Analysis of Airborne Betula Pollen in Finland; a 31-Year Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Pollen Sampling Methods
2.3. Meteorological Data
2.4. Statistical Analyses
N | total number of months; N = 372 (31 years × 12 months/year = 372) |
i | month; i = 1, 2, 3, …, 372 |
αi | monthly data for temperature or total precipitation or pollen count for the month i. |
n | number of months being averaged; n = 12 |
2.5. Bonferroni Correction
3. Results
3.1. Meteorological Data
3.1.1. Long term trend in annual temperature and precipitation
3.1.2. Long term trend in monthly temperature and precipitation
3.2. Birch Pollen Data
3.2.1. Trend in annual and seasonal pollen count
3.2.2. Behavior of pollen release and pollen transport
3.2.3. Birch pollen season
3.2.4. Associations between birch pollen season and meteorological parameters
3.2.5. Correlation of birch pollen concentration (annual, daily maximum, and date of daily maximum) with temperature and precipitation
3.2.6. The number of days with daily birch pollen concentration exceeding 10, 100, and 1000 grains/m3 of air during seasons 1974–2004
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
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Temperature | Precipitation | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Slope | Coefficient of determination (R2) | p-value | Slope | Coefficient of determination (R2) | p-value |
Jan | 0.0673 | 0.023 | 0.4159 | 0.4188 | 0.020 | 0.4429 |
Feb | 0.0741 | 0.028 | 0.3711 | 0.1385 | 0.001 | 0.8713 |
Mar | 0.0652 | 0.080 | 0.1221 | 0.3700 | 0.032 | 0.3379 |
Apr | 0.0804 | 0.203 | 0.0109* | −0.0545 | 0.001 | 0.8917 |
May | −0.0094 | 0.003 | 0.7750 | −0.0799 | 0.001 | 0.8782 |
Jun | 0.0074 | 0.001 | 0.8403 | 0.6473 | 0.043 | 0.2637 |
Jul | 0.0873 | 0.230 | 0.0063** | −0.0716 | 0.0002 | 0.9346 |
Aug | 0.0706 | 0.163 | 0.0242* | −0.1536 | 0.001 | 0.8491 |
Sep | 0.0401 | 0.053 | 0.2147 | −0.8842 | 0.040 | 0.2790 |
Oct | 0.0101 | 0.002 | 0.8060 | 0.0119 | 0.00001 | 0.9862 |
Nov | −0.0478 | 0.039 | 0.2872 | −0.7388 | 0.024 | 0.4104 |
Dec | 0.0381 | 0.013 | 0.5445 | 0.4399 | 0.014 | 0.5242 |
Annual1 | 0.0399 | 0.123 | 0.0533 | 0.0439 | 0.00001 | 0.9836 |
Year | Annual cumulative pollen (grains) | Daily maximum(grain/m3) | Number of days to daily maximum | Month | Day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1974 | 1065 | 231 | 137 | 5 | 17 |
1975 | 3119 | 646 | 133 | 5 | 13 |
1976 | 4931 | 798 | 136 | 5 | 15 |
1977 | 5574 | 679 | 140 | 5 | 20 |
1978 | 22194 | 5859 | 141 | 5 | 21 |
1979 | 1235 | 126 | 141 | 5 | 21 |
1980 | 5379 | 1004 | 129 | 5 | 8 |
1981 | 5413 | 1383 | 136 | 5 | 16 |
1982 | 6493 | 1683 | 128 | 5 | 8 |
1983 | 7956 | 1579 | 128 | 5 | 8 |
1984 | 3804 | 658 | 136 | 5 | 15 |
1985 | 10823 | 1933 | 139 | 5 | 19 |
1986 | 1454 | 194 | 118 | 4 | 28 |
1987 | 15291 | 3910 | 137 | 5 | 17 |
1988 | 1459 | 252 | 133 | 5 | 12 |
1989 | 17042 | 6321 | 117 | 4 | 27 |
1990 | 7078 | 1550 | 114 | 4 | 24 |
1991 | 2883 | 269 | 151 | 5 | 31 |
1992 | 2512 | 595 | 143 | 5 | 22 |
1993 | 70445 | 16291 | 122 | 5 | 2 |
1994 | 590 | 103 | 127 | 5 | 7 |
1995 | 6125 | 2208 | 111 | 4 | 21 |
1996 | 11924 | 3581 | 133 | 5 | 12 |
1997 | 5708 | 1207 | 135 | 5 | 15 |
1998 | 33933 | 5737 | 123 | 5 | 3 |
1999 | 6125 | 2208 | 111 | 4 | 21 |
2000 | 38713 | 8832 | 120 | 4 | 29 |
2001 | 4181 | 1659 | 121 | 5 | 1 |
2002 | 35215 | 5526 | 123 | 5 | 3 |
2003 | 35209 | 5526 | 123 | 5 | 3 |
2004 | 11897 | 1670 | 121 | 4 | 30 |
Slope of regression line | 0.0533 | 0.0604 | −0.0046 | ||
Correlation coefficient | 0.417 | 0.424 | −0.536 | ||
p-value | 0.0197 | 0.0175 | 0.0019 |
Monthly | Slope | Coefficient of determination (R2) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Apr | 0.1021 | 0.429 | < 0.0001*** |
May | 0.0121 | 0.035 | 0.3123 |
Jun | 0.0010 | 0.0004 | 0.9196 |
Jul | 0.0134 | 0.017 | 0.2297 |
Temperature | Precipitation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Starting date | Ending date | Duration | Starting date | Ending date | Duration | |
Prior Year | Jun | 0.10 | −0.45* | −0.40* | −0.14 | 0.23 | 0.25 |
Jul | −0.26 | −0.29 | −0.06 | 0.12 | 0.02 | −0.11 | |
Aug | 0.16 | −0.15 | −0.15 | −0.21 | 0.17 | 0.22 | |
Sep | 0.08 | −0.63*** | −0.47** | 0.31 | 0.00 | 0.08 | |
Oct | 0.16 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | −0.19 | −0.29 | |
Nov | 0.40* | −0.04 | −0.19 | 0.42* | −0.03 | −0.24 | |
Dec | −0.04 | −0.01 | −0.05 | −0.37* | −0.02 | 0.15 | |
Current Year | Jan | −0.17 | 0.01 | 0.11 | −0.42* | −0.14 | 0.17 |
Feb | −0.01 | −0.36* | −0.08 | 0.02 | −0.19 | −0.04 | |
Mar | −0.24 | −0.12 | 0.18 | −0.53** | 0.35 | 0.39* | |
Apr | −0.59*** | −0.29 | 0.09 | −0.21 | 0.24 | 0.36* | |
May | 0.14 | −0.18 | −0.26 | 0.04 | −0.10 | −0.02 | |
FMA1 | −0.25 | −0.36* | 0.04 | −0.25 | 0.06 | 0.24 | |
FMAM2 | −0.19 | −0.37* | −0.03 | −0.22 | 0.02 | 0.22 | |
Annual3 | −0.31 | −0.19 | 0.15 | −0.08 | 0.02 | 0.15 |
Temperature | Precipitation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Annual | Daily maximum | Number of days to daily maximum | Annual | Daily maximum | Number of days to daily maximum | |
Prior year | Jun | 0.60** | 0.58*** | −0.11 | −0.25 | −0.17 | −0.05 |
Jul | 0.40* | 0.38* | −0.49** | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.21 | |
Aug | 0.36 | 0.27 | −0.05 | −0.22 | −0.16 | −0.08 | |
Sep | 0.45* | 0.47** | −0.45* | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.29 | |
Oct | −0.26 | −0.15 | 0.09 | 0.20 | 0.31 | −0.03 | |
Nov | −0.05 | −0.05 | 0.29 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.23 | |
Dec | 0.01 | 0.09 | −0.07 | −0.18 | −0.12 | −0.25 | |
Current year | Jan | −0.07 | −0.01 | −0.21 | −0.02 | −0.09 | −0.25 |
Feb | 0.21 | 0.25 | −0.32 | −0.17 | −0.16 | −0.08 | |
Mar | 0.04 | 0.04 | −0.33 | −0.11 | −0.03 | −0.21 | |
Apr | 0.20 | 0.24 | −0.61*** | −0.26 | −0.22 | −0.17 | |
May | 0.22 | 0.18 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.00 | |
FMA1 | 0.20 | 0.24 | −0.48** | −0.27 | −0.22 | −0.20 | |
FMAM2 | 0.24 | 0.27 | −0.46** | −0.24 | −0.21 | −0.19 | |
Annual3 | −0.04 | 0.02 | −0.43* | −0.33 | −0.33 | −0.06 |
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Yli-Panula, E.; Fekedulegn, D.B.; Green, B.J.; Ranta, H. Analysis of Airborne Betula Pollen in Finland; a 31-Year Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1706-1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6061706
Yli-Panula E, Fekedulegn DB, Green BJ, Ranta H. Analysis of Airborne Betula Pollen in Finland; a 31-Year Perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(6):1706-1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6061706
Chicago/Turabian StyleYli-Panula, Eija, Desta Bey Fekedulegn, Brett James Green, and Hanna Ranta. 2009. "Analysis of Airborne Betula Pollen in Finland; a 31-Year Perspective" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 6: 1706-1723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6061706