Next Issue
Volume 2, June
Previous Issue
Volume 2, April
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
7.1
4.7
Journals
Viruses
Volume 2
Issue 5
share announcement

Viruses, Volume 2, Issue 5 (May 2010) – 13 articles , Pages 1050-1260

  • Issues are regarded as officially published after their release is announced to the table of contents alert mailing list.
  • You may sign up for e-mail alerts to receive table of contents of newly released issues.
  • PDF is the official format for papers published in both, html and pdf forms. To view the papers in pdf format, click on the "PDF Full-text" link, and use the free Adobe Reader to open them.
Order results
Result details
Section
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Editorial

Jump to: Review, Other

152 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue: Retroviral Enzymes
by Luis Menéndez-Arias
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1181-1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051181 - 07 May 2010
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7799
Abstract
The retroviral RNA genome encodes for three enzymes essential for virus replication: (i) the viral protease (PR), that converts the immature virion into a mature virus through the cleavage of precursor polypeptides; (ii) the reverse transcriptase (RT), responsible for the conversion of the [...] Read more.
The retroviral RNA genome encodes for three enzymes essential for virus replication: (i) the viral protease (PR), that converts the immature virion into a mature virus through the cleavage of precursor polypeptides; (ii) the reverse transcriptase (RT), responsible for the conversion of the single-stranded genomic RNA into double-stranded proviral DNA; and (iii) the integrase (IN) that inserts the proviral DNA into the host cell genome. All of them are important targets for therapeutic intervention. This Special Issue provides authoritative reviews on the most recent research towards a better understanding of structure-function relationships in retroviral enzymes. The Issue includes three reviews on retroviral PRs, seven on RT and reverse transcription, and four dedicated to viral integration. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retroviral Enzymes)
22 KiB  
Editorial
Viruses and Lipids
by Akira Ono
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1236-1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051236 - 20 May 2010
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 8085
Abstract
As obligatory intracellular pathogens, viruses exploit various cellular molecules and structures, such as cellular membranes, for their propagation. Enveloped viruses acquire lipid membranes as their outer coat through interactions with cellular membranes during morphogenesis within, and egress from, infected cells. In contrast, non-enveloped [...] Read more.
As obligatory intracellular pathogens, viruses exploit various cellular molecules and structures, such as cellular membranes, for their propagation. Enveloped viruses acquire lipid membranes as their outer coat through interactions with cellular membranes during morphogenesis within, and egress from, infected cells. In contrast, non-enveloped viruses typically exit cells by cell lysis, and lipid membranes are not part of the released virions. However, non-enveloped viruses also interact with lipid membranes at least during entry into target cells. Therefore, lipids, as part of cellular membranes, inevitably play some roles in life cycle of viruses. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)

Review

Jump to: Editorial, Other

1025 KiB  
Review
Role of Cellular Lipids in Positive-Sense RNA Virus Replication Complex Assembly and Function
by Kenneth A. Stapleford and David J. Miller
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1055-1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051055 - 29 Apr 2010
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 22232
Abstract
Positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for frequent and often devastating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, the development of effective vaccines and anti-viral therapies targeted towards these pathogens has been hindered by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral [...] Read more.
Positive-sense RNA viruses are responsible for frequent and often devastating diseases in humans, animals, and plants. However, the development of effective vaccines and anti-viral therapies targeted towards these pathogens has been hindered by an incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in viral replication. One common feature of all positive-sense RNA viruses is the manipulation of host intracellular membranes for the assembly of functional viral RNA replication complexes. This review will discuss the interplay between cellular membranes and positive-sense RNA virus replication, and will focus specifically on the potential structural and functional roles for cellular lipids in this process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

901 KiB  
Review
HIV-1 Entry, Inhibitors, and Resistance
by Michael A. Lobritz, Annette N. Ratcliff and Eric J. Arts
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1069-1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051069 - 29 Apr 2010
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 15646
Abstract
Entry inhibitors represent a new class of antiretroviral agents for the treatment of infection with HIV-1. While resistance to other HIV drug classes has been well described, resistance to this new class is still ill defined despite considerable clinical use. Several potential mechanisms [...] Read more.
Entry inhibitors represent a new class of antiretroviral agents for the treatment of infection with HIV-1. While resistance to other HIV drug classes has been well described, resistance to this new class is still ill defined despite considerable clinical use. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed: tropism switching (utilization of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 for entry), increased affinity for the coreceptor, increased rate of virus entry into host cells, and utilization of inhibitor-bound receptor for entry. In this review we will address the development of attachment, fusion, and coreceptor entry inhibitors and explore recent studies describing potential mechanisms of resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Drug Resistance 2010)
►▼ Show Figures

254 KiB  
Review
Interactions of Host Proteins with the Murine Leukemia Virus Integrase
by Barbara Studamire and Stephen P. Goff
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1110-1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051110 - 05 May 2010
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10631
Abstract
Retroviral infections cause a variety of cancers in animals and a number of diverse diseases in humans such as leukemia and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Productive and efficient proviral integration is critical for retroviral function and is the key step in establishing a [...] Read more.
Retroviral infections cause a variety of cancers in animals and a number of diverse diseases in humans such as leukemia and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Productive and efficient proviral integration is critical for retroviral function and is the key step in establishing a stable and productive infection, as well as the mechanism by which host genes are activated in leukemogenesis. Host factors are widely anticipated to be involved in all stages of the retroviral life cycle, and the identification of integrase interacting factors has the potential to increase our understanding of mechanisms by which the incoming virus might appropriate cellular proteins to target and capture host DNA sequences. Identification of MoMLV integrase interacting host factors may be key to designing efficient and benign retroviral-based gene therapy vectors; key to understanding the basic mechanism of integration; and key in designing efficient integrase inhibitors. In this review, we discuss current progress in the field of MoMLV integrase interacting proteins and possible roles for these proteins in integration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retroviral Enzymes)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

933 KiB  
Review
The Role of Lipids in Retrovirus Replication
by Abdul A. Waheed and Eric O. Freed
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1146-1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051146 - 06 May 2010
Cited by 85 | Viewed by 17220
Abstract
Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. Both virus entry and release involve membrane fusion/fission reactions between [...] Read more.
Retroviruses undergo several critical steps to complete a replication cycle. These include the complex processes of virus entry, assembly, and budding that often take place at the plasma membrane of the host cell. Both virus entry and release involve membrane fusion/fission reactions between the viral envelopes and host cell membranes. Accumulating evidence indicates important roles for lipids and lipid microdomains in virus entry and egress. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the role of lipids and membrane microdomains in retroviral replication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

254 KiB  
Review
Lipid Metabolism and HCV Infection
by Paul Targett-Adams, Steeve Boulant, Mark W. Douglas and John McLauchlan
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1195-1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051195 - 11 May 2010
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 18531
Abstract
Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to severe liver disease and is a global healthcare problem. The liver is highly metabolically active and one of its key functions is to control the balance of lipid throughout the body. A number [...] Read more.
Chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to severe liver disease and is a global healthcare problem. The liver is highly metabolically active and one of its key functions is to control the balance of lipid throughout the body. A number of pathologies have been linked to the impact of HCV infection on liver metabolism. However, there is also growing evidence that hepatic metabolic processes contribute to the HCV life cycle. This review summarizes the relationship between lipid metabolism and key stages in the production of infectious HCV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

1529 KiB  
Review
Role of Lipids on Entry and Exit of Bluetongue Virus, a Complex Non-Enveloped Virus
by Bishnupriya Bhattacharya and Polly Roy
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1218-1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051218 - 18 May 2010
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 11034
Abstract
Non-enveloped viruses such as members of Picornaviridae and Reoviridae are assembled in the cytoplasm and are generally released by cell lysis. However, recent evidence suggests that some non-enveloped viruses exit from infected cells without lysis, indicating that these viruses may also utilize alternate [...] Read more.
Non-enveloped viruses such as members of Picornaviridae and Reoviridae are assembled in the cytoplasm and are generally released by cell lysis. However, recent evidence suggests that some non-enveloped viruses exit from infected cells without lysis, indicating that these viruses may also utilize alternate means for egress. Moreover, it appears that complex, non-enveloped viruses such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and rotavirus interact with lipids during their entry process as well as with lipid rafts during the trafficking of newly synthesized progeny viruses. This review will discuss the role of lipids in the entry, maturation and release of non-enveloped viruses, focusing mainly on BTV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lipids in Virus Replication)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

337 KiB  
Review
HIV-1 Virological Synapse is not Simply a Copycat of the Immunological Synapse
by Gaia Vasiliver-Shamis, Michael L. Dustin and Catarina E. Hioe
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1239-1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051239 - 21 May 2010
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 12207
Abstract
The virological synapse (VS) is a tight adhesive junction between an HIV-infected cell and an uninfected target cell, across which virus can be efficiently transferred from cell to cell in the absence of cell-cell fusion. The VS has been postulated to resemble, in [...] Read more.
The virological synapse (VS) is a tight adhesive junction between an HIV-infected cell and an uninfected target cell, across which virus can be efficiently transferred from cell to cell in the absence of cell-cell fusion. The VS has been postulated to resemble, in its morphology, the well-studied immunological synapse (IS). This review article discusses the structural similarities between IS and VS and the shared T cell receptor (TCR) signaling components that are found in the VS. However, the IS and the VS display distinct kinetics in disassembly and intracellular signaling events, possibly leading to different biological outcomes. Hence, HIV-1 exploits molecular components of IS and TCR signaling machinery to trigger unique changes in cellular morphology, migration, and activation that facilitate its transmission and cell-to-cell spread. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transmission of Retroviruses across Virological Synapses)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Other

Jump to: Editorial, Review

184 KiB  
Commentary
Surf and Turf: Mechanism of Enhanced Virus Spread During Poxvirus Infection
by Richard C. Condit
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1050-1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051050 - 28 Apr 2010
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 10237
Abstract
Commentary on Doceul, V.; Hollinshead, M.; van der Linden, L.; Smith, G.L. Repulsion of superinfecting virions: a mechanism for rapid virus spread. Science 2010, 327, 873-876. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 KiB  
Commentary
A Potent, Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agent that Targets Viral Membranes
by Jason A. Wojcechowskyj and Robert W. Doms
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1106-1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051106 - 04 May 2010
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 10452
Abstract
Commentary on Wolf, M.C.; Freiberg, A.N.; Zhang, T.; Akyol-Ataman, Z.; Grock, A.; Hong, P.W.; Li, J.; Watson, N.F.; Fang, A.Q.; Aguilar, H.C.; et al. A broad-spectrum antiviral targeting entry of enveloped viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107, 3157-3162. Full article
319 KiB  
Commentary
Retrovirus Integrase-DNA Structure Elucidates Concerted Integration Mechanisms
by Duane Grandgenett and Sergey Korolev
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1185-1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051185 - 10 May 2010
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7023
Abstract
Commentary on Hare, S.; Gupta, S.S.; Valkov, E.; Engelman, A.; Cherepanov, P. Retroviral intasome assembly and inhibition of DNA strand transfer. Nature 2010, 464, 232-236. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

34 KiB  
Commentary
HIV Nuclear Entry: Clearing the Fog
by Vaibhav B. Shah and Christopher Aiken
Viruses 2010, 2(5), 1190-1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/v2051190 - 11 May 2010
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9732
Abstract
HIV-1 and other lentiviruses have the unusual capability of infecting nondividing cells, but the mechanism by which they cross an intact nuclear membrane is mysterious. Recent work, including a new study (Lee, K.; Ambrose, Z.; Martin, T.D.; Oztop, I.; Mulky, A.; Julias, J.G.; [...] Read more.
HIV-1 and other lentiviruses have the unusual capability of infecting nondividing cells, but the mechanism by which they cross an intact nuclear membrane is mysterious. Recent work, including a new study (Lee, K.; Ambrose, Z.; Martin, T.D.; Oztop, I.; Mulky, A.; Julias, J.G.; Vandergraaff, N.; Baumann, J.G.; Wang, R.; Yuen, W. et al. Flexible use of nuclear import pathways by HIV-1. Cell Host Microbe 2010,7, 221-233) confirms that the viral capsid plays a key role in HIV-1 nuclear entry in both dividing and nondividing cells. The identification of mutations in the viral capsid that alter the virus’s dependence on host cell nucleoporins represents an important advance in this poorly understood stage of the virus life cycle. Full article
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying articles 1-13
Previous Issue
Next Issue
Back to TopTop