Neonatal Citrulline Supplementation and Later Exposure to a High Fructose Diet in Rats Born with a Low Birth Weight: A Preliminary Report
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Biochemical Measures
2.3. Non-Targeted Liver Phenotyping by Using Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution-Mass Spectrometry
2.4. RNA Isolation and Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionRT-PCR
2.5. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Energy Intake
3.2. Growth and Body Composition
3.3. Glucose Metabolism (Figure 4)
3.4. Lipid Metabolism
4. Discussion
4.1. Oral Citrulline Administration during Lactation Period Did Not Alter Pre-Weaning Growth
4.2. Oral Citrulline Administration before Weaning May Impact Liver Lipid Metabolism in the Long Run
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tissue | Citrulline Group (n = 11) | Alanine Group (n = 9) | |
---|---|---|---|
(mean ± SEM) | (mean ± SEM) | ||
White adipose tissue (WAT) (intra-abdominal) | 21.19 ± 1.4 g | 21.63 ± 1.8 g | NS |
Intra-abdominal WAT/total WAT ratio | 0.67 ± 0.02 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | NS |
Estimated lean body mass/body weight ratio | 0.94 ± 0.00 | 0.94 ± 0.00 | NS |
Liver mass/body weight ratio | 0.035 ± 0.001 | 0.036 ± 0.002 | NS |
Lipid Class | Mode | Marker | Adduct | Citrulline Mean | Alanine Mean | p-Value—Unpaired t Test with Welch’s Correction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phosphatidylcholines | ESI+ | PC(32:0) PC(16:0/16:0) | (M + H)+ | 2.885 | 3.266 | 0.0444 |
ESI+ | PC(34:1) PC(16:0/18:1) | (M + H)+ | 4.8434 | 5.3756 | 0.0137 | |
ESI+ | PC(38:5) PC(18:2/20:3) | (M + H)+ | 0.0574 | 0.0342 | 0.0227 | |
Phosphatidylethanolamines | ESI− | PE(36:2) PE(18:0/18:2) | (M – H)− | 3.6840 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 |
ESI− | PE(36:4) PE(16:0/20:4) | (M − H)− | 11.4000 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 | |
ESI− | PE(36:4) PE(18:1/18:3) | (M − H)− | 1.8010 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 | |
ESI− | PE(38:4) PE(18:0/20:4) | (M − H)− | 13.6400 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 | |
ESI+ | PE (38:5) PE(18:1/20:4) | (M + H)+ | 1.3860 | 1.5560 | 0.0098 | |
ESI− | PE(38:6) PE(18:2/20:4) | (M − H)− | 0.5036 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 | |
ESI+ | PE(38:6) PE(16:0/22:6) | (M + H)+ | 0.8097 | 0.8858 | 0.0575 | |
ESI+ | PE(40:6) PE(18:0/22:6) | (M + H)+ | 0.4043 | 0.4734 | 0.0043 | |
ESI+ | PE(40:6) PE(20:2/20:4) | (M + H)+ | 0.0136 | 0.0202 | 0.0085 | |
ESI+ | PE(40:7) PE(18:1/22:6) | (M + H)+ | 0.1834 | 0.2133 | 0.0624 | |
Phosphatidylinositol | ESI− | PI(34:2) PI(16:0/18:2) | (M − H)− | 1.4680 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 |
Phosphatidylserine | ESI− | PS(38:4) PS(18:0/20:4) | (M − H)− | 5.8520 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 |
Sphingomyeline | ESI+ | SM(d18:1/24:1) | (M + H)+ | 2.6510 | 3.0650 | 0.0075 |
Ceramides | ESI− | Cer(d(18:1/20:0) | (M + HC − O2)− | 0.2765 | 1.670 | <0.0001 |
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Tran, N.-T.; Alexandre-Gouabau, M.-C.; Pagniez, A.; Ouguerram, K.; Boquien, C.-Y.; Winer, N.; Darmaun, D. Neonatal Citrulline Supplementation and Later Exposure to a High Fructose Diet in Rats Born with a Low Birth Weight: A Preliminary Report. Nutrients 2017, 9, 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040375
Tran N-T, Alexandre-Gouabau M-C, Pagniez A, Ouguerram K, Boquien C-Y, Winer N, Darmaun D. Neonatal Citrulline Supplementation and Later Exposure to a High Fructose Diet in Rats Born with a Low Birth Weight: A Preliminary Report. Nutrients. 2017; 9(4):375. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040375
Chicago/Turabian StyleTran, Nhat-Thang, Marie-Cécile Alexandre-Gouabau, Anthony Pagniez, Khadija Ouguerram, Clair-Yves Boquien, Norbert Winer, and Dominique Darmaun. 2017. "Neonatal Citrulline Supplementation and Later Exposure to a High Fructose Diet in Rats Born with a Low Birth Weight: A Preliminary Report" Nutrients 9, no. 4: 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9040375