial activity against nosocomial infectious Gram positive bacteria in vitro [40,41]. Both YM-266183 and YM-266184 effectively inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium as indicated by minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.025 µg/mL. In addition, compound YM-266184 was found particularly active against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a MIC of 0.39 µg/mL. Compound YM-266183 also inhibited MRSA but required a two-fold higher concentration of the pure compound. Bioactivity of these thiopeptides was also observed against Streptococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus spp. (Table 2). The compound kocurin (8) was identified from three sponge-associated actinobacteria: Kocuria marina F-276,310, Kocuria palustris F-276,345, and Micrococcus yunnanensis F-256,446 [42,43]. Kocurin is a new member of the thiazolyl peptide family and exhibited anti-MRSA activity with an MIC of 0.25 µg/mL, which to date is the most potent anti-MRSA compound reported from sponge-associated microbes. Scheenemaan et al. [44] isolated Streptomyces sp. HB202 from the sponge Haliclona simulans, which lead to discovery of the polyketide mayamycin. In vitro assays with mayamycin (9) showed bioactivity against S. aureus and MRSA with IC50 values of 1.16 µg/mL and 0.58 µg/mL respectively, along with an IC50 of 0.14 µg/mL against Staphylococcus epidermidis [45].
Although many studies on antibacterial activity from sponge-associated microbes included Gram negative strains (Table 2), reports on pronounced antibacterial compounds active against Gram negative bacteria are limited in comparison to those that inhibit Gram positive strains. One of the examples of an inhibitor of a Gram negative bacterium is the compound naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2 (10) isolated from Streptomyces sp. RV15 that was originally obtained from the marine sponge Dysidea tupha [46]. Naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2 (10) inhibited the Gram-negative bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis at an IC50 value of 2.81 ± 0.24 µg/mL. Reimer et al. [46] underlined that compound 10 not only effectively inhibited the formation of chlamydial inclusion bodies during the primary infection but also affected the ability of C. trachomatis in producing viable progeny during the developmental cycle. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular Gram negative bacterium which is a leading cause of sexually transmitted diseases, and currently no methods are available to treat this infectious microorganism [46,47]. Li et al. [48] isolated four new bisabolane-typesesquiterpenoids: aspergiterpenoid A, (−)-sydonol, (−)-sydonic acid, (−)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2′,6′,6′-trimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)phenol and a known compound (Z)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenol from a sponge-associated Aspergillus sp. (Table 2). Of these five substances, the compound sydonic acid (11) exhibited the lowest MIC value against Escherichia coli at 1.33 µg/mL. This is the lowest inhibition concentration against E.coli reported from a compound produced by sponge-associated microbes although the inhibition concentration is still higher than the positive control ciprofloxacin (0.21 µg/mL) (Table 2).
Pruksakorn et al. [49] reported three prospective anti-tuberculosis compounds: trichoderin A (12), A1 and B from the sponge-associated fungus Trichoderma sp. 05FI48. Both under standard aerobic growth and dormancy-inducing hypoxic conditions, these three compounds inhibited Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis H37Rv with MIC values in the range of 0.02–2.0 µg/mL. Of these three compounds, trichoderin A was the most potent compound indicated by the lowest MIC values against those Mycobacterium strains. Additional analysis revealed that bioactivity of trichoderin A is based on its ability to inhibit adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis of mycobacteria [50]. Compounds such as trichoderin A are particularly important because in many cases, pathogens such as Campylobacter spp., Helicobacter pylori, and Legionella pneumophila are difficult to treat due to the fact that they are present in a dormant state [51]. Such physiologically inactive cells highly contribute to the need for prolongued antibiotic treatments, which may lead to the emergence of resistant strains [52,53].

4. Antifungal Activity

The incidence rate of fungal infections has increased significantly over the past decades. This is mainly caused by clinical use of antibacterial drugs and immunosuppressive agents after organ transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, and advances in surgery [102,103]. Several fungal species that often cause human infections include Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus [102,104,105]. The story becomes more complex as many of these pathogenic fungi develop resistance against available antifungal drugs, which will prolong duration of treatments [106].
Screening for antifungals is often focused on finding compounds active against Candida albicans, the prominent agent for candidiasis (Table 3). Invasive candidiasis is accounted as the most common nosocomial fungal infection resulting in an average mortality rate between 25%–38% [103]. El-Gendy et al. [107] isolated Streptomyces sp. Hedaya 48 from the sponge Aplysina fistularis and identified two compounds: the novel compound saadamycin (13) and the known compound 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin (14) (Figure 3). Bioassays indicated that both saadamycin and 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin displayed pronounced antifungal activity against Candida albicans with MIC values of 2.22 µg/mL and 15 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, both compounds displayed bioactivity against some pathogenic dermatophytes (skin-infecting fungi), such as Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, and Cryptococcus humicolus (Table 3). Further analysis showed that saadamycin displayed a more potent bioactivity indicated by a 3875 fold lower MIC than that of the reference compound, miconazole, whereas 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin was around a 200 fold more potent than miconazole.
Antifungal activity was also detected from the sponge-associated fungus Phoma sp. Q60596. The sponge-derived fungus produced a new lactone compound, YM-202204 (15) [108], which was effective against C. albicans (IC80 of 6.25 µg/mL), along with Cryptococcus neoformans (IC80 of 1.56 µg/mL), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (IC80 of 1.56 µg/mL) and Aspergillus fumigatus (IC80 of 12.5 µg/mL). Furthermore, Nagai et al. [108] showed that YM-202204 was able to block the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, an important structure for protein attachment in the membrane of eukaryotic cells and one of the targets in developing antifungal drugs [109,110].

5. Antiprotozoal Activity

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium spp. infections, represents the most devastating protozoal disease worldwide, and results in both mortality and economic loss, mainly in developing countries [116]. Developing drugs with a better therapeutic profile against the parasite is one of the key aims of current malaria research, which includes screening for antimalarial substances from marine organisms [117,118].
Manzamine A (16) (Figure 4), first reported by Sakai and co-workers [119] from the sponge Haliclona sp., is a promising substance against Plasmodium spp. Initially, its antitumor property was of main interest, but subsequently diverse antimicrobial activities such as: anti-HIV, antibacterial, and antifungal were identified from the compound [120]. Currently the antimalaria properties of manzamine A are considered its most promising bioactivity. Manzamine A was shown to inhibit P. falciparum D6 and W3 clonal cell lines that are sensitive and resistant against the antimalarial chloroquine [121], with IC50 values of 0.0045 and 0.008 µg/mL, respectively [122]. Furthermore, in vivo screening by Ang et al. [116] showed that manzamine A at concentration of 0.008 µg/mL inhibited 90% growth of the parasite Plasmodium berghei that causes malaria in rodents. In addition, Rao et al. reported [122] that manzamine A displayed anti-Leishmania activity, indicated by IC50 and IC90 values of 0.9 µg/mL and 1.8 µg/mL, respectively, against Leishmania donovani.
Isolation of manzamine A from several other sponge species [120] raised the hypothesis that it was of microbial origin [123,124]. Hill et al. [125] confirmed this hypothesis by isolating Micromonospora sp. M42 as the microbial producer of manzamine A from the Indonesian sponge Acanthostrongylophora ingens. A series of analyses using molecular-microbial community analysis, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) corroborated that indeed the strain Micromonospora sp. M42 synthesizes manzamine A [126,127]. Considering the therapeutic potential of manzamine A for treating malaria and leishmaniasis, Micromonospora sp. M42 could be a sustainable provider of the substance, because the “Sponge Supply Problem” has been overcome [127]. Moreover, identification of several manzamine-derivatives e.g. manzamine E, F, J, and 8-hydroxymanzamine A, from marine sponges which displayed antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal activity [122,124], could also lead to isolation of associated microbial producers in the future.
Pimentel-Elardo et al. [128] identified three compounds with anti-Leishmania and anti-Trypanosoma activity from a sponge-associated Streptomyces sp, namely the cyclic depsipeptide valinomycin (17), the indolocarbazole alkaloid staurosporine (18) and butenolide (19) (Table 4). Valinomycin and staurosporine inhibited the growth of L. major with IC50 values of 0.12 µg/mL and 1.24 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the three compounds displayed bioactivity against Trypanosoma brucei with IC50 values of 0.0036 µg/mL for valinomycin, 0.0051 µg/mL for staurosporine and 7.92 µg/mL for butenolide.
Scopel et al. [129] isolated two sponge-associated fungi, namely Hypocrea lixii F02 and Penicillium citrinum F40 (Table 4) that were active against the protozoal parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, which causes trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease [130]. Culture filtrates of both isolates inhibited T. vaginalis ATCC 30236 and fresh clinical isolates, including the metronidazole-resistant TV-LACM2, with MIC values of 2.5 mg/mL. Further observation indicated that culture filtrates of these two fungi had no haemolytic effect against mammalian cells, which is one of the important criteria to further develop anti-protozoal drugs [129].

6. Dicussion

6.1. Antimicrobial Compounds from Sponge-Associated Microbes: What We Learned So Far

Bioprospecting is the effort to discover natural compounds with therapeutic and biological applications [140]. In line with this definition, sponge-associated microbes offer a huge potential as the source of antimicrobial substances as shown by many microbial isolates being reported to inhibit pathogenic reference strains in vitro and to synthesize active substances against one or several groups of infectious agents. Based on our review, antimicrobial compounds produced by sponge-associated microbes with the most pronounced bioactivity include: 2-undecyl-4-quinolone, sorbicillactone A, stachybotrin D and chartarutine B against HIV-1; truncateol M against H1N1 M; YM-266183, YM-266184, kocurin, mayamycin, sydonic acid, naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2 and trichoderin A against a variety of bacterial strains; saadamycin and YM-202204 against fungi; manzamine-A against malaria; and valinomycin against Trypanosoma. In this case the most pronounced activity is solely based on reported inhibition data and does not yet take potential side effects into account. Therefore the most promising compounds may be ones that have higher IC50 values, but cause less side effects. As these data are not available for the majority of the reported compounds, we have focused on the most potent compounds.
Sponge-associated bacteria and fungi are the two groups of microorganisms that have been found to produce antimicrobial compounds (Figure 5). The large majority of the antimicrobial compounds found in sponge-associated microbiota is produced by bacteria (90%), while fungi account for approximately 10% of the compounds reported. Sponge-associated bacteria derived antimicrobial compounds were found from 35 genera (Figure 5B). At a higher taxonomic level, these 35 bacterial genera can be classified into the four phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria with percentages of 48.8%, 36.6%, 11.4% and 0.4% respectively. In contrast, sponge-associated fungi that have been found to produce antimicrobials are affiliated solely to the phylum Ascomycota.
Streptomyces is the most prominent genus as indicated by 30% of sponge bacteria-derived compounds. Streptomyces has become a main target for screening for bioactive compounds both from terrestrial and marine environments due to the high diversity of secondary metabolites they produce [141,142]. Of the many sponge-associated Streptomyces isolates reported, Streptomyces sp. HB202 and Streptomyces sp. RV15 are of particular interest in term of producing antibacterial compounds. Streptomyces sp. HB202, isolated from the sponge Halichondria panicea has been documented to produce three antibacterial substances: mayamycin, streptophenazine G and K, which are mainly active against Gram positive pathogenic bacteria (Table 2). Streptomyces sp. RV15, on the other hand, produces the compound naphthacene glycoside which up to now is the only anti-Chlamydia reported from sponge-associated microbes [46]. In addition, the report on crude extract inhibition of Streptomyces sp. RV15 against S. aureus and E. faecalis [82] may give a hint to discover other antibacterial substances from this strain. Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48 is currently the most potent sponge-associated bacterial isolate for antifungal activities with the production of saadamycin and 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin [107]. In addition, isolation of the anti-Trypanosoma and anti-Leishmania compounds valinomycin, staurosporine and butenolide from Streptomyces sp. 43, 21 and 11 [128], affirms Streptomyces as the currently most prominent producer of antimicrobial substances from sponges.
Pseudovibrio follows as the second most prolific bacterial genus isolated from sponges (20%) with respect to antimicrobial activities. Reports on Pseudovibrio spp. are concentrated on antibacterial activity and are mainly based on screening of crude extracts. Up to now, tropodithietic acid is the only antibacterial compound that has been identified from Pseudovibrio [72]. Although representing a lower percentage of the sponge-associated bacteria found to produce antimicrobials than Streptomyces and Pseudovibrio, 9% of the currently known bioactives was found to be produced by sponge-associated Bacillus spp., with activities against viruses, bacteria and fungi. Bacillus cereus QNO3323 is currently the most prominent antimicrobial producer from this genus with the very potent thiopeptides YM-266183 and YM-266184 that are active against Gram positive bacteria.
Sponge-associated Ascomycota found to produce antimicrobials can be further classified into 12 genera. Of these 12 fungal genera, Aspergillus (30%) and Penicillium (23%) are currently the two most prominent groups of sponge-associated fungi reported as antimicrobial producers. This finding is not suprising since both Aspergillus and Penicillium are known prolific producers of secondary metabolites from other sources [143]. Aspergillus versicolor [58] and an unidentified Aspergillus sp. isolated from the sponge Xestospongia testudinaria [48] showed a strong antibacterial activity as indicated by potent inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. The antimicrobial activities found from sponge-associated Penicillium spp. are particular remarkable as it is the only fungal genus that is found to produce antivirals, antibacterials antifungals and antiprotozoals. Penicillium chrysogenum [26] and Penicillium sp. FF01 [57] are to date the most promising sponge-associated Penicillium isolates for which anti-HIV activity (sorbicillactone) and antibacterial activity (citrinin) were reported, respectively. Sponge-derived Stachybotrys spp. are only known for antiviral activity, particularly against HIV and enterovirus 71 (EV71), and there are no reports of other antimicrobial activities. Generally, although the number of produced antimicrobials is outnumbered by those of sponge-associated bacteria, sponge-associated fungi should be considered as an important reservoir of antimicrobial compounds.
When the chemical structures of sponge-microbe-derived compounds are considered, a rather diverse array of structures is observed, including peptides, terpenoids, phenazines, indoles, phenoles and polyketides. Sixty percent of the antivirals from sponge-associated microbes are ketone derivatives (quinolone, sorbicillactone, isoindolinone, butyrolactone, furanone, xanthone, methanone, phenone). Peptide derivatives constitute 19% of the total identified antibacterial substances and roughly 12.5% from the total antimicrobial compounds reviewed here. Phenazine derivatives are the second most frequently isolated class of antibacterial compounds from sponge-associated microbes (15%) as exemplified in this review by the antibacterial compounds streptophenazine [89], phenazine alkaloid antibiotics [55], 6-hydroxymethyl-1-phenazine-carboxamide and 1,6-phenazinedimethanol [94]. Phenazine is a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound with a wide range of biological activities [67,144], and several studies from terrestrial environments and chemically synthesized phenazines have been reported as antiviral [145], antibacterial [146], and antimalaria [147]. Moreover, this group of compounds is attractive for therapeutic application since their structures are relatively small and hence can easily reach tissues and organs [67,148].

6.2. Discovering Antimicrobial Compounds from Sponge-Associated Microbes: From Culture-Dependent to Culture-Independent Methods

Isolation of antimicrobial producers provides a valuable basis for assessing the biotechnological potential of sponge-associated microbes. In a wider perspective, however, only a small fraction of this sponge-microbial community has been isolated under laboratory conditions leaving the majority resistant to in vitro growth with current cultivation approaches [15,149,150]. Several studies have focused on improving cultivability of sponge-associated microbes. Some of the approaches include using low nutrient media [151], floating filter cultures [152], employing different carbon sources, e.g., lectin [153], sponge extracts [152], and in situ cultivation using a diffusion growth chamber [154]. Furthermore, flow-cytometry and density gradient centrifugation have been applied to separate sponge cells from their associated bacteria to enrich the inoculum [155,156]. Additionally, co-cultivation through mixing of two or more microbial isolates in vitro [157] is an approach proposed to discover more natural compounds from sponge-associated microbes. The idea behind co-culture lies in the fact that many biosynthetic gene clusters found in microorganisms remain cryptic under standard laboratory conditions, and co-cultivation might provide a possibility to activate these silent genes [158,159]. As an example, the co-culture by Dashti et al. [98] of the sponge-associated Actinobacteria, Actinokinespora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163, resulted in isolation of the antibacterial compound 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine, which was not found from the individual isolates. However, even if the cultivability of sponge-associated microbes is improved, there is a long way ahead to reach a point that we will be able to isolate and routinely cultivate 50% of the microbes that are found in sponges. At the same time, the advance of genetic and molecular studies has resulted in the development of tools to study genes, transcripts and proteins by directly analyzing environmental DNA, RNA and proteins, thus bypassing cultivation procedures [157]. In relation to screening for antimicrobial activity, metagenomics has been applied to identify antimicrobials of uncultivated microorganisms from terrestrial environments, such as the antimycobacterial nocardamine, the putative antibacterial activity of terragines A–E [160], violacein that is active against S. aureus, Bacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp. [161] and a polyketide with activity against the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [162].
Two main metagenomic approaches, functional screening and sequence homology-based methods, are generally distinguished [163]. Functional screening relies on detection of the metabolic activities of metagenomic library clones without requiring any prior sequence information [163,164,165]. Gillespie et al. [9] applied function-based metagenomics with E. coli as expression host, to identify the antibiotics turbomycin A and B from a soil sample. MacNeil et al. [166] identified the antimicrobial indirubin by constructing a BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) library in E.coli. Yung et al. [167] reported two hydrolytic enzymes from fosmid clones CcAb1 and CcAb2, which were derived from a metagenome of the sponge Cymbastela concentrica using E. coli as the host. Both fosmid clones inhibited the growth of Bacillus sp. with an inhibition diameter of 20 mm, and clone CcAb1 showed additional inhibition of S. aureus and an Alteromonas sp. with diameters of inhibition of 50 mm and 60 mm, respectively. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that active genes encoding for these enzymes were of microbial origin [167]. He et al. [168] constructed a fosmid library of the sponge Discodermia calyx using E. coli as the host and identified antimicrobial activity of the enzyme 3-hydroxypalmitic acid against B. cereus and C. albicans. In addition, using the same approach He et al. [169] observed an active clone, pDC113, that displayed a clear inhibition zone against B. cereus. Subsequently, 11 cyclodipeptides were identified from this clone. Generally, it can be stated that although a number of antimicrobials have been discovered through functional screening of metagenomic libraries from sponges, the expression of large gene clusters such as those encoding (polyketide synthase( PKS) and (non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) is still a difficult hurdle to take. Several key elements need to be considered to achieve successful expression of biosynthetic gene clusters; namely mobilizing the biosynthetic pathway into a suitable vector, selecting an appropriate heterologous host and stably maintaining the gene clusters in the host [170]. The size of many of these gene clusters requires the use of cloning vectors that can accept large inserts, such as fosmids, or BACs if the required insert size is over 100 kb [171]. Selection of heterologous expression systems in particular is a crucial factor before applying functional metagenomics to identify antimicrobials, because expression hosts are microbes as well and especially clones that express genes encoding for enzymes involved in production of antimicrobials may therefore be non-viable. Ongley et al. [170] pointed out some considerations in selecting an expression host such as relatedness to the native producer, availability of genetic tools and precursors, a high growth rate, and suitability for fermentation at a large scale. E. coli, the most commonly used expression host, has limitations for expressing parts of metagenomes because, e.g., of the sheer size of some gene clusters, genes with deviating codon usage, incompatible regulatory elements, lack of biosynthesis precursors or unavailability of posttranslational modifications [165,172]. Therefore, in order to make screening for antimicrobials through metagenomic libraries more efficient, it is of utmost importance to diversify the suite of expression hosts used. Several non-E.coli hosts, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Bacillus subtilis, Burkholderia graminis, Caulobacter vibrioides, Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis, Pseudomonas putida, Ralstonia metallidurans, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Streptomyces avermitilis, S. albus, Pseudomonas putida, Sulfolobus solfataricus, Thermus thermophilus, Thiocapsa roseopersicina and Saccharopolyspora sp. have been developed and should be more seriously considered as expression hosts when performing metagenomic screenings for antimicrobials [165,172,173].
Sequence-based screening, on the other hand, requires information on the sequence of genes involved in the production of a natural product as guidance to search for similar sequences in a sequenced metagenomic library or scaffolds reconstructed from direct metagenomic sequencing [165]. Homology-based screening is suitable to identify a compound with highly conserved biosynthesis pathways, e.g., those mediated by PKS and NRPS [174]. Piel and colleagues [175,176,177,178,179] applied this method, and identified the antitumor polyketide onnamide from uncultivated bacteria of the sponge T. swinhoei. Sequence-based screening was applied by Fisch [180] to unravel the complete pathway of the polyketide psymberin that was found to possess a potent antitumor activity, from uncultivated sponge-associated microbes. By sequence-based screening of metagenomic libraries, Schirmer et al. [181] reported diverse polyketide gene clusters in microorganisms from the sponge Discodermia dissoluta. The development of techniques that yield longer read lengths, such as Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) RS II SMRT (Single Molecule Real-Time) sequencing technology, in which a single read can be extended over 10 kbp [182], can be instrumental in increasing the accuracy in assembling large gene clusters. Application of PacBio for secondary metabolite gene clusters has been reported by Alt and Wilkinson [183], who identified the 53,253 bp genomic fragment encoding the transacyltransferase (trans-AT) polyketide synthase (PKS) from a marine Streptomyces sp responsible for the production of the antibiotic anthracimycin (atc). Furthermore, using Streptomyces coelicolor as heterologous expression host, the authors confirmed production of anthracimycin [183]. Furthermore, single cell analysis by combining cell separation and fluorescence-assisted cell sorting (FACS) could be a strategy to overcome the complexity of the microbial community in sponges since this method can be used to select for genomes from microbes that are present in low abundance in the sponge leading to a simplified reconstruction of secondary metabolite gene clusters present in these bacteria [184]. This strategy has been applied by Wilson et al. [185] for resolving the gene clusters encoding the machinery needed for the production of the polytheonamides produced by the candidate genus Entotheonella from the sponge Theonella swinhoei.
Inspired by these examples, homology-based screening could be further exploited to identify biosynthesis gene sequences that could lead to the identification of novel antimicrobial substances from Nature’s excessive diversity. Moreover, application of homology-based screening can benefit from publicly available metagenomic sequencing data and prediction tools for analyzing biosynthesis gene clusters, e.g., AntiSMASH (Antibiotics and Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell) [186,187]. Application of sequence-based screening, however, is limited by the fact that the found sequences need to be related to known compounds, inherently limiting the potential for novelty. Furthermore, information on gene sequences is no guarantee that the acquisition of a complete gene pathway has been obtained [188]. Therefore, sequence-based methagenomics should ideally be complemented by chemical analysis to confirm whether the predicted compound exists and is fully functional (Figure 6).

7. Conclusions and Outlook

Sponge-associated microbes already offer a rich source of potent antimicrobial compounds against viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi, and currently available compounds are predominantly active against HIV-1, H1N1, nosocomial Gram positive bacteria, Escherichia coli, Plasmodium spp, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei, Candida albicans and dermatophytic fungi. Streptomyces, Pseudovibrio, Bacillus, Aspergillus and Penicillium are the microbial genera associated with sponges from which potent antimicrobial compounds are most frequently isolated. However, none of the antimicrobial compounds highlighted in this review have been succcesfully marketed as pharmaceuticals. To clearly translate bioactivity of these important compounds it is crucial to further unravel their mode of actions and measure their level of toxicity, since the majority of these studies has been focused on in vitro bioassays and elucidation of the chemical structures only.
The known versatility of antimicrobial activities found in sponge-associated microorganims could easily be expanded even without considering additional sponge sampling campaigns. Bioactivity screens of identified compounds or undefined sponge extracts is often restricted to a specific antimicrobial activity. The selection, for instance, relies on the specific research activities of the groups involved in isolating the microbes [117]. Consequently, it is probably safe to assume that other potent antimicrobial properties from many sponge isolates and their bioactive compounds remain undetected. Therefore, known antimicrobial compounds and producer strains are a valuable source for additional antimicrobial activities screenings using different target types (viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and beyond). In addition, sponge-derived strain collections that comprise isolates that tested negative for antimicrobial activity at first may have done so, because the compound of interest is not produced under standard laboratory conditions. Exposure of these strains to potential microbial targets may lead to recovery of bioactivity that would otherwise go unnoticed.
Ideally, researchers who isolate microbes from sponges will deposit them to publicly available culture collections so that laboratories with complementary expertise and interests could benefit and screen the deposited isolates for different antimicrobial activities. This will make exchange of materials and knowledge that can be obtained much more efficient. Importantly, a fair agreement on intellectual property rights needs to be established for translating this into reality. Lastly, the revolutionary advance of next generation sequencing technologies combined with more diversified heterologous expression systems (Figure 6) are expected to open up the large unexplored reservoir of antimicrobials produced by yet uncultivated sponge-associated microbes.

Acknowledgments

Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat receives a PhD fellowship from the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP), grant number 20140812021557. This work was also supported by the EC grant “BluePharmTrain” (grant agreement no. 607786).

Author Contributions

Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat and Detmer Sipkema conceived the idea for the review, Anak Agung Gede Indraningrat compiled literatures, drew figures, and wrote the manuscript. Detmer Sipkema and Hauke Smidt checked and improved the manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Marinedrugs 14 00087 g001 1024
Figure 1. Chemical structures of the antiviral compounds 2-undecyl-4-quinolone (1), sorbicillactone A (2), stachybotrin D (3), chartarutine B (4), and truncateol M (5).
Figure 1. Chemical structures of the antiviral compounds 2-undecyl-4-quinolone (1), sorbicillactone A (2), stachybotrin D (3), chartarutine B (4), and truncateol M (5).
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Marinedrugs 14 00087 g002 1024
Figure 2. Chemical structures of the antibacterial compounds YM-266183 (6), YM-266184 (7), kocurin (8), mayamycin (9), naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2 (10), sydonic acid (11) and trichoderin A (12).
Figure 2. Chemical structures of the antibacterial compounds YM-266183 (6), YM-266184 (7), kocurin (8), mayamycin (9), naphthacene glycoside SF2446A2 (10), sydonic acid (11) and trichoderin A (12).
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Marinedrugs 14 00087 g003 1024
Figure 3. Chemical structures of the antifungal compounds saadamycin (13), 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin (14) and YM-202204 (15).
Figure 3. Chemical structures of the antifungal compounds saadamycin (13), 5,7-dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarin (14) and YM-202204 (15).
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Marinedrugs 14 00087 g004 1024
Figure 4. Chemical structures of the antiprotozoal compounds manzamine A (16), valinomycin (17), staurosporine (18) and butenolide (19).
Figure 4. Chemical structures of the antiprotozoal compounds manzamine A (16), valinomycin (17), staurosporine (18) and butenolide (19).
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Marinedrugs 14 00087 g005 1024
Figure 5. Distribution of sponge-associated microorganisms found to produce antimicrobial compounds: (A) Bacteria and Fungi; (B) Bacterial genera; and (C) Fungal genera. Figure 5 was made based on the summary of the taxonomic affiliations of sponge-associated microbes (N = 272) that were found to produce antimicrobials.
Figure 5. Distribution of sponge-associated microorganisms found to produce antimicrobial compounds: (A) Bacteria and Fungi; (B) Bacterial genera; and (C) Fungal genera. Figure 5 was made based on the summary of the taxonomic affiliations of sponge-associated microbes (N = 272) that were found to produce antimicrobials.
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Figure 6. General overview of the strategies used to discover antimicrobial compounds from sponge-associated microorganisms.
Figure 6. General overview of the strategies used to discover antimicrobial compounds from sponge-associated microorganisms.
Marinedrugs 14 00087 g006
Table
Table 1. Bioactive compounds with antiviral activity from sponge-associated microbes.
Table 1. Bioactive compounds with antiviral activity from sponge-associated microbes.
SpongeOrigin (Depth)MicroorganismPhylumCompoundPropertyTargetReference
Homophymia sp.Touho, New Caledonia (ND)Pseudomonas sp. 1531-E7Proteobacteria2-undecyl-4-quinoloneIC50 (10−3 µg/mL)HIV-1[25]
Ircinia fasciculataBight of Fetovaia, Italy (17.5 m)Penicillium chrysogenumAscomycotaSorbicillactone AReducing protein expression and activity of reverse transcriptase (0.3–1 µg/mL)HIV-1[26]
Xestospongia testudinariaParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys chartarum MXH-X73AscomycotaStachybotrin DEC50 (3.71 µg/mL)HIV-1[27]
Xestospongia testudinariaParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys chartarum MXH-X73AscomycotaStachybotrin DEC50 (3.09 µg/mL)Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistant
HIV-1 strain 1RT-K103N		[27]
Xestospongia testudinariaParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys chartarum MXH-X73AscomycotaStachybotrin DEC50 (10.51 µg/mL)NNRTI resistant
HIV-1RT-L100I, K103N		[27]
Xestospongia testudinariaParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys chartarum MXH-X73AscomycotaStachybotrin DEC50 (5.87 µg/mL)NNRTI resistant
HIV-1RT-K103N, V108I		[27]
Xestospongia testudinariaParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys chartarum MXH-X73AscomycotaStachybotrin DEC50 (6.27 µg/mL)NNRTI resistant
HIV-1RT-K103N, G190A		[27]
Xestospongia testudinariaParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys chartarum MXH-X73AscomycotaStachybotrin DEC50 (2.73 µg/mL)NNRTI resistant
HIV-1RT-K103N, P225H		[27]
Niphates sp.Beibuwan Bay, China (10 m)Stachybotrys chartarumAscomycotaChartarutine BIC50 (1.81 µg/mL)HIV-1[28]
Niphates sp.Beibuwan Bay, China (10 m)Stachybotrys chartarumAscomycotaChartarutine GIC50 (2.05 µg/mL)HIV-1[28]
Niphates sp.Beibuwan Bay, China (10 m)Stachybotrys chartarumAscomycotaChartarutine HIC50 (2.05 µg/mL)HIV-1[28]
Amphimedon sp.Yongxin island, China (10 m)Truncatella angustataAscomycotaTruncateol MIC50 (2.91 µg/mL)H1N1[29]
Callyspongia sp.Sanya, China (ND)Epicoccum sp. JJY40AscomycotaPyronepolyene C-glucoside iso-D8646-2-6IC50 (56.06 µg/mL)H1N1[33]
Callyspongia sp.Sanya, China (ND)Epicoccum sp. JJY40AscomycotaPyronepolyene C-glucoside, 8646-2-6IC50 (62.07 µg/mL)H1N1[33]
UnidentifiedNaozhou Sea, China (ND)Aspergillus terreus MXH-23AscomycotaButyrolactone IIIPercentage of inhibition (53.9% ± 0.53% at 50 µg/L)H1N1[34]
UnidentifiedNaozhou Sea, China (ND)Aspergillus terreus MXH-23Ascomycota5-[(3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-methyl]-3-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2(5H)-furanonePercentage of inhibition (57.8% ± 1.99% at 50 µg/L)H1N1[34]
UnidentifiedParacel Islands (ND)Aspergillus sydowii ZSDS1-F6Ascomycota(Z)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(60)-methylhept-20-en-20-yl)-phenolIC50 (14.30 µg/mL)H3N2[35]
UnidentifiedParacel Islands (ND)Aspergillus sydowii ZSDS1-F6AscomycotaDiorcinolIC50 (15.31 µg/mL)H3N2[35]
UnidentifiedParacel slands (ND)Aspergillus sydowii ZSDS1-F6AscomycotaCordyol CIC50 (19.33 µg/mL)H3N2[35]
UnidentifiedParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys sp. HH1 ZSDS1F1-2AscomycotaStachybogrisephenone BIC50 (10.2 µg/mL)Enterovirus 71 (EV71)[36]
UnidentifiedParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys sp. HH1 ZSDS1F1-2AscomycotaGrisephenone AIC50 (16.94 µg/mLEnterovirus 71 (EV71)[36]
UnidentifiedParacel Islands (ND)Stachybotrys sp. HH1 ZSDS1F1-2Ascomycota3,6,8-Trihydroxy-1-methylxanthoneIC50 (10.4 µg/mL)Enterovirus 71 (EV71)[36]
Petromica citrinaSaco do Poço, Brazil (5–15 m)Bacillus sp. B555FirmicutesUnidentifiedIC50 (27.35 μg/mL)
EC50 (>500 μg/mL)		Bovine viral diarrhea virus[37]
Petromica citrinaSaco do Poço, Brazil (5–15 m)Bacillus sp. B584FirmcutesUnidentifiedIC50 (10.24 μg/mL)
EC50 (277 μg/mL)		Bovine viral diarrhea virus[37]
Petromica citrinaSaco do Poço, Brazil (5–15 m)Bacillus sp. B616FirmicutesUnidentifiedIC50 (47 μg/mL)
EC50 (1500 μg/mL)		Bovine viral diarrhea virus[37]
Table 1 is organised according to the target virusses. IC50: half maximum inhibitory concentration; EC50: the concentration of a drug that give the half-maximal response; ND: not determined; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; H1N1 and H3N2 are influenza A virus subtypes.
Table
Table 2. Bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity from sponge-associated microbes.
Table 2. Bioactive compounds with antibacterial activity from sponge-associated microbes.
SpongeOrigin (Depth)MicroorganismPhylumCompoundPropertyTargetReferences
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323FirmicutesThiopeptide YM-266183MIC (0.025 µg/mL)Staphylococcus aureus[40,41]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323FirmicutesThiopeptide YM-266184MIC (0.025 µg/mL)S. aureus[40,41]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (1.16 µg/mL)S. aureus[45]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRed Sea (ND)Micrococcus sp. EG45ActinobacteriaMicroluside AMIC (12.42 µg/mL)S. aureus NCTC 8325[54]
Isodictya setiferaRoss island, Antartica (30–40 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosaProteobacteriaPhenazine-1-carboxylic acidMIC (>4.99 µg/mL)S. aureus[55]
Isodictya setiferaRoss island, Antartica (30–40 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosaProteobacteriaPhenazine-1-carboxamideMIC (>4.99 µg/mL)S. aureus[55]
Hymeniacidon perleveBohai Sea, China (ND)Aspergillus versicolor MF359Ascomycota5-MethoxydihydrosterigmatocystinMIC (12.5 µg/mL)S. aureus[56]
Melophus sp.Lau group, Fiji islands (10 m)Penicillium sp. FF001AscomycotaCitrininMIC (1.95 µg/mL)S. aureus[57]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m)Aspergillus versicolorAscomycotaAverantinMIC (3.13 µg/mL)S. aureus SG511[58]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m)Aspergillus versicolorAscomycotaNidurufinMIC (6.25 µg/mL)S. aureus SG511[58]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m)Aspergillus versicolorAscomycotaAverantin and nidurufinMIC (3.13 µg/mL)S. aureus 285[58]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m)Aspergillus versicolorAscomycotaAverantin MIC (1.56 µg/mL)S. aureus 503[58]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m)Aspergillus versicolorAscomycotaNidurufinMIC (3.13 µg/mL)S aureus 503[58]
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji island, China (ND)Pseudoalteromonas piscicida NJ6-3-1AscomycotaNorharman (beta-carboline alkaloid)MIC (50 µg/mL)S. aureus[59]
Halichondria paniceaBogil island, Korea (ND)Exophiala sp.AscomycotaChlorohydroaspyrones AMIC (62.5 µg/mL)S. aureus[60]
Halichondria paniceaBogil island, Korea (ND)Exophiala sp.AscomycotaChlorohydroaspyrones BMIC (62.5 µg/mL)S. aureus[60]
Axinella sp.South China Sea, China (ND)Eupenicillium sp.Ascomycotaαβ-DehydrocurvularinMIC (375 µg/mL)S. aureus[61]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40, H41 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaDiketopiperazineMIC (512 µg/mL)S. aureus[62]
Spongia officinalisSoutheast Coast India (10–15 m) Streptomyces sp. MAPS15Actinobacteria2-pyrrolidoneMIC (500 µg/mL)S. aureus PC6[63]
Dysidea herbaceaKoror, Republic Palau (1 m)Oscillatoria spongeliaeCyanobacteria2-(2′,4′-dibromophenyl)-4,6-dibromophenolNDS. aureus[64]
Hyrtios altumAragusuku island, Japan (ND)Vibrio sp.ProteobacteriaTrisindolineDOI (10 mm)S. aureus[65]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84Proteobacteria ProdigiosinDOI (≤9 mm)S. aureus[66]
unidentifiedSouth China Sea (10 m)Nocardiopsis sp. 13-33-15 and 13-12-13Actinobacteria 1,6-DihydroxyphenazineDOI (25 ± 0.6 mm)S. aureus SJ51[67]
1,6-DimethoxyphenazineDOI (21 ± 0.1 mm)S. aureus SJ51
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184FirmicutesSurfactin Iturin FengycinNDS. aureus [68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A190FirmicutesSurfactinNDS. aureus[68]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1FirmicutesIndoleDOI (7–10 mm)S. aureus[69]
3-PhenylpropionicDOI (4–6 mm)S. aureus
Niphates olemdaBali Bata National Park, Indonesia (ND)Curvularia lunataAscomycota1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyanthraquinone (lunatin)DOI (10 mm)S. aureus[70]
Bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7FirmicutesSubtilomycinNDS. aureus[71]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, W69, W89, W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥2 mm)S. aureus[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC17, W10, W71, W74, W78, W96, WM33, WC15, WC30, HMMA3ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥1 mm)S. aureus[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, JIC6, W62, W63, W65, W99, WC43, W85, W94, WM31, WM34, WM40, WC13, WC21, WC22, WC32, WC41, HC6, ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥4 mm)S. aureus[72]
Dendrilla nigraVizhinjam coast, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. MSI051AscomycotaUnidentifiedMIC (68 ± 2.8 µg protein/mL)S. aureus[73]
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji Island, China (ND)Pseudomonas sp. NJ6-3-1ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (3–5 mm)S. aureus[74]
Callyspongia sppKovalam Coast, India (5–10 m)Aspergillus flavus GU815344ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (27 mm)S. aureus[75]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)S. aureus[76]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)S. aureus[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)S. aureus[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51Proteobacteria UnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)S. aureus[77]
Dragmacidon reticulatusCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Dr31Actinobacteria UnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)S. aureus[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (40 mm)S. aureus[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (40 mm)S. aureus[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)S. aureus[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (27 mm)S. aureus[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)S. aureus[77]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. aureus[78]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M102, M403, M412, M413, M414, SW10, SW15 and SW17ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm)S. aureus[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Australia (14 m)Salinispora sp. SW02ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (<5 mm)S. aureus[79]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)S. aureus[80]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Bacillus sp. HNS004, HNS010Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (15–30 mm)S. aureus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Vibrio sp. HNS022, HNS029ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15–30 mm)S. aureus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Streptomyces sp. HNS054ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15–30 mm)S. aureus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Bacillus sp. HNS005FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (10–15 mm)S. aureus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Cobetia sp. HNS027; Streptomyces sp. HNS047, HNS056; Nocardiopsis sp. HNS048, HNS051, HNS055; Nocardia sp. HNS052ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10–15 mm)S. aureus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Bacillus sp. HNS015 FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm)S. aureus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Pseudomonas sp. HNS021 ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm)S. aureus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Cobetia sp. HNS023; Vibrio sp. HNS038; Labrenzia sp. HNS063; Streptomyces sp. HNS049; Nocardiopsis sp. HNS058ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm)S. aureus[81]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. RV15ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)S. aureus[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Dietzia sp. EG67ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (13 mm)S. aureus[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Microbacterium sp. EG69ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (13 mm)S. aureus[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Micromonospora sp. RV115ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)S. aureus[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Rhodococcus sp. EG33ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)S. aureus[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Rubrobacter sp. RV113ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (9 mm)S. aureus[82]
Suberites carnosusLough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Arthrobacter sp. W13C11ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. aureus[83]
Suberites carnosusLough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W13S4, W13S21, W13S23, W13S26, W13S31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. aureus[83]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)Bacillus SB8, SB17, Enterococcus SB91Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm)S. aureus[84]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)Arthrobacter SB95ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm)S. aureus[84]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)unidentified low G + C Gram positive SB122 and SB144Unidentified UnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm)S. aureus[84]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)α-Proteobacteria SB6, SB55, SB63, SB89, SB156, SB197, SB202, SB207, SB214ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm)S. aureus[84]
Dysidea granulosaKavaratti Island, India (ND)Enterobacter sp. TTAGProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (22 mm)S. aureus[85]
Petrosia ficiformisParaggi, Ligurian Sea, Italy (8 m)Rhodococcus sp. E1ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. aureus[86]
UnidentifiedAtlantic coast, USA (ND)Kocuria palustris F-276,310; Kocuria marina F-276,345
Micrococcus yunnanensis F-256,446		ActinobacteriaKocurinMIC (0.25 µg/mL)methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)[42,43]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323FirmicutesThiopeptide YM-266183MIC (0.78 µg/mL)MRSA[40,41]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266184MIC (0.39 µg/mL)MRSA[40,41]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (0.58 µg/mL)MRSA[45]
Melophus sp.Lau group, Fiji islands (10 m)Penicillium sp. FF001AscomycotaCitrininMIC (3.90 µg/mL)MRSA[57]
Halichondria paniceaBogil island, Korea (ND)Exophiala sp.Ascomycota Chlorohydroaspyrones AMIC (125 µg/mL)MRSA[60]
Chlorohydroaspyrones BMIC (62.5 µg/mL)MRSA
Callyspongia spp.Gulf of Mannar, India (ND)Pseudomonas spp. RHLB 12ProteobacteriaChromophore compoundDOI (4 mm) at 50 µMMRSA[87]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (22.5 mm)MRSA[66]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1Firmicutes Indole 3-phenylpropionicDOI (4–6 mm)MRSA[69]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7Firmicutes SubtilomycinNDMRSA[71]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)MRSA[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (27 mm)MRSA[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)MRSA[77]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDMRSA[78]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDMRSA[88]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (22 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (43 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (40 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (40 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)community-associated MRSA[77]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (15 m)Bacillus subtilis A202Firmicutes IturinNDmulti drug-resistant S. aureus[68]
Halichondria paniceaBogil island, Korea (ND)Exophiala sp.AscomycotaChlorohydroaspyrones AMIC (125 µg/mL)multi drug-resistant S. aureus[60]
Chlorohydroaspyrones BMIC (125 µg/mL)multi drug-resistant S. aureus[60]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7FirmicutesSubtilomycinNDheterogeneous vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (hVISA)[71]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDhVISA[78]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDhVISA[88]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDvancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA)[88]
Melophus sp.Lau group, Fiji islands (10 m)Penicillium sp. FF001AscomycotaCitrininMIC (0.97 µg/mL)rifampicin-resistant S.aureus[57]
Halichondria paniceaBaltic Sea (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (0.14 µg/mL)Staphylococcus epidermidis[45]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaStreptophenazines GIC50 (3.57 ± 0.21 µg/mL)S. epidermidis[89]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaStreptophenazines KIC50 (6.16 ± 0.85 µg/mL)S. epidermidis[89]
Axinella corrugataArvoredo Biological Marine Reserve, Brazil (ND)Penicillium sp.AscomycotaDipeptide cis-cyclo(leucyl-tyrosyl)reducing 85% of biofilm formation at 1000 µg/mLS. epidermidis[90]
unidentified spongeVizhijam coast (10–12 m)Aspergillus clavatus MFD15Ascomycota1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxaldehyde 5-methylMIC (800 ± 10 µg/mL)S. epidermidis[91]
Spongia officinalisSoutheast Coast India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. MAPS15Actinobacteria2-PyrrolidoneMIC (500 µg/mL)S. epidermidis PC5[63]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (<9 mm)S. epidermidis[66]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184Firmicutes Surfactin Iturin FengycinNDS. epidermidis[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A190FirmicutesSurfactinNDS. epidermidis[68]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40Proteobacteria UnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
DragmacidonreticulatusCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Dr31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (45 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (38 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)S. epidermidis[77]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Australia (14 m)Salinispora sp. M102, M403, M412, M413, M414, SW10, SW15, SW17 ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (<5 mm)S. epidermidis[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Australia (14 m)Salinispora sp. SW02ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm)S. epidermidis[79]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. CPI 13ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.6 mm)S. epidermidis[92]
Micromonospora sp. CPI 12ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.6 mm)S. epidermidis[92]
Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 3ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.3 mm)S. epidermidis[92]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)S. epidermidis 57s (susceptibile to amp, cip, pen, tet)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)S. epidermidis 57s[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (33 mm)S. epidermidis 57s[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)S. epidermidis 57s[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)S. epidermidis 57s[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)S. epidermidis 57s[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)S. epidermidis 57s[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)S. epidermidis 57s[77]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota (Z)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenolMIC (4.66 µg/mL)Staphylococcus albus[48]
Aspergiterpenoid AMIC (1.24 µg/mL)
(−)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(2′,6′,6′-trimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)phenol MIC (1.26 µg/mL)
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (27 mm)Staphylococcus haemolyticus[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (27 mm)S. haemolyticus[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)S. haemolyticus[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (40 mm)S. haemolyticus[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (40 mm)S. haemolyticus[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (38 mm)S. haemolyticus[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (40 mm)S. haemolyticus[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (43 mm)S. haemolyticus[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s (susceptible to amp, gen, oxa, pen)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (31 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (36 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)S. haemolyticus 109s[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (31mm)Staphylococcus hominis[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)S. hominis[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (37 mm)S. hominis[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (41 mm)S. hominis[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (43 mm)S. hominis[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)S. hominis[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)S. hominis[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (24 mm)S. hominis[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)Staphylococcus hominis 79s (susceptible to amp, pen)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (27 mm)S. hominis 79s[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)S. hominis 79s[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)S. hominis 79s[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)S. hominis 79s[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)S. hominis 79s[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)S. hominis 79s[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)S. hominis 79s[77]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (≤9 mm)Staphylococcus saprophyticus[66]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (3.71 µg/mL)Staphylococcus lentus[45]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB062ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB117ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB122ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB132ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB138ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB149ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB184ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB253ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB272ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB288ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB298ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB328ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Kiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB375ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB383ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. lentus[44]
Dendrilla nigraSouthwest Coast of India (10-12 m)Nocardiopsis dassonvillei MAD08ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedMIC (600 µg/mL)Staphylococcus sp. PC8[93]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266183MIC (1.56 µg/mL)Methicillin-Resistant Streptococcus epidermidis (MRSE)[40,41]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266184MIC (0.2 µg/mL)MRSE[40,41]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A202Firmicutes IturinNDMulti drug-resistant S. epidermidis[68]
Dysidea granulosaKavaratti Island, India (ND)Enterobacter sp. TTAGProteobacteria UnidentifiedDOI (23 mm), MIC crude extract (5 mg/mL)Streptococcus sp.[85]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m) Aspergillus versicolorAscomycota AverantinMIC (0.78 µg/mL)Streptococcus pyogenes 308A[58]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m) Aspergillus versicolorAscomycota NidurufinMIC (3.13 µg/mL)Streptococcus pyogenes 308A[58]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m) Aspergillus versicolorAscomycotaAverantinMIC (3.13 µg/mL)Streptococcus pyogenes 77A[58]
Petrosia sp.Jeju island, Korea (20 m) Aspergillus versicolorAscomycotaNidurufinMIC (6.25 µg/mL)Streptococcus pyogenes 77A[58]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1Firmicutes IndoleDOI (1–3 mm)Streptococcus pyogenes[69]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1Firmicutes 3-PhenylpropionicDOI (4–6 mm)Streptococcus pyogenes[69]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDStreptococcus pneumoniae[88]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 9ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDhaemolytic Streptococcus sp (6.3)[92]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266183MIC (1.56 µg/mL)Bacillus subtilis ATCC 633[40,41]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323FirmicutesThiopeptide YM-266184MIC (1.56 µg/mL)B. subtilis ATCC 633[40,41]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (3.71 µg/mL)B. subtilis[45]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaStreptophenazines GIC50 (3.49 ± 0.38 µg/mL)B. subtilis[89]
Halichondria panaceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaStreptophenazines KIC50 (9.18 ± 2.89 µg/mL)B. subtilis[89]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB084ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB095ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB096ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB105ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB107ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB116ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB117ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB118ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB122ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB132ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB138ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB181ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB184ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB253ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB272ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB298ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB328ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB375ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB383ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[44]
Callyspongia sp.Kyung-Po beach, Korea (12 m)Brevibacterium sp. KMD 003Actinobacteria6-Hydroxymethyl-1-phenazine-carboxamideMIC (5.06 µg/mL)B. subtilis[94]
Brevibacterium sp. KMD 0031,6-PhenazinedimethanolMIC (4.80 µg/mL)B. subtilis[94]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM8ActinobacteriaMixture Kitamycin A or B and Antimycin A3 or A7MIC (7.42 µg/mL)B. subtilis[95]
Antimycin A2, A8, A11 or A17MIC (9.40 µg/mL)
Antimycin A3 or A7MIC (400 µg/mL)
Antimycin A2, A8, A11 or A17, antimycin A3 or A7MIC (400 µg/mL)
Hymeniacidon perleveBohai Sea, China (ND)Aspergillus versicolor MF359Ascomycota5-MethoxydihydrosterigmatocystinMIC (3.125 µg/mL)B. subtilis[56]
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji island, China (ND)Pseudoalteromonas piscicida NJ6-3-1ProteobacteriaNorharman (beta-carboline alkaloid)MIC (50 µg/mL)B. subtilis[59]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota (−)-Sydonic acidMIC (0.66 µg/mL)B. subtilis[48]
(Z)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenolMIC (2.33 µg/mL)
(−)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(2′,6′,6′-trimethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)phenolMIC (0.62 µg/mL)
Dysidea herbaceaKoror, Republic Palau (1 m)Oscillatoria spongeliaeCyanobacteria2-(2′,4′-Dibromophenyl)-4,6-dibromophenolNDB. subtilis[64]
Hyrtios altumAragusuku island, Japan (ND)Vibrio sp.ProteobacteriaTrisindolineDOI (17 mm)B. subtilis[65]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (<9 mm)B. subtilis[66]
Niphates olemdaBali Bata National Park, Indonesia (ND)Curvularia lunataAscomycota1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyanthraquinone (lunatin)DOI (9 mm)B. subtilis[70]
Bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin ADOI (12 mm)B. subtilis
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji Island, China (ND)Pseudomonas sp. NJ6-3-1ProteobacteriaUnidentified5 mmB. subtilis[74]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[78]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M102, M403, M412, M413, M414, SW02, SW10, SW 15 and SW 17ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[79]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)B. subtilis[80]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Bacillus sp. HNS004 HNS015; Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm) B. subtilis[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Pseudomonas sp. HNS021; HNS027; Vibrio sp. HNS038Proteobacteria UnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm) B. subtilis[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Labrenzia sp. HNS063; Streptomyces sp. HNS047; Nocardiopsis sp. HNS048, HNS055, HNS058; Cobetia sp. HNS023,ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm) B. subtilis[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Bacillus sp. HNS005, HNS010, Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (10–15 mm) B. subtilis[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Streptomyces sp. HNS049, HNS056ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10–15 mm) B. subtilis[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Vibrio sp. HNS022, HNS029; Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (15–30 mm) B. subtilis[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Streptomyces sp. HNS054ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15–30 mm) B. subtilis[81]
Sigmadocia fibulatusHare Island, India (5-10 m)Bacillus sp. SC3Firmicutes UnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[96]
Amphilectus fucorumLough Hyne, Ireland (8–15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. 113V
Pseudovibrio 83V1		ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[97]
Eurypon majorLough Hyne, Ireland (8–15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. 107L, 108L, 109LProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[97]
Suberites carnosusLough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Arthrobacter sp. W13C11ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[83]
Suberites carnosusLough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W13S4, W13S21, W13S23, W13S26, W13S31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[83]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. subtilis[88]
Isodictya setiferaRoss island, Antartica (30–40 m)PseudomonasaeruginosaProteobacteriaPhenazine-1-carboxylic acid and phenazine-1-carboxamideMIC (<0.49 µg/mL)Bacillus cereus[55]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(Z)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenolMIC (2.33 µg/mL)B. cereus[48]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (10–14 mm) B. cereus[66]
Dendrilla nigraVizhinjam coast, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. MSI051ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedMIC (46 ± 1.62 µg protein/mL)B. cereus[73]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. cereus[78]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)B. cereus[80]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDB. cereus[88]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (10–14 mm) Bacillus licheniformis[66]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84Proteobacteria ProdigiosinDOI (<9 mm) Bacillus thuringiensis[66]
unidentifiedSouth China Sea (10 m)Nocardiopsis sp. 13-33-15 and 13-12-13Actinobacteria1,6-DihydroxyphenazineDOI (16 ± 0.5 mm) Bacillus mycoides SJ14[67]
1,6-DimethoxyphenazineDOI (20 ± 0.4 mm)
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184Firmicutes Surfactin iturin fengycinNDBacillus megaterium[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A190Firmicutes SurfactinNDB. megaterium[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A202Firmicutes IturinNDB. megaterium[68]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7Firmicutes SubtilomycinNDB. megaterium[71]
Dysidea avaraMediterranean sea (ND)Actinokinespora sp. EG49Actinobacteria1,6-Dihydroxyphenazine (result of the co-culture)DOI (11 mm)Bacillus sp. P25[98]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRed Sea (ND)Nocardiopsis sp. RV163
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. CPI 13ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.6 mm)Bacillus sp.[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Micromonospora sp. CPI 12ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8 mm)Bacillus sp.[92]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)Enterococcus faecalis[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)E. faecalis[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)E. faecalis[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (11 mm),E. faecalis[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm),E. faecalis[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (14 mm)E. faecalis[77]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. RV15ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (11 mm)E. faecalis[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Microbacterium sp. EG69ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (9 mm)E. faecalis[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Micromonospora sp. RV115ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)E. faecalis[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Rhodococcus sp. EG33ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8 mm)E. faecalis[82]
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266183MIC (0.1 µg/mL)E. faecalis CAY 04_1[40,41]
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266184MIC (0.025 µg/mL)E. faecalis CAY 04_1[40,41]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRed Sea (ND)Micrococcus sp. EG45ActinobacteriaMicroluside AMIC (9.55 µg/mL)E. faecalis JH212[54]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41Proteobacteria UnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)E. faecalis 5AE (susceptible to van)[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)E. faecalis 5AE[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)E. faecalis 5AE[77]
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266183MIC 0.2 µg/mLEnterococcus faecium CAY 09_1[40,41]
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266184MIC (0.05 µg/mL)E. faecium CAY 09_1[40,41]
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266183MIC (0.025 µg/mL)Vancomycin-Resistant E. faecium CAY 09_2[40,41]
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266184MIC (0.025 µg/mL)Vancomycin-Resistant E. faecium CAY 09_2[40,41]
Melophus sp.Lau group, Fiji islands (10 m)Penicillium sp. FF001Ascomycota CitrininMIC (1.95 µg/mL)Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium[57]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7Firmicutes SubtilomycinNDE. faecium[71]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)E. faecium[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (21 mm)E. faecium[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)E. faecium[77]
DragmacidonreticulatusCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Dr31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)E. faecium[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)E. faecium[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)E. faecium[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (22 mm)E. faecium[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)E. faecium[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)E. faecium[77]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. faecium[78]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDVancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sp. [78]
Callyspongia sp.Kyung-Po beach, Korea (12 m)Brevibacterium sp. KMD 003Actinobacteria6-Hydroxymethyl-1-phenazine-carboxamideMIC (1.26 µg/mL)Enterococcus hirae[94]
1,6-PhenazinedimethanolMIC (1.20 µg/mL)E. hirae[94]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (22 mm)Enterobacter cloacae[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)E. cloacae[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)E. cloacae[77]
Callyspongia diffusaSouthwest Coast of India (6–7 m)Shewanella algae VCDB KC623651ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (11mm)E. cloacae[99]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)E. cloacae AE (susceptible to amp, cef, fox, tet)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)E. cloacae AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)E. cloacae AE[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)E. cloacae AE[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)E. cloacae AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)Enterobacter hafniae
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (21 mm)E. hafniae[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)E. hafniae[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)E. hafniae[77]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDEnterobacter aerogenes[78]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(−)-Sydonic acidMIC (1.33 µg/mLEscherichia coli[48]
(Z)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenolMIC (2.33 µg/mL)
Aspergiterpenoid AMIC (4.72 µg/mL
(−)-SydonolMIC (5.04 µg/mL)
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266183MIC (>100 µg/mL)E. coli JCM 5491[40,41]
Halocondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Bacillus cereus QNO3323Firmicutes Thiopeptide YM-266184MIC (>100 µg/mL)E. coli JCM 5491[40,41]
unidentified spongeVizhijam coast (10–12 m)Aspergillus clavatus MFD15Ascomycota 1H-1,2,4-Triazole-3-carboxaldehyde 5-methylMIC (800 ± 10 µg/mL)E. coli[91]
Spongia officinalisSoutheast Coast India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. MAPS15Actinobacteria 2-PyrrolidoneMIC (400 µg/mL)E. coli PC1[63]
Dysidea herbaceaKoror, Republic Palau (1 m)Oscillatoria spongeliaeCyanobacteria 2-(2′,4′-Dibromophenyl)-4,6-dibromophenolNDE. coli[64]
Hyrtios altumAragusuku island, Japan (ND)Vibrio spProteobacteriaTrisindolineDOI (16 mm)E. coli[65]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (≤9 mm)E. coli[66]
unidentifiedSouth China Sea (10 m)Nocardiopsis sp. 13-33-15 and 13-12-13Actinobacteria1,6-DihydroxyphenazineDOI (8 ± 0.4 mm)E. coli SJ42[67]
unidentifiedSouth China Sea (10 m)Nocardiopsis sp. 13-33-15 and 13-12-13Actinobacteria1,6-DimethoxyphenazineDOI (10 ± 0.6mm)E. coli SJ42[67]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184Firmicutes Surfactin Iturin FengycinNDE. coli[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A190Firmicutes SurfactinNDE. coli[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A202Firmicutes IturinNDE. coli[68]
Niphates olemdaBali Bata National Park, Indonesia (ND)Curvularia lunataAscomycota1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyanthraquinone (lunatin)DOI (11 mm)E. coli[70]
Niphates olemdaBali Bata National Park, Indonesia (ND)Curvularia lunataAscomycotaBisanthraquinone cytoskyrin ADOI (11 mm)E. coli[70]
Niphates olemdaBali Bata National Park, Indonesia (ND)Curvularia lunataAscomycota1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methoxyanthraquinone (lunatin)DOI (10.5 mm)E.coli HBI-101[70]
Niphates olemdaBali Bata National Park, Indonesia (ND)Curvularia lunataAscomycotaBisanthraquinone cytoskyrin ADOI (9 mm)E.coli HBI-101[70]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, W69, W89, W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥ 2 mm) E. coli[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, JIC6, JIC17, W62, W65, W71, W99, WC43, W85, W78, W94, W96, WM31, WM33, WM34, WM40, WC13, WC21, WC22, WC30, WC32, WC41, HC6, HMMA3ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥2 mm) E. coli[72]
Dendrilla nigraSouthwest Coast of IndiaNocardiopsis dassonvillei MAD08ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedMIC (300 µg/mL)E. coli PC1[93]
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji Island, China (ND)Pseudomonas sp. NJ6-3-1ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (1–3 mm)E. coli[74]
Callyspongia sppKovalam Coast, India (5–10 m)Aspergillus flavus GU815344AscomycotaUnidentifiedDOI (42 mm)E. coli[75]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)E. coli[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)E. coli[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (22 mm)E. coli[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)E. coli[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)E. coli[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)E. coli[77]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[78]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)E. coli[80]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Bacillus sp. HNS005 Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm)E. coli[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Vibrio sp. HNS038;ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm) E. coli[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Streptomyces sp. HNS047; Nocardiopsis sp. HNS051, HNS055, HNS056Actinobacteria
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Streptomyces sp. HNS054; Nocardiopsis sp. HNS058ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10–15 mm) E. coli[81]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Micromonospora sp. CPI 12ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (7.5m ) E. coli[92]
Sigmadocia fibulatusHare Island, India (5-10 m)Bacillus sp. SC3FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (26 mm) E. coli[96]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)Bacillus SB8, SB17Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm) E. coli[84]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)Enterococcus SB91ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm) E. coli[84]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)Arthrobacter SB95ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm) E. coli[84]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)unidentified low G + C Gram positive SB122 and SB144,Unidentified UnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm) E. coli[84]
Aplysina aerophoba and Aplysina cavernicolaMarseille and Banyuls sur Mer, France (ND)α-Proteobacteria SB6, SB55, SB63, SB89, SB156, SB197, SB202, SB207, SB214,ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12–16 mm) E. coli[84]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB107ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB132ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB253ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB298ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[44]
Amphilectus fucorumLough Hyne, Ireland (8–15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. 117V, 115 V and 112 VProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[97]
Amphilectus fucorumLough Hyne, Ireland (8–15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. 113VProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[97]
Eurypon majorLough Hyne, Ireland (8–15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. 107L, 108L, 109LProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[97]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm) E. coli[88]
Dysidea granulosaKavaratti Island, India (ND)Enterobacter sp. TTAGProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. coli[85]
Callyspongia diffusaSouthwest Coast of India (6–7 m)Shewanella algae VCDB KC623651ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10 mm) E. coli[99]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm) E. coli 54AE (susceptible to amp, chl, sxt, tet)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm) E. coli 54AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm) E. coli 54AE[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (35 mm) E. coli 54AE[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (39 mm) E. coli 54AE[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)E. coli 54AE[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (21 mm) E. coli 54AE[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm) E. coli 54AE[77]
Petrosia ficiformisParaggi, Ligurian Sea, Italy (8 m)Pseudoalteromonas sp. F6ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDEscherichia faecalis[86]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (1.16 µg/mL)Klebsiella pneumoniae[45]
Spongia officinalisSoutheast Coast India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. MAPS15Actinobacteria2-PyrrolidoneMIC (700 µg/mL)K. pneumonia PC7[63]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm) K. pneumoniae[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (24 mm)K. pneumoniae[77]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (<10 mm)K. pneumoniae[80]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. CPI 13ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (9.2 mm)K. pneumoniae[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 3ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.3 mm)K. pneumoniae[92]
Dysidea granulosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Enterobacter sp. TTAGProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (22 mm)K. pneumoniae[85]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)K. pneumoniae 52 AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)K. pneumoniae 52 AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (21 mm)K. pneumoniae 52 AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)K. pneumoniae 19AE (susceptible to amp, atm, caz, cpd, fox)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)K. pneumoniae 19AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)K. pneumoniae 19AE[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)Neisseria gonorrhoeae[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (27 mm)N. gonorrhoeae[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (52 mm)N. gonorrhoeae[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)N. gonorrhoeae[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (29 mm)N. gonorrhoeae[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (24 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4277 (susceptible to pen)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (24 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4277 [77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4277[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4277[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4277[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (24 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4957 (susceptible to cip)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (29 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4957[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (36 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4957[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4957[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 4957[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5728 (cip, pen, tet)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5728 [77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (46 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5728 [77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (29 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5728 [77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5728[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5729 (susceptible to azm, pen, tet)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5729 [77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5729 [77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5729 [77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 5729 [77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 6002 (susceptible to tet)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (26 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 6002 [77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 6002 [77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (28 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 6002 [77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (26 mm)N. gonorrhoeae 6002 [77]
HaliclonaocculataGulf of Mannar, India (ND)Bacillus licheniformis T6-1FirmicutesFluorophore compoundDOI (6 mm) at 50 µMSalmonella typhi[87]
Dysidea granulosaKavaratti Island, India (ND)Enterobacter sp. TTAGProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)S. typhi[85]
Callyspongia diffusaSouthwest Coast of India (6–7 m)Shewanella algae VCDB KC623651ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (11 mm)S. typhi[99]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)S. typhi[80]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDSalmonella typhimurium[78]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, W69, W89, W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥2 mm) S. typhimurium[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, W63, W65, W71, W99, W96, WM40, WC32, WC41, HC6ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥2 mm) S. typhimurium[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W10, W62, WC43, W85, W78, W94, WM31, WM34, WC13, WC21, WC30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥1 mm) S. typhimurium[72]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (21 mm)Salmonella enterica[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)S. enterica[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (25 mm)S. enterica[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (14 mm)S. enterica[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)S. enterica[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (14 mm)S. enterica[77]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (1.16 µg/mL)Pseudomonas aeruginosa[45]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40, H41 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaDiketopiperazine cyclo-(l-Leu-l-Pro)MIC (512 µg/mL )P. aeruginosa[62]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1FirmicutesIndoleDOI (4–6 mm)P. aeruginosa[69]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1Firmicutes3-PhenylpropionicDOI (4–6 mm)P. aeruginosa[69]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (22 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)P. aeruginosa[77]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDP. aeruginosa[78]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (21 mm) P. aeruginosa[80]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. CPI 13ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (7.7 mm)P. aeruginosa[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Micromonospora sp. CPI 12ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.9 mm)P. aeruginosa[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 9ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.3 mm)P. aeruginosa[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 3ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.3 mm)P. aeruginosa[92]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (32 mm)P. aeruginosa 3AE (susceptible to atm, tzp)[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)P. aeruginosa 3AE[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (14 mm)P. aeruginosa 3AE[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)P. aeruginosa 3AE[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)P. aeruginosa 3AE[77]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB107ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDPseudomonas fluorescens[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB132ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDP. fluorescens[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDP. fluorescens[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB107ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDPseudomonas syringae[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB138ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDP. syringae[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB272ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDP. syringae[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB298ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDP. syringae[44]
Callyspongia sp.Kyung-Po beach, Korea (12 m)Brevibacterium sp. KMD 003Actinobacteria6-Hydroxymethyl-1-phenazine- carboxamideMIC (1.26 µg/mL)Micrococcus luteus[94]
1,6-PhenazinedimethanolMIC (1.20 µg/mL)M. luteus[94]
Isodictya setiferaRoss island, Antartica (30–40 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosaProteobacteriaPhenazine-1-carboxylic acid and phenazine-1-carboxamideMIC (>4.99 µg/mL)M. luteus[55]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm), MIC (44 g protein/mL)M. luteus[80]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 9ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.6 mm)M. luteus[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 3ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6.6 mm )M. luteus[92]
unidentifiedSouth China Sea (10 m)Nocardiopsis sp. 13-33-15 and 13-12-13Actinobacteria1,6-DihydroxyphenazineDOI (18 ± 0.9 mm) M. luteus SJ47[67]
unidentifiedSouth China Sea (10 m)Nocardiopsis sp. 13-33-15 and 13-12-13Actinobacteria1,6-DimethoxyphenazineDOI (23 ± 0.5 mm)M. luteus SJ47[67]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(−)-Sydonic acidMIC (5.33 µg/mL)Micrococcus tetragenus[48]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(Z)-5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-(6′-methylhept-2′-en-2′-yl)phenolMIC (2.33 µg/mL)M. tetragenus[48]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.AscomycotaAspergiterpenoid AMIC (2.36 µg/mL)M. tetragenus[48]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(−)-SydonolMIC (0.32 µg/mL),M. tetragenus[48]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (≤9 mm)Micrococcus sp.[66]
Petrosia ficiformisParaggi, Ligurian Sea, Italy (8 m)Rhodococcus sp. E1ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDMicrococcus sp.[86]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (3.45 µg/mL)Brevibacterium epidermidis[45]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (3.89 µg/mL)Dermabacter hominis[45]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (14.48 µg/mL)Propionibacterium acnes[45]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaMayamycinIC50 (13.92 µg/mL)Xanthomonas campestris[45]
Dysidea tuphaRovinj, Croatia (ND)Streptomyces sp. RV15ActinobacteriaNaphthacene glycoside SF2446A2IC50 (2.81 ± 0.24 µg/mL)Chlamydia trachomatis[46]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin AMIC (0.1 µg/mL)Mycobacterium smegmatis[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48Ascomycota Trichoderin A1MIC (1.56 µg/mL)M. smegmatis[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin BMIC (0.63 µg/mL)M. smegmatis[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin AMIC (0.02 µg/mL)Mycobacterium bovis BCG[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin A1MIC (0.16 µg/mL)M. bovis BCG[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin BMIC (0.02 µg/mL)M. bovis BCG[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin AMIC (0.12 µg /mL)Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37rv[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin A1MIC (2.0 µg/mL)M. tuberculosis H37rv[49]
unidentified NDTrichoderma sp. 05FI48AscomycotaTrichoderin BMIC (0.13 µg/mL)M. tuberculosis H37rv[49]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(−)-Sydonic acidMIC (2.66 µg/mL)Vibrio parahaemolyticus[48]
Asbestopluma hypogeaLa Ciotat, France (17 m)Streptomyces sp. S1CAActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDV. parahaemolyticus[100]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Bacillus sp. HNS010FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm) V. parahaemolyticus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Cobetia sp. HNS023; Nocardiopsis HNS055; HNS058ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm) V. parahaemolyticus[81]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Streptomyces sp. HNS054ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10–15 mm) V. parahaemolyticus[81]
Phorbas tenaciorMediterranean Sea, Marseille, France (15 m)Citricoccus sp.P1S7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (3–6 mm)V. parahaemolyticus[101]
Phorbas tenaciorMediterranean Sea, Marseille, France (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. P1Ma4 and Vibrio sp. P1MaNal1ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (2–3 mm)V. parahaemolyticus[101]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(−)-Sydonic acidMIC (1.33 µg/mL)Vibrio anguillarum[48]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7FirmicutesSubtilomycinNDV. anguillarum[71]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥4 mm)V. anguillarum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W69, W89, ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥2 mm)V. anguillarum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥1 mm)V. anguillarum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, W65, W99, W85, WM31, WM34, HC6ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥4 mm)V. anguillarum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC6, JIC17, WM33, WC15, WC22ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥1 mm)V. anguillarum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W62, W71, WC43, W78, W94,W96, WM40, WC13, WC21, WC30, WC32, WC41, HMMA3ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥2 mm)V. anguillarum[72]
Phorbas tenaciorMediterranean Sea, Marseille, France (15 m)Citricoccus sp.P1S7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (3–6 mm)V. anguillarum[101]
Callyspongia diffusaSouthwest Coast of India (6–7 m)Shewanella algae VCDB KC623651ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)Vibrio anguillarum[99]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (ND)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm), MIC (176 g protein/mL)Vibrio fisheri[80]
Phorbas tenaciorMediterranean Sea, Marseille, France (15 m)Citricoccus sp.P1S7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (3–6 mm)Vibrio algynoliticus[101]
Dysidea herbaceaKoror, Republic Palau (1 m)Oscillatoria spongeliaeCyanobacteria2-(2′,4′-Dibromophenyl)-4,6-dibromophenolNDVibrio harveyi,[64]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1Firmicutes4,4′-Oxybis(3-phenylpropionic acid)DOI (4–6 mm)Vibrio cholerae[69]
Mycale sp.Gulei Port, Fujian, China (ND)Vibrio sp. HNS022, HNS029; Streptomyces sp. HNS049, HNS054, HNS056; Nocardiopsis sp. HNS055ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8–10 mm)Vibrio diabolicus[81]
Callyspongia diffusaSouthwest Coast of India (6–7 m)Shewanella algae VCDB KC623651ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (14 mm)Vibrio fluvialis[99]
Asbestopluma hypogeaLa Ciotat, France (17 m)Streptomyces sp. S1CAActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDVibrio sp. S2SW[100]
Asbestopluma hypogeaLa Ciotat, France (17 m)Streptomyces sp. S1CAActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDVibrio sp. S3SW[100]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (10-14 mm)Agrobacterium tumefaciens[66]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184FirmicutesSurfactin iturin fengycinNDtumefaciens[68]
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji Island, China (ND)Pseudomonas sp. NJ6-3-1ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (3–5 mm)tumefaciens[74]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (≤9 mm)Acinetobacter anitratus[66]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)baumanii[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)baumanii[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)Acinetobacter calcoaceticus[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)calcoaceticus[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)calcoaceticus[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (35 mm)calcoaceticus[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (30 mm)calcoaceticus[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)calcoaceticus[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)calcoaceticus[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)calcoaceticus[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (45 mm)Acinetobacter sp[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (45 mm)Acinetobacter sp[77]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1FirmicutesIndoleDOI (1–3 mm)Acinetobacter sp.[69]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus licheniformis SAB1Firmicutes3-PhenylpropionicDOI (4–6 mm)Acinetobacter sp[69]
Xestospongia testudinariaBidong Island, Malaysia (ND)Serratia marcescens IBRL USM 84ProteobacteriaProdigiosinDOI (≤9 mm)Erwinia sp[66]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184FirmicutesSurfactin Iturin FengycinNDClavibacter michiganensis[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A190FirmicutesSurfactinNDClavibacter michiganensis[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A202FirmicutesIturinNDClavibacter michiganensis[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184FirmicutesSurfactin Iturin FengycinNDProteus vulgaris[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A190FirmicutesSurfactinNDProteus vulgaris[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A202FirmicutesIturinNDProteus vulgaris[68]
Callyspongia diffusaSouthwest Coast of India (6–7 m)Shewanella algae VCDB KC623651ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)Proteus vulgaris[99]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Micromonospora sp. CPI 12ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (8 mm)Proteus mirabilis[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 9ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6 mmProteus mirabilis[92]
Callyspongia diffusaBay of Bengal, India (10–15 m)Saccharomonospora sp. CPI 3ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (6 mm)Proteus mirabilis[92]
Dysidea avaraMediterranean sea (ND)Actinokinespora sp. EG49Actinobacteria1,6-Dihydroxyphenazine (result of co-culture)DOI (15 mm)Actinokinespora sp. EG49[98]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRed Sea (ND)Nocardiopsis sp. RV163Actinobacteria
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7Firmicutes SubtilomycinNDListeria monocytogenes[71]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDListeria monocytogenes[78]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDListeria monocytogenes[88]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7FirmicutesSubtilomycinNDListeria innocua[71]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7FirmicutesSubtilomycinNDClostridium sporogenes[71]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDClostridium perfringens[78]
Axinella dissimilisGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio Ad30ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDClostridium difficile[78]
Dendrilla nigraSoutheast coast of India (15 m)Streptomyces sp. BTL7ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)Clostridium botulinum[80]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM2 and SM4ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDClostridium difficile[88]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7Firmicutes SubtilomycinNDLactobacillus lactis[71]
Callyspongia diffusaSouthwest Coast of India (6–7 m)Shewanella algae VCDB KC623651Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)L. lactis[99]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7FirmicutesSubtilomycinNDAeromonas hydrophila[71]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus subtilis MMA7FirmicutesSubtilomycinNDAlteromonas sp.[71]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, W69, W89, W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥4 mm)Yersinia ruckerri[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, JIC17, W10, W62, W63, W65, W71, W99, W85, W96, WM31, WM34, WM40, WC13, WC22, WC30, WC32, WC41, HC6ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥4 mm)Y. ruckerri[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. WC43, W78, W94,WM33, WC21, HMMA3ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥4 mm)Y. ruckerri[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC6, WC15ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥1 mm)Y. ruckerri[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, W69, W89ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥4 mm) Edwardsialla tarda[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥2 mm) E. tarda[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, W63, W99ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥4 mm) E. tarda[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC6, JIC17, W10, W62, W65, W71, W85, W96, WM31,WM34, WM40, WC13, WC32, WC41, HC6ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥2 mm) E. tarda[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W78, W94, WM33, WC21, WC22, WC30, HMMA3ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥1 mm) E. tarda[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥4 mm) Morganella morganii[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W69, W89, ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥ 2 mm) M. morganii[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, W62, W65, W71, W99, W78, WM34, HC6ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥4 mm) M. morganii[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC17, W94, W96, WM40, WC13, WC21, WC32, WC41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥2 mm) M. morganii[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC6, W10, WC43, W85, WM31, WC15, WC22,WC30, HMMA3ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥1 mm) M. morganii[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W64, W69, W89ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥2 mm) Pandoraea sputorum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W74ProteobacteriaTropodithietic acidDOI (≥1 mm) P. sputorum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W63ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (4 mm) P. sputorum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. W62, WM40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥2 mm) P. sputorum[72]
Polymastia boletiformis, Axinella dissimilis and Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound, Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. JIC5, JIC6, JIC17, W10, W65, W71, W99, WC43, W85, W78, W96, WM34, WC32, HC6ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (≥1 mm) P. sputorum[72]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (23 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (26 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (43 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Virgibacillus pantothenticus H31FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus flexus H42Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (21 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Dragmacidon reticulatusCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Dr31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc31Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (46 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Petromica citrinaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Bacillus pumilus Pc32Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (42 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (31 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (24 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm52ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (34 mm)Corynebacterium fimi[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (18 mm)Serratia marcescens[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (17 mm)S. marcescens[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (20 mm)S. marcescens[77]
Clathrina aureaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Ca31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (13 mm)Stenotrophomonas maltophilia[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (13 mm)S. maltophilia[77]
Mycale microsigmatosaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio denitrificans Mm37ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)S. maltophilia[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H40ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)Citrobacter freundii[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas fluorescens H41ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)C. freundii[77]
Haliclona sp.Cagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudomonas aeruginosa H51ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (26 mm)C. freundii[77]
Paraleucilla magnaCagarras Archipelago, Brazil (4–20 m)Pseudovibrio ascidiaceicola Pm31ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)C. freundii[77]
Xestospongia testudinariaWeizhou coral reef, China (ND)Aspergillus sp.Ascomycota(−)-Sydonic acidMIC (0.66 µg/mL)Sarcina lutea[48]
Dysidea herbaceaKoror, Republic Palau (1 m)Oscillatoria spongeliaeCyanobacteria2-(2′,4′-Dibromophenyl)-4,6-dibromophenolNDSynechococcus sp.[64]
Asbestopluma hypogeaLa Ciotat, France (17 m)Streptomyces sp. S1CAActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDRuegeria sp. S13SW[100]
Asbestopluma hypogeaLa Ciotat, France (17 m)Streptomyces sp. S1CAActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDSulfitobacter sp. S16SW[100]
Asbestopluma hypogeaLa Ciotat, France (17 m)Streptomyces sp. S1CAActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDPseudoalteromonas distincta[100]
Phorbas tenaciorMediterranean Sea, Marseille, France (15 m)Citricoccus sp.P1S7ActinobacteriaUnidentified3–6 mmP. distincta[101]
Phorbas tenaciorMediterranean Sea, Marseille, France (15 m)Pseudovibrio sp. P1Ma4 and Vibrio sp. P1MaNal1ProteobacteriaUnidentified2–3 mmP. distincta[101]
Dendrilla nigraVizhinjam coast, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. MSI051ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedMIC (32 ± 0.61 µg protein/mL)unidentified biofilm bacterium EB1[73]
Dendrilla nigraVizhinjam coast, India (10–15 m)Streptomyces sp. MSI051ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedMIC (34 ± 2.18 µg protein/mL)unidentified biofilm bacterium EB4[73]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB107ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDXanthomonas campestris[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB132ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDX. campestris[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB138ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDX. campestris[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDX. campestris[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB253ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDX. campestris[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB291ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDX. campestris[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB298ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDX. campestris[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB132ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDErwinia amylovora[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB202ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. amylovora[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB320ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. amylovora[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB328ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDE. amylovora[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB100ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDRalstonia solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB107ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB117ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB142ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB156ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB238ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB253ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB254ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB272ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB274ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Halichondria paniceaKiel Fjord, Baltic Sea, Germany (ND)Streptomyces sp. HB375ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedNDR. solanacearum[44]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M101ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate SW09 from sponge P. clavata (high G + C Gram-positive)[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M102, M403, M413ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate SW09[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M412ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate SW09[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M414, SW10, SW 15 and SW 17ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate SW09[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. SW02ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate SW09[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M101ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate DE06 from sponge P. clavata: (low G + C Gram-positive)[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M102, M403, M413ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate DE06[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M412ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate DE06[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. SW02ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate DE06[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M414, SW10, SW 15 and SW 17Actinobacteria DOI (>5 mm) unidentified marine bacterial isolate DE06[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M101ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified bacterial isolate DE05 from sponge P. clavata (γ-proteobacteria)[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M102, M403, M413ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified bacterial isolate DE05 (γ-proteobacteria)[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M412ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) unidentified bacterial isolate DE05 (γ-proteobacteria)[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. M414, SW10, SW 15 and SW 17ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) Unidentified bacterial isolate DE05 (γ-proteobacteria)[79]
Pseudoceratina clavataHeron Island, Great Barrier Reef (14 m)Salinispora sp. SW02ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (>5 mm) Unidentified bacterial isolate DE05 (γ-proteobacteria)[79]
Table 2 is organised according to the target bacteria. IC50: half maximum inhibitory concentration; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; DOI: diameter of inhibition; ND: not determined. Susceptible to [77]: amp = ampicillin; atm = aztreonam; azm = azithromycin; caz = ceftazidimine; cef = cefalotin; chl = chloramphenicol; cip = ciprofloxacin; cpd = cefpodoxime; fox = cefoxitin; gen = gentamicin; oxa = oxacillin; pen = penicillin; sxt = trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; tet = tetracycline; tzp = piperacillin/tazobactam; van = vancomycin.
Table
Table 3. Bioactive compounds with antifungal activity from sponge-associated microbes.
Table 3. Bioactive compounds with antifungal activity from sponge-associated microbes.
SpongeOrigin (Depth)MicroorganismPhylumCompoundPropertyTargetReference
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (2.22 µg/mL)Candida albicans[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (15 µg/mL)C. albicans[107]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Phoma sp. Q60596AscomycotaYM-202204IC80 (6.25 µg/mL)C. albicans[108]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM8ActinobacteriaMixture of kitamycin A or B, and antimycin A3 or A7MIC (240 µg/mL)C. albicans[95]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM8ActinobacteriaAntimycin A2, A8, A11, or A17MIC (210 µg/mL)C. albicans[95]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM8ActinobacteriaAntimycin A3 or A7MIC (80 µg/mL)C. albicans[95]
Haliclona simulansGurraig Sound Kilkieran Bay, Ireland (15 m)Streptomyces sp. SM8ActinobacteriaAntimycin A2, A8, A11, or A17, antimycin A3 or A7MIC (90 µg/mL)C. albicans[95]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus sp. SAB1Firmicutes3-Phenylpropionic acidDOI (7–10 mm) at 50µg/diskC. albicans[69]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus sp. SAB1Firmicutes4,4′-Oxybis(3-phenylpropionic acid)DOI (4–6 mm) at 50µg/diskC. albicans[69]
Xestospongia exiguaBali Sea, Indonesia (ND)Penicillium cf. montanenseAscomycotaXestodecalactone BMIC (28.03 µg/disk)C. albicans[111]
unidentifiedIriomote island, Japan (ND)Streptomyces sp. Ni-80ActinobacteriaUrauchimycins A and BMIC (10 µg/mL)C. albicans[112]
Haliclona sp.Tateyama, Japan (ND)Streptomyces bambergiensisActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (5 mm)C. albicans[113]
Haliclona sp.Tateyama, Japan (ND)Streptomyces javensisActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (11 mm)C. albicans[113]
unidentifiedNagura Bay, Ishigaki, Japan (ND)Streptomyces albidoflavusActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (16 mm)C. albicans[113]
unidentifiedNagura Bay, Ishigaki, Japan (ND)Streptomyces variabilisActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (19 mm)C. albicans[113]
unidentifiedNagura Bay, Ishigaki, Japan (ND)Streptomyces luteosporeusActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (24 mm)C. albicans[113]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Actinokineospora sp. EG49ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (12 mm)C. albicans[82]
Dysidea tuphaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. RV15ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (4–6 mm)C. albicans[82]
Sigmadocia fibulatusHare Island, India (5-10 m)Bacillus sp. SC3FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (15 mm)C. albicans[96]
Sigmadocia fibulatusHare Island, India (5-10 m)Pseudomonas sp. SC11ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (7 mm)C. albicans[96]
Echinodictyum sp.Hare Island, India (5-10 m)Idiomarina baltica SA7ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)C. albicans[96]
Spongia sp.Hare Island, India (5-10 m)Staphylococcus equorum SB11Firmicutes UnidentifiedDOI (10 mm)C. albicans[96]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A184FirmicutesSurfactin, iturin, and fengycinNDC. albicans[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A190FirmicutesSurfactinNDC. albicans[68]
Aplysina aerophobaBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (5–15 m)Bacillus subtilis A202FirmicutesIturinNDC. albicans[68]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. SC-C1-5ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. albicans[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. BSw21697ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. albicans[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio splendidus LGP32ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. albicans[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus amyloliquefaciensProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. albicans[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. SC-C1-5ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDCandida glabrata[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. BSw21697ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. glabrata[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio splendidus LGP32ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. glabrata[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus amyloliquefaciensFirmicutesUnidentifiedNDC. glabrata[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Pseudoalteromonas sp. A2B10ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. glabrata[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Pseudoalteromonas sp. K2B-2ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. glabrata[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Pseudoalteromonas sp. LJ1ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. glabrata[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Pseudoalteromonas sp. S3178ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDC. glabrata[83]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND) Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (5 µg/mL)Trichophyton rubrum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (7.5 µg/mL)T. rubrum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (1.5 µg/mL)Trichophyton mentagrophytes[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (90 µg/mL),T. mentagrophytes[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (1.25 µg/mL)Microsporum gypseum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (100 µg/mL)M. gypseum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (1.0 µg/mL)Epidermophyton floccosum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (50 µg/mL)E. floccosum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (1.2 µg/mL)Fusarium oxysporum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (22 µg/mL)F. oxysporum[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (5.16 µg/mL)Cryptococcus humicolus[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (10 µg/mL)C. humicolus[107]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Phoma sp. Q60596AscomycotaYM-202204IC80 (1.56 µg/mL)Cryptococcus neoformans[108]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (1.6 µg/mL)Aspergillus fumigatus[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenyl-coumarinMIC (10 µg/mL)A. fumigatus[107]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Phoma sp. Q60596AscomycotaYM-202204IC80 (12.5 µg/mL)A. fumigatus[108]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Staphylococcus saprophyticusFirmicutesUnidentifiedNDA. fumigatus[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Staphylococcus sp. HJB003FirmicutesUnidentifiedNDA. fumigatus[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio litoralis MANO22PProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDA. fumigatus[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. SC-C1-5ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDA. fumigatus[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. BSw21697ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDA. fumigatus[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio splendidus LGP32ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDA. fumigatus[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus amyloliquefaciensFirmicutes UnidentifiedNDA. fumigatus[83]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48ActinobacteriaSaadamycinMIC (1.0 µg/mL)Aspergillus niger[107]
Aplysina fistularisSharm El-Sheikh, Egypt (ND)Streptomyces sp. Hedaya48Actinobacteria5,7-Dimethoxy-4-p-methoxylphenylcoumarinMIC (20 µg/mL)A. niger[107]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus sp. SAB1Firmicutes3-Phenylpropionic acidDOI (1–3 mm) at 50 µg/discA. niger[69]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus sp. SAB1Firmicutes4,4′-Oxybis(3-phenylpropionic acid)DOI (4–6 mm) at 50 µg/discA. niger[69]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus sp. SAB1Firmicutes3-Phenylpropionic acidDOI (4–6 mm) at 50 µg/discRhodotorula sp.[69]
Halichondria sp.West Coast of India (10 m)Bacillus sp. SAB1Firmicutes4,4′-Oxybis(3-phenylpropionic acid)DOI (7–10 mm) at 50 µg/discRhodotorula sp.[69]
Halichondria japonicaIriomote island, Japan (ND)Phoma sp. Q60596AscomycotaYM-202204IC80 (1.56 µg/mL)Saccharomyces cerevisiae[108]
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji island, China (ND)Pseudoalteromonas piscicida NJ6-3-1ProteobacteriaNorharman (a beta-carboline alkaloid)DOI (3–5 mm)S. cerevisiae[59]
Hymeniacidon perleveNanji island, China (ND)Bacillus megaterium NJ6-3-2FirmicutesUnidentifiedDOI (3–5 mm)S. cerevisiae[59]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio litoralis MANO22PProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. cerevisiae[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. SC-C1-5ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. cerevisiae[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio sp. BSw21697ProteobacteriaUnidentifiedNDS. cerevisiae[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Vibrio splendidus LGP32Proteobacteria UnidentifiedNDS. cerevisiae[83]
Leucosolenia sp.Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, Ireland (15 m)Bacillus amyloliquefaciensFirmicutesUnidentifiedNDS. cerevisiae[83]
Psammocinia sp.Sdot-Yam, Israel (ND)Aspergillus insuetusAscomycotaInsuetolides AMIC (60.09 µg/mL)Neurospora crassa[114]
Psammocinia sp.Sdot-Yam, Israel (ND)Aspergillus insuetusAscomycotaStrobilactone AMIC (69.97 µg/mL)N. crassa[114]
Psammocinia sp.Sdot-Yam, Israel (ND)Aspergillus insuetusAscomycota(E,E)-6-(60,70-Dihydroxy-20,40-octadienoyl)-strobilactone AMIC (71.79 µg/mL)N. crassa[114]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.AscomycotaMicrosphaeropsisinNDEurotium repens[115]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.Ascomycota(R)-MelleinNDE. repens[115]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.Ascomycota(3R,4R)-HydroxymelleinNDE. repens[115]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.Ascomycota4,8-Dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-oneNDE. repens[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(3R)-6-MethoxymelleinNDE. repens[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(3R)-6-Methoxy-7-chloromelleinNDE. repens[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(p-Hydroxyphenyl) ethanolNDE. repens[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.AscomycotaPhenylethanolNDE. repens[115]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.AscomycotaMicrosphaeropsisinNDUstilago violacea[115]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.Ascomycota(R)-MelleinNDU. violacea[115]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.Ascomycota(3R,4R)-HydroxymelleinNDU. violacea[115]
Myxilla incrustansThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Microsphaeropsis sp.Ascomycota4,8-Dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-oneNDU. violacea[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(3R)-6-MethoxymelleinNDU. violacea[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(3R)-6-Methoxy-7-chloromelleinNDU. violacea[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(p-Hydroxyphenyl) ethanolNDU. violacea[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.AscomycotaPhenylethanolNDU. violacea[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(3S)-(3’,5’-Dihydroxyphenyl)butan-2-oneNDU. violacea[115]
Ectyoplasia feroxThe Caribbean Island of Dominica (ND)Coniothyrium sp.Ascomycota(3S)-(3’,5’-Dihydroxyphenyl)butan-2-oneNDMycotypha microspora[115]
Table 3 is organised according to the target fungi. IC50: half maximum inhibitory concentration; IC80: 80% inhibitory concentration; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; DOI: diameter of inhibition; ND: not determined.
Table
Table 4. Bioactive compounds with antiprotozoal activity from sponge-associated microbes.
Table 4. Bioactive compounds with antiprotozoal activity from sponge-associated microbes.
SpongeOrigin (Depth)MicroorganismPhylumCompoundPropertyTargetReferences
Homophymia sp.Touho, New Caledonia (ND)Pseudomonas sp. 1531-E7Proteobacteria2-Undecyl-4-quinoloneIC50 (1 μg/mL)Plasmodium falciparum[25]
Acanthostrongylophora ingensManado, Indonesia (ND)Micromonospora sp. M42ActinobacteriaManzamine AIC50 (0.0045 µg/mL)P. falciparum[124,125,126,127]
Hyattella intestinalisPalk strait, Tamil Nadu, India (ND)unidentified bacterial isolate THB20UnidentifiedUnidentifiedIC50 (41.88 µg/mL)P. falciparum[131]
Stylissa carteriPalk strait, Tamil Nadu, India (ND)unidentified bacterial isolate THB17UnidentifiedUnidentifiedIC50 (20.56 µg/mL)P. falciparum[132]
Clathria indicaPalk strait, Tamil Nadu, India (ND)unidentified bacterial isolate THB23UnidentifiedUnidentifiedIC50 (28.80 µg/mL)P. falciparum[133]
Clathria vulpinaPalk strait, Tamil Nadu, India (ND)unidentified bacterial isolate THB15UnidentifiedUnidentifiedIC50 (20.73 µg/mL)P. faciparum[134]
Haliclona grantPalk strait, Tamil Nadu, India (ND)unidentified bacterial isolate THB14UnidentifiedUnidentifiedIC50 (11.98 µg/mL)P. faciparum[135]
Acanthostrongylophora ingensManado, Indonesia (ND)Micromonospora sp. M42ActinobacteriaManzamine AIn vivo inhibition (90%) at concentration of 0.008 µg/mLPlasmodium berghei[116,125,126,127]
Aplysina aerophobaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Micromonospora sp. RV115ActinobacteriaDiazepinomicinIC50 (6.29 µg/mL)Trypanosoma brucei[136]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Actinokineospora sp. EG49ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedPercentage of growth inhibition (48%)T. brucei[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Brevibacterium sp. EG10ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedPercentage of growth inhibition growth inhibition (30%)T. brucei[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Gordonia sp. EG50ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedPercentage of growth inhibition growth inhibition (28%)T. brucei[82]
Dysidea tuphaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Kocuria sp. RV89ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedPercentage of growth inhibition growth inhibition (19%)T. brucei[82]
Dysidea avaraMediterranean sea (ND)Nocardiopsis sp. RV163Actinobacteria1,6-Dihydroxyphenazine (produced from co-culture)IC50 (4.03 µg/mL)T. brucei[98]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRed Sea (ND)Actinokinespora sp. EG49ActinobacteriaActinosporin AIC50 (19.19 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[137]
AplysinapolypoidesRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. 34ActinobacteriaValinomycinIC50 (0.0036 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[128]
Axinella aerophobaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. 22ActinobacteriaValinomycinIC50 (0.0036 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[128]
Tedania sp.Rovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. 11ActinobacteriaStaurosporineIC50 (0.0051 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[128]
Tethya sp.Rovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. T03ActinobacteriaButenolideIC50 (7.92 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[128]
Petrosia ficiformisMilos, Greece (ND)Streptomyces sp. SBT344ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (<10 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Sarcotragus foetidusMilos, Greece (ND)Modestobacter sp. SBT363ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (<10 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Sarcotragus foetidusMilos, Greece (ND)Nonomuraea sp. SBT364ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (<10 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Phorbas tenaciorCrete, Greece (ND)Micromonospora sp. SBT687ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (14.87 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Petrosia ficiformisMilos, Greece (ND)Streptomyces sp. SBT348ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (16.52 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Ircinia variabilisMilos, Greece (ND)Geodermatophilus sp. SBT381ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (18.60 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Spirastrella cunctatrixMilos, Greece (ND)Modestobacter sp. SBT362ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (19.34 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Spirastrella cunctatrixMilos, Greece (ND)Rhodococcus sp. SBT367ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedIC50 (19.97 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[138]
Axinella polypoidesBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (ND)Streptomyces axinellae Pol001TActinobacteriaTetromycin 1IC50 (26.02 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[139]
Axinella polypoidesBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (ND) Streptomyces axinellae Pol001TActinobacteriaTetromycin 2IC50 (40.35 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[139]
Axinella polypoidesBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (ND) Streptomyces axinellae Pol001TActinobacteriaTetromycin 3IC50 (23.18 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[139]
Axinella polypoidesBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (ND) Streptomyces axinellae Pol001TActinobacteriaTetromycin 4IC50 (32.17 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[139]
Axinella polypoidesBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (ND) Streptomyces axinellae Pol001TActinobacteriaTetromycin BIC50 (17.20 µg/mL)T. brucei brucei[139]
Aplysina polypoidesRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. 34ActinobacteriaValinomycinIC50 (<0.12 µg/mL)Leishmania major[128]
Axinella aerophobaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. 22ActinobacteriaValinomycinIC50 (<0.12 µg/mL)L. major[128]
Tedania sp.Rovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Streptomyces sp. 11ActinobacteriaStaurosporineIC50 (1.24 µg/mL)L. major[128]
Axinella polypoidesBanyuls-sur-Mer, France (ND)Streptomyces axinellae Pol001TActinobacteriaTetromycin 3IC50 (31.72 µg/mL)L. major[139]
Spheciospongia vagabundaRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Actinokineospora sp. EG49ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedgrowth inhibition (48%)L. major[82]
unidentifiedRovinj, Croatia (3–20 m)Gordonia sp. EG50ActinobacteriaUnidentifiedgrowth inhibition (28%)L. major[82]
Axinella corrugataThe Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve, Brazil (ND)Hypocrea lixii F02AscomycotaUnidentifiedMIC (250 µg/mL)Trichomonas vaginalis ATCC 30236[129]
Axinella corrugataThe Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve, Brazil (ND) Hypocrea lixii F02AscomycotaUnidentifiedMIC (250 µg/mL)T. vaginalis fresh isolate[129]
Axinella corrugataThe Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve, Brazil (ND) Hypocrea lixii F02AscomycotaUnidentifiedMIC (250 µg/mL)T. vaginalis metronidazole-resistant LACM2[129]
Stoeba sp.The Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve, Brazil (ND) Penicillium citrinum F40AscomycotaUnidentifiedMIC (250 µg/mL)T. vaginalis ATCC 30236[129]
Stoeba sp.The Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve, Brazil (ND) Penicillium citrinum F40AscomycotaUnidentifiedMIC (250 µg/mL)T. vaginalis fresh isolate[129]
Stoeba sp.The Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve, Brazil (ND) Penicillium citrinum F40AscomycotaUnidentifiedMIC (250 µg/mL)T.vaginalis metronidazole-resistant LACM2[129]
Table 4 is organised according to the target protozoa. IC50: half maximum inhibitory concentrations; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; ND: not determined.

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Indraningrat, A.A.G.; Smidt, H.; Sipkema, D. Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Microbes for Antimicrobial Compounds. Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14050087

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Indraningrat AAG, Smidt H, Sipkema D. Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Microbes for Antimicrobial Compounds. Marine Drugs. 2016; 14(5):87. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14050087

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Indraningrat, Anak Agung Gede, Hauke Smidt, and Detmer Sipkema. 2016. "Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Microbes for Antimicrobial Compounds" Marine Drugs 14, no. 5: 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14050087

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