Assessing Structural Connectivity of Urban Green Spaces in Metropolitan Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Modeling Ecological Barrier Effect Index and Connectivity Index
2.2.1. Defining Resistance Weight (RW)
2.2.2. Modeling Ecological Barrier Effect Index (EBEI)
2.2.3. Modeling Structural Connectivity Index
2.2.4. Assessment on the Factors Influencing the Green Space Connectivity
3. Results
3.1. Distributions of Green Cover, Population Density and Building Density and Their Relationships
3.2. Distributions of Distance Index and Connectivity Index
3.3. Factors Influencing the Spatial Pattern of Green Space Connectivity
4. Discussion and Conclusions
4.1. Increasing Structural Connectivity of Green Spaces in Hong Kong
4.2. Challenges and Strategies to Form Greenways in Enhancing Urban Structural Connectivity of Green Spaces
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region | District | Township | Area (km2) | Population Density (10,000 Person/km2) * | Green Cover (%) | Green Cover per Capita (m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong Island | Central & Western | Old town | 6.47 | 4.05 | 24.89 | 6.15 |
Wan Chai | Old town | 4.79 | 3.49 | 23.50 | 6.73 | |
Southern | Old town | 11.61 | 2.50 | 44.27 | 17.70 | |
Eastern | Old town | 7.96 | 7.74 | 23.84 | 3.08 | |
Kowloon | Kowloon City | Old town | 10.11 | 3.77 | 15.83 | 4.19 |
Yau Tsim Mong | Old town | 6.79 | 4.15 | 14.45 | 3.48 | |
Sham Shui Po | Old town | 8.34 | 4.24 | 14.99 | 3.53 | |
Wong Tai Sin | Old town | 4.92 | 9.04 | 26.37 | 2.92 | |
Kwun Tong | Old town | 10.99 | 5.36 | 21.50 | 4.20 | |
The New Territories | Tsuen Wan | First generation new town | 6.37 | 4.33 | 32.09 | 7.41 |
Kwai Tsing | First generation new town | 16.04 | 2.97 | 21.27 | 7.15 | |
Tai Po | Second generation new town | 9.32 | 3.34 | 41.60 | 12.47 | |
Tseung Kwan O | Latest generation new town | 9.65 | 2.77 | 29.55 | 10.67 | |
Total | 113.64 | 4.15 | 25.91 | 6.28 | ||
National standard for garden city in China | 30 | 11 |
Factor | Data Resources | References |
---|---|---|
Green cover | Interpreted from Orthophoto maps | [30] |
Population density | Calculated from population data (2015) based on TPUs extracted from B5000 digital maps | [29,30] |
Building density | Calculated from building information extracted from B5000 digital maps | [30] |
Factor | Classification | Weight for Resistance | |
---|---|---|---|
Building | Buildings (excluding podiums) in Commercial/Residential regions with passages to facilitate shopping and maximize social interactions | 0.5 | |
Other buildings (excluding podiums) | 1 | ||
Podium * gardens in residential regions that only provide services for the residents | 0.9 | ||
Other podium gardens open to the public | 0.1 | ||
Other podiums | 1 | ||
Road | Primary and secondary roads that could be crossed over | CWY (covered walkway) | 0 |
FBR (footbridge (over road/water)/elevated walkway | 0 | ||
FP (footpath) | 0 | ||
PA (pavement) and PAU (pavement under other structure) | 0 | ||
STP (steps) and SWY(subway) | 0 | ||
TC (track/bicycle track/racing track) | 0 | ||
Roads with no accessing parts | Primary roads (expressways, trunk roads, etc.) with 24-h stopping restriction | 0.9 | |
Secondary roads that people can reach by bus | 0.3 | ||
Rural roads and other roads | 0.5 | ||
RAIL East and West Rail lines) | 1 | ||
Rural roads | Other roads in villages, urban fringe and countryside | 0.3 | |
Water | Catchwater, fountain, nullah, river, swimming pool, etc. | 1 | |
Other | Other land uses such as open spaces | 0 |
CC | CW | WC | S | E | HKI | KC | YTM | SSP | WTS | KT | K | TW | KT2 | TP | TKO | NT | T |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N1 | 206 | 215 | 121 | 228 | 774 | 252 | 289 | 180 | 70 | 99 | 900 | 76 | 81 | 101 | 31 | 290 | 1965 |
PD and GC | −0.53 ** | −0.06 | −0.58 ** | −0.34 ** | −0.14 ** | −0.51 ** | −0.12 * | −0.32 ** | 1.00 ** | −0.22* | 0.98 ** | −0.14 | −0.34 ** | −0.15 | −0.6 ** | −0.1 | 0.84 ** |
N2 | 201 | 206 | 111 | 210 | 729 | 236 | 265 | 171 | 71 | 89 | 832 | 66 | 70 | 98 | 28 | 262 | 1823 |
PD and GC per capita | −0.36 ** | −0.04 | −0.21 ** | −0.21 ** | −0.06 | −0.27 ** | −0.24 ** | −0.25 ** | 0.3 * | −0.29 ** | ns | −0.2 | −0.29 * | −0.31 ** | −0.27 | −0.23 ** | −0.04 |
N1 | 206 | 215 | 121 | 228 | 774 | 252 | 289 | 180 | 79 | 99 | 900 | 76 | 81 | 101 | 31 | 290 | 1965 |
BD and GC | −0.16 * | 0.01 | −0.32 ** | −0.34 ** | −0.18 ** | −0.36 ** | −0.11 | −0.33 ** | 1.00 ** | −0.3 ** | 1.00 ** | −0.17 | −0.15 | −0.34 ** | −0.46 ** | −0.02 | 0.75 ** |
N2 | 201 | 206 | 111 | 210 | 729 | 236 | 265 | 171 | 71 | 89 | 832 | 66 | 70 | 98 | 28 | 262 | 1823 |
BD and GC per capita | −0.02 | −0.07 | −0.19 * | −0.2 ** | −0.09 * | −0.23 ** | −0.2 ** | −0.26 ** | 0.31 ** | −0.19 | 0.04 | −0.18 | −0.25 * | −0.2 * | −0.26 | −0.19 ** | ns |
N3 | 610 | 457 | 974 | 530 | 2571 | 272 | ns | 281 | 203 | 353 | 1392 | 366 | 450 | 412 | 189 | 1417 | 5382 |
E and GC per capita | 0.46 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.67 ** | ns | 0.62 ** | 0.65 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.72 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.4 ** | 0.23 ** | −0.15 * | 0.27 ** | 0.44 ** |
Building Density | Population Density | Green Cover | Elevation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong Kong Island | Central and Western | 0.045 | −0.005 | 0.120 | −0.354 ** |
Wan Chai | −0.073 | −0.075 | −0.038 | −0.816 ** | |
Southern | 0.021 | −0.083 | 0.079 | −0.642 ** | |
Eastern | 0.029 | 0.007 | −0.030 | −0.858 ** | |
Kowloon | Kowloon City | −0.145 * | −0.389 ** | 0 | −0.767 ** |
Yau Tsim Mong | −0.175 ** | 0.041 | 0.101 | −0.689 ** | |
Sham Shui Po | −0.220 ** | −0.274 ** | 0.082 | −0.721 ** | |
Wong Tai Sin | −0.063 | −0.089 | −0.085 | 0.132 | |
Kwun Tong | 0.175 | −0.399 ** | 0.204 | 0.179 | |
The New Territories | Tsuen Wan | 0.034 | 0.122 | −0.243 * | 0.495 ** |
Kwai Tsing | −0.196 | 0.163 | 0.352 ** | 0.461 ** | |
Tai Po | 0.116 | 0.148 | 0.318 ** | −0.305 ** | |
Tseung Kwan O | 0.289 | −0.131 | 0.535 ** | −0.966 ** | |
Total | −0.013 | −0.024 | −0.004 | −0.443 ** |
Types of Greenways | Type of Corridor | Characteristics and Functions of Greenways |
---|---|---|
Coastal greenways | Strip, line | Acting as green buffers to stabilize the coastline, provide beautiful landscapes for amusing, activating, resting and barbecuing, etc., and as green connectors between large green patches. |
Industrial greenways | Strip, line | Acting as green buffers to purify heavy air pollution and absorb multiple poisonous pollutants and noises to improve the working environment, and introduce wildlife into urban areas |
Roadside greenways | Line | Acting as green buffers to separate pedestrians from the carriage road and absorb air pollutants. |
Urban fringe greenways | Strip | Acting as green belts to confine urban growth and as green connectors between countryside and built-up areas to facilitate species communications and expansion. |
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Tian, Y.; Liu, Y.; Jim, C.Y.; Song, H. Assessing Structural Connectivity of Urban Green Spaces in Metropolitan Hong Kong. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091653
Tian Y, Liu Y, Jim CY, Song H. Assessing Structural Connectivity of Urban Green Spaces in Metropolitan Hong Kong. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091653
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Yuhong, Yiqing Liu, C. Y. Jim, and Hanzhang Song. 2017. "Assessing Structural Connectivity of Urban Green Spaces in Metropolitan Hong Kong" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091653